双能CT碘图术前评估喉癌及下咽癌T分期

目的 观察双能CT碘图用于喉癌及下咽癌术前T分期的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析117例经手术病理证实的喉癌及下咽癌患者术前双能CT图像，包括41例T1期、33例T2期、31例T3期、12例T4期。根据CT碘图表现对肿瘤进行TNM分期，以手术病理结果为标准，分析CT碘图分期结果的准确率。结果 喉癌及下咽癌的双能CT碘图表现为声带或咽壁增厚、软组织肿块形成和/或病灶部位碘浓聚；根据其CT碘图的表现对各期喉癌及下咽癌进行术前T分期的准确率分别是T1期97.56%（40/41）、T2期84.85%（28/33）、T3期93.55%（29/31）、T4期91.67%（11/12）；CT碘图术前T分期的总体准确率92.31%（108/117），与术后病理分期结果的一致性良好（Kappa=0.89，P<0.05）。结论 双能CT碘图可准确显示喉癌及下咽癌的部位、形态及侵犯范围，并进行准确术前T分期。     

高分辨磁共振成像对直肠癌术前TN分期的应用价值

目的 评价高分辨磁共振成像(HR-MRI)对直肠癌术前TN分期的应用价值。方法 分析61例经手术病理证实的直肠癌患者的术前资料,由两名高年资影像医师协商阅片,并与最终手术病理结果对照。应用SPSS13.0软件对所得数据进行一致性检验。结果 HR-MRI用于直肠癌术前TN分期时,与病理T分期结果一致性好(Kappa=0.900,P<0.01)、与病理N分期结果的一致性较好(Kappa=0.716,P<0.01),HR-MRI对T分期的准确率为96.72%(59/61),N分期准确率为83.78%(51/61)。结论 HR-MRI可用于对直肠癌术前TN分期的评估。     

MRI术前分期诊断舌鳞状细胞癌

目的 探讨MRI在舌鳞状细胞癌（TSCC）术前分期中的价值。方法 对154例TSCC患者行MR检查,观察TSCC的MRI表现,并行T分期、N分期和美国癌症联合委员会（AJCC）分期,评价MRI与术后病理分期的一致性。结果 MRI术前诊断T1期TSCC 37例,T2期54例,T3期7例,T4期56例;N0期104例,N1期31例,N2期19例;AJCC分期中I期34例,Ⅱ期37例,Ⅲ期21例,Ⅳ期62例。术前MRI与术后病理T分期、N分期及AJCC分期一致性的Kappa值分别为0.814、0.786和0.790（P均<0.01）。术前MRI对TSCC T分期、N分期及AJCC分期的准确率分别为87.01%（134/154）、88.96%（137/154）和85.06%（131/154）。结论 MRI在TSCC术前分期与术后病理T分期、N分期及AJCC分期的一致性较好。     

3.0T MRI和能谱CT对食管癌术前分期的比较

目的 探讨3.0T MRI及能谱CT在食管癌术前T、N分期中的应用价值。方法 对经病理证实的33例食管癌患者于术前行3.0T MR及能谱CT检查。MR行常规平扫(T2W、T2W脂肪抑制)、DWI及屏气快速三维扰相梯度回波(LAVA-Flex)平扫+三期增强扫描。CT行常规平扫及能谱模式动、静脉期增强扫描。2名高年资影像科医师双盲法对CT及MRI图像分别进行T、N分期,以术后病理为金标准,对照分析T、N分期的结果。结果 MRI和能谱CT诊断T分期的敏感度及特异度分别为68.42%(13/19)、85.71%(12/14)和78.95%(15/19)、42.86%(6/14)。MRI和能谱CT诊断N分期的敏感度及特异度分别为86.67%(13/15)、55.56%(10/18)和93.33%(14/15)、61.11%(11/18)。对于识别T₃及T₄期肿瘤,MRI的准确率(12/14,85.71%)明显高于CT(5/14,35.71%,P=0.02),而二者判断食管癌术前N分期的整体准确率差异无统计学意义[MRI:54.55%(18/33);CT:57.58%(19/33),P=1.00]。结论 3.0T MRI对食管管壁分层结构的显示优于能谱CT,而能谱CT判断N分期准确率有优势,二者结合有助更准确地判断食管癌术前T、N分期。     

磁共振弹性成像与DWI诊断肝纤维化分期

目的 探讨磁共振弹性成像（MRE）与DWI诊断慢性肝病肝纤维化分期的价值。方法 37例慢性肝病患者均接受MRE与DWI（b=0、50、100、150、200、300、500、800 s/mm²）检查,分别测量肝组织弹性值与表观扩散系数（ADC）值,分析其与肝纤维化分期的相关性,采用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）对二者诊断慢性肝病肝纤维化分期的效能进行比较。结果 肝弹性值、ADC值与肝纤维化分期呈线性相关（r=0.932、-0.606,P均<0.001）。不同肝纤维化分期弹性值、ADC值差异有统计学意义（F=39.701,P<0.001;F=5.031,P=0.003）。诊断肝纤维化≥F1、≥F2、≥F3期,MRE的ROC曲线下面积大于ADC值,且差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;诊断F4期两者曲线下面积无统计学差异。弹性值诊断肝纤维化≥F1、≥F2、≥F3、F4期的临界值为2.80、3.11、3.66、3.99 kPa,ADC值诊断的临界值为1.16×10^-3 mm²/s、1.16×10^-3 mm²/s、1.03×10^-3 mm²/s、0.97×10^-3 mm²/s。结论 MRE对肝纤维化分期诊断价值优于DWI技术,而DWI对进展期肝纤维化及肝硬化有一定的诊断价值。     

MRT2加权成像与增强CT对原发直肠癌术前T分期诊断的比较

目的 比较MR T2WI和增强CT对原发直肠癌术前T分期的诊断效能。方法 51例经活检病理证实的原发直肠腺癌,术前其中27例接受常规MR检查,43例接受CT检查,19例接受MR和CT检查。用MR T2WI和增强CT图像对肿瘤浸润深度进行判断,并与术后病理结果对照。结果 MR T2WI对直肠癌术前T分期与术后病理的一致性优于增强CT(Kappa值0.72 vs 0.52,P<0.05),对原发直肠癌T1/T2和T3/T4分期准确率高于增强CT(88.89% vs 79.07%);MR T2WI鉴别T1/T2、T3/T4期肿瘤的特异度(94.74% vs 81.25%)、阳性预测值(85.71% vs 57.14%)均优于增强CT。MR T2WI对T1/T2和T3/T4期肿瘤的分期效能优于CT。结论 MR T2WI在原发直肠癌术前T分期评价中的效能优于增强CT。     

CT值不均匀度诊断肾透明细胞癌

目的 探讨CT值不均匀度鉴别诊断肾透明细胞癌的价值。方法 回顾性分析经术后病理证实为肾细胞癌患者的CT图像,纳入169个肿瘤,分为透明细胞癌组(n=152)和乏血供肾细胞癌组(n=17)。测量CT值的标准差,同时测量皮髓质期和实质期肿瘤的CT值,及同层面正常肾脏皮质和腹主动脉的CT值并获得CT值比值参数: 皮髓质期肿瘤CT值/正常肾脏皮质CT值(TCOCM),皮髓质期肿瘤CT值/腹主动脉CT值(TAOCM),以及实质期肿瘤CT值/正常肾脏皮质CT值(TCON)、实质期肿瘤CT值/腹主动脉CT值(TAON)。对两组以上参数进行统计学分析。结果 皮髓质期透明细胞癌组的CT值标准差(29.60±9.57)高于乏血供肾细胞癌组(18.85±8.10;t=－4.46,P<0.001)。平扫和实质期两组肿瘤CT值标准差差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。皮髓质期的CT值标准差与透明细胞癌的Fuhrman分级存在弱相关(r=－0.16,P=0.049)。透明细胞癌组的TCOCM、TAOCM、TCON、TAON均高于乏血供肾细胞癌(P均<0.05)。结论 肾透明细胞癌皮髓质期的CT值标准差高,且CT值标准差可能与Fuhrman分级相关。CT值标准差可作为反映透明细胞癌皮髓质期不均匀强化的定量指标。     

18F-FDG PET/CT诊断肾细胞癌

目的 探讨¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT诊断肾细胞癌（RCC）的价值。方法 回顾性分析32例确诊为RCC患者的病理及PET/CT影像资料,比较不同病理类型（透明细胞癌与非透明细胞癌）、Fuhrman分级（高级别与低级别透明细胞癌）和临床分期（有无远处转移）RCC的肿瘤直径和最大标准摄取值（SUV_max）差异。结果 32例患者共33个原发灶,PET/CT检出31个,2个假阴性,检出率为93.94%（31/33）。31个原发灶PET/CT表现为肾实质内混杂密度的软组织团块,其¹⁸F-FDG摄取可接近、高于或低于正常肾实质;2个原发灶PET/CT未见异常表现。8例伴静脉瘤栓,19例伴远处转移,瘤栓及转移灶的FDG摄取均高于受累器官本底。不同病理类型组和不同Fuhrman分级RCC的肿瘤最长径及SUV_max差异无统计学意义;不同临床分期RCC的肿瘤最长径差异无统计学意义,SUV_max差异有统计学意义（t=3.852,P=0.001）。结论 RCC原发灶的PET/CT表现多样,较小的低级别肾透明细胞癌可无明显异常表现而漏诊;¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT在RCC术前分期中具有重要价值。     

声触诊组织定量分析技术分期诊断慢性肾病

目的 探讨声触诊组织定量（VTQ）技术分期诊断慢性肾病（CKD）的价值。方法 应用VTQ技术测量120例CKD患者双侧肾实质剪切波传播速度（SWV）,构建ROC曲线,评价VTQ技术诊断CKD临床分期的价值。结果 不同临床分期CKD患者肾实质的SWV测值差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）;肾实质SWV测值与肾小球滤过率呈正相关（r=0.567,P<0.001）,与CKD临床分期呈负相关（r=-0.616,P<0.001）;以2.52、2.46、2.24和2.21 m/s为界值诊断≥2期、≥3期、≥4期以及5期CKD的敏感度分别为84.4%、88.4%、84.9%和82.4%,特异度分别为70.0%、64.7%、68.7%和62.8%,ROC曲线下面积分别为0.834、0.829、0.832和0.775。结论 VTQ技术可无创定量评价CKD肾实质弹性变化,进而分期诊断慢性肾病,具有广阔临床应用前景。     

比较MSCT与MRI在结直肠癌术前分期诊断中的价值

目的 结合术后病理结果比较MSCT与MRI在结直肠癌术前分期诊断中的价值。方法 对经手术病理证实的结直肠癌患者53例,分别进行MSCT和MR平扫、增强扫描。结果 MR对T1-2分期的敏感度明显高于MSCT(P<0.05);MRI对T3、T4分期的敏感度与MSCT相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。MSCT、常规MRI和DWI三种扫描方法诊断淋巴结分期的准确率分别为56.60%、58.49%、73.58%。DWI的敏感度及阴性预测值最高,分别为92.31%和88.24%;与组织病理结果具有中等相关性,Kappa值为13.927(P=0.001)。MSCT和常规MRI诊断结果与组织病理结果无相关性,Kappa值分别为1.128(P=0.288)和1.585(P=0.208)。结论 在结直肠癌T分期方面,MRI较MSCT具有一定优势;DWI能更准确地预测结直肠癌区域淋巴结转移情况。     

宫颈癌的CT诊断及分期价值

目的：探讨CT检查对宫颈癌的CT诊断及分期价值。方法：回顾性分析经病理组织学证实宫颈癌50例，按照国际妇产科联盟的分类标准（FIGO）进行分期，并对临床分期及CT分期结果进行比较。结果：鳞癌44例（88％），腺癌6例（12％）。CT分期：I期或≤Ⅱa,10例（20％），Ⅲb共11例（22％），Ⅲb6例（12％），Ⅳa20例（40％），Ⅳb3例（6％）。临床分期：I期7例，Ib期4例，Ⅱ期6例，Ⅱb期12例，Ⅲ期2例，Ⅲa期1例，Ⅲb期11例，Ⅳa期4例，Ⅳb期3例。结论：宫颈癌的CT分期是治疗前分期的重要检查方法之一，尤其在晚期宫颈癌（≥Ⅲb），具有较高可信度，值得临床推广应用。     

超声弹性成像在下肢深静脉血栓形成分期中的应用价值

目的 探讨超声弹性成像在下肢深静脉血栓形成分期中的应用价值。方法 选取我院110例下肢深静脉血栓患者,其中急性期43例、亚急性期37例、慢性期30例。应用超声弹性成像获取弹性成像评分及杨氏模量平均值（Emean）,比较急性期、亚急性期、慢性期下肢深静脉血栓形成患者弹性成像评分、Emean及实验室指标的差异;分析弹性成像评分、Emean与实验室指标的相关性。应用Logistic回归分析下肢深静脉血栓形成分期的影响因素;绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析弹性成像评分联合Emean对下肢深静脉血栓形成急性期的诊断效能。结果 急性期下肢深静脉血栓形成患者弹性成像评分、Emean均减低,活化部分凝血活酶时间（aPTT）、凝血酶原时间（PT）、纤维蛋白原（Fbg）均增高,与亚急性期、慢性期血栓形成患者比较差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。相关性分析显示,弹性成像评分、Emean与aPTT、PT、Fbg均呈负相关（均P<0.05）。Logistic回归分析显示,弹性成像评分、Emean均为下肢深静脉血栓形成分期的独立影响因素（OR=2.136,1.201,均P<0.05）。R...     

睡眠中发作症状的脑电图特征及其与睡眠分期的关系

目的探讨睡眠中发作症状的脑电图特征及其与睡眠分期的关系。方法统计分析2012年9月至2014年9月收治的86例睡眠中发作症状患者的临床资料。结果夜发性额叶癫痫患者的痫样波检出率57.1%(12/21)显著高于睡眠肌阵挛、夜惊症、梦游症、梦魇患者9.7%(3/31)、18.8%(3/16)、0、0(P0.05);86例患者中,NREMⅠ期、NREMⅡ期是睡眠肌阵挛集中发生的时期,NREMⅢ期、NREMⅣ期是夜惊症、梦游症集中发生的时期,REM期是梦魇集中发生的时期,NREMⅠ期、NREMⅡ期是夜发性额叶癫痫主要发生的时期,其次为NREMⅢ期、NREMⅣ期,最后为REM期。结论不同睡眠中发作症状的脑电图特征差异显著,和睡眠分期关系密切,临床可以依据脑电图特征对睡眠中发作症状患者的疾病类型进行诊断,从而为及时准确地治疗和改善患者预后提供良好的前提条件。     

分期集束化护理干预在重症手足口病患儿中的应用

目的:探讨分期集束化护理干预在重症手足口病患儿中的应用效果。方法:将2011年1月~2012年6月收治的重症手足口病患儿30例作为对照组,2012年8月~2013年12月收治的重症手足口病患儿31例为观察组,对照组给予常规护理,观察组给予分期集束化护理干预,比较两组主要症状消失时间、住院时间、医生和家属对护理工作的满意度及治愈率。结果:观察组主要症状消失时间、住院时间、医生和家属对护理工作的满意度、治愈率均优于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。结论:分期集束化护理能有效阻断重症手足口病患儿病情的进一步发展,缩短住院时间,提高家属满意度。     

Local treatment of gynaecological cancer featuring surgical staging,lymphadenectomy and LAVH (Laparoscopic Assisted Vaginal Hysterectomy) in stage I endometrial cancer

The role of surgery in the treatment of patients with invasive cervical cancer is undisputed, but how radical the surgery should be is discussed. Every case requires detailed knowledge of the development and spread of cervical cancer. Tumour volume is the most important diagnostic factor in cervical cancer and also correlates with vascular invasion and lymph node involvement. In cervical cancer radical hysterectomy also requires an easily performable lymphadenectomy together with resection of parametria and skeletonization of ureters. In order to do this we have started to treat endometrial cancer in a combined laparoscopic and vaginal approach. In patients with the suspicion of stage I endometrial cancer prior to the laparoscopic staging, the prerequisites histological grading with ploidy and measurement of monoclonal antibodies were performed. All patients underwent a general check with radiography, computer tomography, liver scan, bone scan and lymphography. The performance of lymphadenectomy in cases of stage I endometrial cancer remains a controversial subject [1, 2]. We believe that laparoscopic assisted surgical staging of stage I endometrial cancer is an attractive alternative to the traditional laparotomy-surgical approach. The change from laparotomy to the laparoscopic assisted vaginal approach results in a similar success rate with the less invasive approach. No complications occurred in this series and the results of our pilot study were satisfactory.     

高分辨率MRI动态增强扫描在直肠癌术前TN分期及手术方式选取中的应用

目的探讨高分辨率MRI动态增强扫描在直肠癌术前TN分期及手术方式选取中的应用价值。材料与方法回顾性分析本院经肠镜病理确诊的154例直肠癌患者,所有患者均于术前接受高分辨率MRI动态增强扫描并进行肿瘤TN分期,根据术前分期结果拟定手术方式,比较术前拟定手术方式与最终手术方式的差异。结果154例直肠癌患者中,高分辨率MRI动态增强扫描对于直肠癌MRI表现T分期准确性为87.7%,N分期准确性为38.9%。拟定术式与实际术式符合率为95.5%,差异无统计学意义(P=0.480),拟定术式与实际术式一致性很强(Kappa值=0.873)。117例中高位直肠癌拟定手术方式与实际手术方式的符合率为98.2%,拟定术式与实际术式一致性很强(Kappa值=0.915)。37例低位直肠癌拟定手术方式与实际手术方式符合率为86.5%,拟定术式与实际术式一致性较强(Kappa值=0.643)。结论高分辨率MRI动态增强扫描对于直肠癌术前T分期的准确度、敏感度及特异度较高,与病理诊断相接近,拟定手术方式与实际手术方式一致性高,高分辨率MRI动态增强扫描对于直肠癌术前T分期及手术方式的选择有较高的临床应用价值。     

Data from small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix: FIGO 2018 staging is more accurate than FIGO 2009

ObjectiveTo compare the prognostic value of International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) 2009 and 2018 staging systems in surgical patients with small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix (SCNEC).MethodsWe re-staged 64 surgical IB–IIA (FIGO 2009) SCNEC patients according to the FIGO 2018 system and refined stage IIIC of FIGO 2018 based on tumor local invasion. The prognostic factors were analyzed, and the advantages of FIGO 2018 were compared with 2009.ResultsThe 5-year overall survival rate (OS) was 78.5% for stage I and 22.2% for stage II (FIGO 2009). In FIGO 2018, there was no difference between stage I and II, and the 5-year OS was 74.1%, 60.2%, and 0% for stage I/II, IIIC1, and IIIC2. After combining stage IIIC with the local invasion stage (T1 was limited to the cervix and vagina; T2 involved the parametrium; T3 involved the pelvic or abdominal cavity), the 5-year OS for stage IIICT1, IIICT2, and IIICT3 was 83.3%, 30.0%, and 0%, respectively.ConclusionsFor stage II SCNEC patients, FIGO 2009 underestimated the prognosis, while FIGO 2018 was more accurate. For stage IIIC, FIGO 2018 might be more individualized and accurate after combining stage IIIC with tumor local invasion.     

Lymph node staging

Cancers of the head and neck (HNC) include cancers of the larynx, nasal passages/nose, oral cavity, pharynx, salivary glands, buccal regions, and thyroid. In these cancers, lymph node staging and localization of pathological lymph nodes are necessary to decide on either (neo) adjuvant or surgical therapy and are a major factor for the prognosis in HNC patients. Cervical node metastases have different incidence, and their presence is associated with a decrease in global survival to roughly half and with higher recurrence rates. The node metastases can be categorized in the following 2 groups: overt (clinical) or nonovert (occult). The latter can be subcategorized as metastases detectable by traditional methods (eg, staining) or "submicroscopic" metastases, only evident with immunohistochemical or molecular analysis. Compared with clinical invasive and laboratory examinations, which may have complications and are expensive, radiology plays an important role in lymph node staging. Mainly, the overt node metastases are the field of radiological imaging, and second, the detection of nonovert metastases is important and holds promise for the future because many patients of those initially classified as cN0 have, in fact, occult metastatic disease (pN1). Vice versa, radiological imaging has to avoid false-positive results that can lead to an elective or radical neck dissection, which are associated with increased morbidity and mortality and thus overshadow the improvement in survival. Radiological imaging plays a role not only as an initial staging of N+ but also in the case of N0 due to the continuing controversy for the treatment of N0 patients. A close observation of the patient may reveal a positive node in the follow-up. The imaging modalities used for the node staging in HNC patients include ultrasound, contrast-enhanced computed tomography, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography scans. None of the above-mentioned methods reaches a 100% sensitivity or specificity, and the accuracy of the exact number of metastases or levels involved has not been studied; thus, neck dissection with subsequent pathological examination remains the gold standard for node staging. Among the described cross-sectional imaging modalities, MRI presents a lot of advantages mainly due to the increased soft tissue contrast and the ability to obtain tissue characteristics in different sequences, including diffusion- and perfusion-weighted sequences and proton spectroscopy imaging. The lack of the radiation burden makes MRI suitable for a close follow-up of the patient, and the imaging with the use of new intravenous contrast material (such as ultrasmall iron oxide particles) seems superior to the conventional. In this article, we will focus on the lymph node MRI staging in HNC patients and the MR anatomy of the nodes, the necessary diagnostic workup, and the advantages of the method over computed tomography. The possibilities of the new imaging sequences and the treatment implications will be addressed as well.     

Endosonographic staging of rectal carcinoma

Transrectal ultrasonography (US) scanning facilitates the ultrastructural differentiation of the various histologic layers of the rectal wall. In particular, the muscularis propria is represented by the 4th sonographic layer. Rectal carcinoma appears on US as a low echogenic area that suddenly interrupts the regular sequence of parietal layers.Sixty-five patients suffering with carcinoma of the lower two-thirds of the rectum underwent pre-operative linear endosonography for staging. The reliability of such a method in assessing the extra-rectal spread was evaluated in our study, at the end of which 55 sonographic/histologic correlations were obtained. Four false-negative and 1 false-positive determinations of the presence or absence of extrarectal spread proved that sonography has a sensitivity and specificity of 91%, with a positive predictive value of 97% and a negative predictive value of 71%. Lower results are obtained in lymph node staging: enlarged lymph nodes are seen in only 11/22 C1/C2 patients (11 false negatives) while we were aware of 3 false positives.