Methods: During propofol-remifentanil anesthesia, eight adult consenting patients received an intravenous bolus dose of 0.2 mg/kg mivacurium, followed by a constant infusion (3, 5, or 7 [mu]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1) into the brachial vein. One hour after starting the infusion, arterial (radial artery) and venous (contralateral brachial vein) blood samples were drawn simultaneously at 15-min intervals for 45 min. Mivacurium isomers and metabolite plasma concentrations were determined by stereospecific high-performance liquid chromatography. Using the corresponding arterial and venous concentrations, the tissue extraction coefficient as well as total body clearance were calculated.
Results: During steady state conditions, the venous concentrations of the trans trans and cis trans isomers were 34 +/- 13% and 42 +/- 11% (mean +/- SD) lower than the corresponding arterial concentrations (P < 0.05), respectively. For the cis cis isomer, the difference between venous and arterial concentrations was 3 +/- 4% (P = 0.063). Total body clearances of the trans trans and cis trans isomers were greater when based on venous sampling (P < 0.05). 相似文献
Methods: Ten healthy male volunteers underwent two randomly sequenced hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic (insulin infusion rate, 0.6 mU [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1 for 180 min) clamp studies 4 weeks apart. Self-controlled painful electrical stimulation was applied to the abdominal skin for 30 min, to a pain intensity of 8 on a visual analog scale of 0-10, just before the clamp procedure (study P). In the other study, no pain was inflicted (study C).
Results: Pain reduced whole-body insulin-stimulated glucose uptake from 6.37 +/- 1.87 mg [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1 (mean +/- SD) in study C to 4.97 +/- 1.38 mg [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1 in study P (P < 0.01) because of a decrease in nonoxidative glucose disposal, as determined by indirect calorimetry (2.47 +/- 0.88 mg [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1 in study P vs. 3.41 +/- 1.03 mg [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1 in study C;P < 0.05). Differences in glucose oxidation rates were not statistically significant. The suppression of isotopically determined endogenous glucose output during hyperinsulinemia tended to be decreased after pain (1.67 +/- 0.48 mg [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1 in study P vs. 2.04 +/- 0.45 mg [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1 in study C;P = 0.06). Pain elicited a twofold to threefold increase in serum cortisol (P < 0.01), plasma epinephrine (P < 0.05), and serum free fatty acids (P < 0.05). Similarly, circulating concentrations of glucagon and growth hormone tended to increase during pain. 相似文献
Methods: After institutional approval and informed patient consent were obtained, 23 patients scheduled to undergo supratentorial tumor surgery were randomly assigned to remifentanil or fentanyl infusion groups in a double-blinded manner. Midazolam, thiopental, and pancuronium induction was followed by equipotent narcotic loading infusions of remifentanil (1 [micro sign]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1) or fentanyl (2 [micro sign]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1) for 5-10 min. Patients were ventilated with 2:1 nitrous oxide-oxygen, and opioid rates were reduced and then titrated to a stable hemodynamic effect. After dural exposure, CBF was measured by the intravenous133 xenon technique at normocapnia and hypocapnia. Reactivity of CBF to carbon dioxide was calculated as the absolute increase in CBF per millimeters of mercury increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2). Data were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance, unpaired Student's t tests, or contingency analysis.
Results: In the remifentanil group (n = 10), CBF decreased from 36 +/- 11 to 27 +/- 8 ml [middle dot] 100 g-1 [middle dot] min-1 as PaCO2 decreased from 33 +/- 5 to 25 +/- 2 mmHg. In the fentanyl group (n = 8), CBF decreased from 37 +/- 11 to 25 +/- 6 ml [middle dot] 100 g-1 [middle dot] min-1 as PaCO2 decreased from 34 +/- 3 to 25 +/- 3 mmHg. Absolute carbon dioxide reactivity was preserved with both agents: 1 +/- 1.2 ml [middle dot] 100 g-1 [middle dot] min-1 [middle dot] mmHg-1 for remifentanil and 1.5 +/- 0.5 ml [middle dot] 100 g-1 [middle dot] min-1 [middle dot] mmHg-1 for fentanyl (P = 0.318). 相似文献
Methods: Thirty-two women were assigned randomly to one of two drug treatment groups. After premedication with 0.04 mg/kg intravenous midazolam, anesthesia was induced with 2 [micro sign]g/kg intravenous fentanyl, 1.5 mg/kg intravenous propofol, and 0.6 mg/kg intravenous rocuronium, and maintained with desflurane, 2%, and nitrous oxide, 65%, in oxygen. Before skin incision, an infusion of either remifentanil (0.02 [micro sign]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1) or adenosine (25 [micro sign]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1) was started and subsequently titrated to maintain systolic blood pressure, heart rate, or both within 10-15% of the preincision values.
Results: Adenosine and remifentanil infusions were effective anesthetic adjuvants during lower abdominal surgery. Use of adenosine (mean +/- SEM, 166 +/- 17 [micro sign]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1) was associated with a significantly greater decrease in systolic blood pressure and higher heart rate values compared with remifentanil (mean +/- SEM, 0.2 +/- 0.03 [micro sign]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1). Total postoperative opioid analgesic use was 45% and 27% lower in the adenosine group at 0-2 h and 2-24 h after surgery, respectively. 相似文献
Methods: Thirty-two pigs underwent ligation of the circumflex coronary artery and induction of ventricular fibrillation lasting for 4 min. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed after randomization to one of four groups: epinephrine (30-[mu]g/kg bolus), vasopressin (0.4-U/kg bolus), epinephrine-vasopressin (15-[mu]g/kg epinephrine bolus, 0.2-U/kg vasopressin bolus), or milrinone-vasopressin (0.4-U/kg vasopressin bolus, 50-[mu]g/kg milrinone bolus over 5 min and a continuous infusion of 0.4 [mu]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1). The hemodynamic variables were measured before cardiopulmonary resuscitation as well as 4, 8, 15, and 30 min after return of spontaneous circulation.
Results: All animals were resuscitated successfully. The animals of the milrinone-vasopressin group displayed significantly (P < 0.05) higher cardiac index values (30 min after return of spontaneous circulation: epinephrine, 65.8 +/- 13.2; vasopressin, 70.7 +/- 18.3; epinephrine-vasopressin, 69.1 +/- 36.2; milrinone-vasopressin, 120.7 +/- 34.8 ml [middle dot] min-1 [middle dot] kg-1) without a decrease in mean arterial pressure or coronary perfusion pressure. 相似文献
Methods: Of 181 patients receiving a single bolus dose of 0.5-2.5 mg/kg rapacuronium, 43 (aged 24-83 yr) had plasma sampled 3 or 4 times to determine plasma concentrations of rapacuronium and its metabolite, ORG9488. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using a population approach (mixed-effects modeling) to determine the influence of demographic characteristics and preoperative laboratory values on the pharmacokinetic parameters.
Results: Rapacuronium's weight-normalized plasma clearance was 7.03 [middle dot] (1 - 0.0507 [middle dot] (HgB - 13)) ml [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1, where HgB is the patient's preoperative value for hemoglobin (g/100 ml); however, rapacuronium's blood clearance (11.4 +/- 1.4 ml [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1, mean +/- SD) did not vary with hemoglobin. Rapacuronium's weight-normalized pharmacokinetic parameters were not influenced by age, gender, or other covariates examined. Plasma concentrations of ORG9488 were typically less than 14% those of rapacuronium during the initial 30 min after rapacuronium administration. 相似文献
Methods: Forty intent-to-treat patients were randomly allocated to receive a blinded infusion of either remifentanil 0.15 [mu]g[middle dot]kg-1[middle dot]min-1 or morphine 0.75 [mu]g[middle dot]kg-1[middle dot]min-1. The opioid infusion was titrated, in the first intent, to achieve optimal sedation defined as Sedation Agitation scale of 4. A midazolam open-label infusion was started if additional sedation was required.
Results: The mean percentage hours of optimal sedation was significantly longer in the remifentanil group (78.3 +/- 6.2) than in the morphine group (66.5 +/- 8.5). This was achieved with less frequent infusion rate adjustments (0.34 +/- 0.25 changes/h) than in the morphine group (0.42 +/- 0.22 changes/h). The mean duration of mechanical ventilation and extubation time were significantly longer in the morphine group (18.1 +/- 3.4 h, 73 +/- 7 min) than in the remifentanil group (14.1 +/- 2.8 h, 17 +/- 6 min), respectively. Remifentanil mean infusion rate was 0.13 +/- 0.03 [mu]g[middle dot]kg-1[middle dot]min-1, whereas morphine mean infusion rate was 0.68 +/- 0.28 [mu]g[middle dot]kg-1[middle dot]min-1. More subjects in the morphine group (9 of 20) than in the remifentanil group (6 of 20) required midazolam. The incidence of adverse events was low and comparable across the two treatment groups. 相似文献
Methods: Potency was determined using a single-dose (20, 26, 33, or 40 [mu]g/kg) technique. Neuromuscular block was assessed by monitoring the electromyographic response of the adductor pollicis to supramaximal train-of-four stimulation of the ulnar nerve at 2 Hz.
Results: Least-squares linear regression analysis of the log-probit transformation of dose and maximal response yielded median effective dose (ED50) and 95% effective dose (ED95) values for infants (29 +/- 3 [mu]g/kg and 43 +/- 9 [mu]g/kg, respectively) that were similar to those for children (29 +/- 2 [mu]g/kg and 47 +/- 7 [mu]g/kg, respectively). The mean infusion rate necessary to maintain 90-99% neuromuscular block during the first hour in infants (1.9 +/- 0.4 [mu]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1; range: 1.3-2.5 [mu]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1) was similar to that in children (2.0 +/- 0.5 [mu]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1; range: 1.3-2.9 [mu]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1). 相似文献
Methods: With Institutional Review Board approval and informed consent, the authors studied eight healthy, conscious volunteers, aged 19-25 yr. Hemodynamic measurements were obtained at steady state before and after profound acute isovolemic hemodilution with 5% albumin and autologous plasma, and again at the reduced hemoglobin concentration after additional reduction of DO2 by an infusion of a [beta]-adrenergic antagonist, esmolol.
Results: Reduction of hemoglobin from 12.5 +/- 0.8 g/dl to 4.8 +/- 0.2 g/dl (mean +/- SD) increased heart rate, stroke volume index, and cardiac index, and reduced DO2 (14.0 +/- 2.9 to 9.9 +/- 2.0 ml O2 [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1; all P < 0.001). Oxygen consumption (VO2; 3.0 +/- 0.5 to 3.4 +/- 0.6 ml O2 [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1;P < 0.05) and plasma lactate concentration (0.50 +/- 0.10 to 0.62 +/- 0.16 mM;P < 0.05; n = 7) increased slightly. Esmolol decreased heart rate, stroke volume index, and cardiac index, and further decreased DO2 (to 7.3 +/- 1.4 ml O2 [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1; all P < 0.01 vs. before esmolol). VO2 (3.2 +/- 0.6 ml O2 [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1;P > 0.05) and plasma lactate (0.66 +/- 0.14 mM;P > 0.05) did not change further. No value of plasma lactate exceeded the normal range. 相似文献
Methods: An awake, spontaneously breathing rat model was used. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats received an intravenous infusion of lidocaine (3 mg [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1; group C) or lidocaine with epinephrine (3 mg [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1 and 2 [mu]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1, respectively; group E) for 10 min (n = 10 in each group). Effects of epinephrine on the convulsive dose and concentrations of total (protein-bound and unbound) and unbound lidocaine in plasma were examined. Concentrations of extracellular lidocaine in the cerebral nucleus accumbens were quantitatively determined by a microdialysis method.
Results: The convulsive dose of lidocaine was significantly lower in group E than in group C (22.4 +/- 5.5 vs. 27.9 +/- 3.1 mg/kg, respectively; P < 0.05). Overall concentrations and area under the plasma concentration-versus-time curve of unbound lidocaine in group E were significantly higher than those in group C. Concentrations of extracellular lidocaine in the nucleus accumbens in group E were comparable to those of unbound fraction in plasma and were also significantly higher than those in group C. 相似文献
Methods: Nine healthy male volunteers aged 23 to 45 yr were studied in a clinical research facility within our academic medical center. After placement of venous and arterial catheters, dopamine was infused at 10 [mu]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1 for 10 min, followed by a 30-min washout period. Subsequently, dopamine was infused at 3 [mu]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1 for 90 min, followed by another 30-min washout period. Timed arterial blood samples were centrifuged, and the plasma was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Mixed-effects pharmacokinetic models using NONMEM software (NONMEM Project Group, University of California, San Francisco, CA) were used to determine the optimal compartmental pharmacokinetic model for dopamine.
Results: Plasma concentrations of dopamine varied from 12,300 to 201,500 ng/l after 10 min of dopamine infusion at 10 [mu]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1. Similarly, steady-state dopamine concentrations varied from 1,880 to 18,300 ng/l in these same subjects receiving 3-[mu]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1 infusions for 90 min. A two-compartment model adjusted for body weight was the best model based on the Schwartz-Bayesian criterion. 相似文献
Methods: Forty-one adults (aged 20-60 yr) and 24 children (aged 2-10 yr) undergoing lower abdominal surgery were studied. In adults, anesthesia induction was with sevoflurane during remifentanil infusion, whereas in children remifentanil administration was started after induction with sevoflurane. After intubation, sevoflurane was administered in 100% O2 and was adjusted to an ET% of 1 MAC-awake corrected for age at least 15 min before surgery. Patients were randomized to receive remifentanil at a rate ranging from 0.05 to 0.35 [mu]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1 for at least 20 min before surgery. At the beginning of surgery, only the skin incision was performed, and the somatic and autonomic responses were observed. The somatic response was defined as positive with any gross movement of extremity, and the autonomic response was deemed positive with any increase in heart rate or mean arterial pressure equal to or more than 10% of preincision values. Using logistic regression, the IR50 and IRBAR50 were determined in both groups of patients and compared with unpaired Student t test. A P value less than 0.05 was considered significant.
Results: The IR50 +/- SD was 0.10 +/- 0.02 [mu]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1 in adults and 0.22 +/- 0.03 [mu]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1 in children (P < 0.001). The IRBAR50 +/- SD was 0.11 +/- 0.02 [mu]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1 in adults and 0.27 +/- 0.06 [mu]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1 in children (P < 0.001). 相似文献
Methods: Part I study: 54 patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy were randomly divided into two groups (n = 27 per group). The patients in the control group received 0.9% sodium chloride solution, whereas the patients in the magnesium group received magnesium (50 mg/kg as a bolus, then 8 mg [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] h-1). To maintain mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) at baseline value, the propofol infusion rate was changed when the MAP or the HR changed. The amount of propofol infused excluding the bolus dosage was divided by patient's body weight and total infusion time. Part II study: Another 20 patients were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10 per group). When the MAP and HR had been maintained at baseline value and the propofol infusion rate had been maintained at 80 [mu]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1 (magnesium group) and 160 [mu]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1 (control group), bispectral index (BIS) values were measured.
Results: Part I: The mean propofol infusion rate in the magnesium group (81.81 +/- 13.09 [mu]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1) was significantly less than in the control group (167.57 +/- 47.27). Part II: BIS values in the control group (40.70 +/- 3.89) were significantly less than those in the magnesium group (57.80 +/- 7.32). 相似文献
Methods: In 18 patients, mivacurium was infused at 10 [mu]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1 for 40 min, the infusion was discontinued for 15 min and then restarted at the same rate for another 40 min. Patients were randomized to receive 500 [mu]g/kg edrophonium, 50 [mu]g/kg neostigmine, or saline at discontinuation of the second infusion; all subjects received 1 mg atropine. Plasma was sampled during the final 10 min of each infusion to determine steady state mivacurium concentrations and for 15 min after each infusion. Twitch tension was recorded. Mivacurium concentrations after each of the two infusions were compared.
Results: After discontinuation of the second infusion, mivacurium concentrations were larger than those after the first infusion at 2 min with edrophonium and at 2, 4, and 7 min with neostigmine. With both neostigmine and edrophonium, twitch tension recovered after infusion #2 more rapidly than after infusion #1; however, the magnitude of this effect was small. 相似文献
Methods: A 0.9% NaCl bolus (24 ml/kg in 20 min) was infused in four paired experiments each: no drug, dopamine infusion (50 [mu]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1), isoproterenol infusion (0.1 [mu]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1), and phenylephrine infusion (3 [mu]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1). Blood volume expansion was calculated by the dilution of blood hemoglobin concentration.
Results: Dopamine had little effect on peak blood volume expansion (12.7 +/- 0.9 ml/kg) compared with 0.9% NaCl (13.0 +/- 2.7 ml/kg); in contrast, isoproterenol augmented blood volume expansion (18.5 +/- 1.8 ml/kg), and phenylephrine reduced blood volume expansion (8.9 +/- 1.4 ml/kg). Two hours after the 0.9% NaCl bolus, sustained blood volume expansion was greatest in the isoproterenol protocol (12.2 ml/kg), whereas the dopamine protocol (6.8 ml/kg) remained similar to the control protocol (4.1 ml/kg), and the phenylephrine protocol had a net volume loss (-1.9 ml/kg). Some blood volume expansion differences were attributed to changes in renal function as phenylephrine infusion increased urinary output, whereas isoproterenol was associated with antidiuresis. However, dopamine caused diuresis and sustained augmentation of blood volume. 相似文献
Methods: Muscle sympathetic activity was recorded by microneurography in the peroneal nerve of six healthy subjects before and during anesthesia with racemic ketamine (2 mg/kg intravenously plus 30 [mu]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1). Catecholamine plasma concentrations, heart rate, and blood pressure were also determined. Muscle sympathetic neural responses to a hypotensive challenge were assessed by injection of sodium nitroprusside (2-10 [mu]g/kg) before and during ketamine anesthesia. In the final step, increased arterial pressure observed during ketamine anesthesia was adjusted to preanesthetic baseline by sodium nitroprusside infusion (1-6 [mu]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1).
Results: Ketamine significantly decreased MSA burst frequency (mean +/- SD, 18 +/- 9 bursts/min to 9 +/- 8 bursts/min) and burst incidence (26 +/- 11 bursts/100 heart beats to 9 +/- 6 bursts/100 heart beats). However, when increased mean arterial pressure (85 +/- 8 mmHg to 121 +/- 20 mmHg) was normalized to the awake baseline by sodium nitroprusside, MSA recovered (25 +/- 18 bursts/min; 23 +/- 14 bursts/100 heart beats). During ketamine anesthesia, both epinephrine (15 +/- 10 pg/ml to 256 +/- 193 pg/ml) and norepinephrine (250 +/- 105 pg/ml to 570 +/- 270 pg/ml) plasma concentrations significantly increased, as did heart rate (67 +/- 13 beats/min to 113 +/- 15 beats/min). Hypotensive challenges similarly increased MSA both in the awake state and during ketamine anesthesia. 相似文献
Methods: Sixteen patients were randomly assigned to undergo a 6-h stable isotope infusion study (3 h fasted, 3 h feeding) on the second day after colorectal surgery performed with or without perioperative epidural blockade. Protein synthesis, breakdown and oxidation, glucose production, and clearance were measured by l-[1-13C]leucine and [6,6-2H2]glucose.
Results: Epidural blockade did not affect protein and glucose metabolism in the fasted state. Parenteral alimentation decreased endogenous protein breakdown and glucose production to the same extent in both groups. Administration of glucose and amino acids was associated with an increase in whole body protein synthesis that was modified by the type of analgesia, i.e., protein synthesis increased by 13% in the epidural group (from 93.3 +/- 16.6 to 104.5 +/- 11.1 [mu]mol [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] h-1) and by 4% in the patient-controlled analgesia group (from 90.0 +/- 27.1 to 92.9 +/- 14.8 [mu]mol [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] h-1;P = 0.054). 相似文献
Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats received a cocaine infusion (1.25 mg [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1) followed 15 min later by the coinfusion of either dexmedetomidine (20-[mu]g/kg intravenous bolus followed by an infusion of 1 [mu]g [middle dot] kg-1 [middle dot] min-1, CD group, n = 8) or an equal volume of saline (CS group, n = 8). Dexmedetomidine or saline were coinfused with cocaine until the onset of cocaine-induced seizures. Dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens were measured by microdialysis paired with chromatography. To determine if changes in extracellular dopamine were related to the seizures, dopamine (1 [mu]m) was continuously delivered to the nucleus accumbens in a separate group (DACD group, n = 6) via retrograde microdialysis. These rats then received an intravenous cocaine infusion followed by dexmedetomidine in the same manner as the CD group.
Results: Dexmedetomidine significantly increased the dose of cocaine necessary to produce seizures. Seizures occurred at 25.0 +/- 7.7 and 49.3 +/- 14.8 min in CS and CD, respectively (P < 0.001). The ratio of the percent increase in accumbal dopamine to the cocaine dose at the onset of seizure activity was significantly lower in CD, 39.9 +/- 16.5, compared to CS, 82.2 +/- 46.5 (P = 0.04). Intraaccumbal administration of dopamine prevented the effects of dexmedetomidine on the cocaine seizure threshold. 相似文献
Methods: After written informed consent, 41 adult patients were studied during propofol/alfentanil/nitrous oxide/oxygen anesthesia. Neuromuscular function was monitored using an electromyographic (EMG) method. After a stable EMG calibration response, cumulative doses of pancuronium were given to establish a 95% neuromuscular block. In the control group, an ED95 dose of 100 micro gram/kg mivacurium was administered instead of pancuronium. When the EMG response after pancuronium or mivacurium had recovered to 25% of the baseline, a single randomized intravenous bolus dose of 10 or 70 micro gram/kg mivacurium was given. Thereafter, spontaneous recovery of the neuromuscular function was recorded.
Results: The time from pancuronium until T1 25% EMG recovery was 38 +/-12 min (mean+/-SD). The respective times after 10 or 70 micro gram/kg mivacurium were 28+/-8 and 54+/-7 min in the pancuronium group or 3+/-1 (n = 3) and 10+/-4 min in the mivacurium group (P = 0.0001). Times to 95% EMG recovery after 10 or 70 micro gram/kg mivacurium were 77+/-14 and 97+/-16 min in the pancuronium group and 11+/-3 and 20+/-7 min in the mivacurium group, respectively (P < 0.0001). Recovery indexes after 10 or 70 micro gram/kg mivacurium were 26+/-4 and 22+/- 6 min in the pancuronium group or 7+/-3 (n = 3) and 5+/- 2 min in the mivacurium group, respectively (P < 0.0001). Times from the administration of 10 or 70 micro gram/kg mivacurium until train-of-four ratio 0.7 were 94+/-16 and 111+/-14 min in the pancuronium group and 12+/-4 and 22+/-8 min in the mivacurium group, respectively (P < 0.0001). 相似文献