鸡胚尿囊膜(HET-CAM)眼刺激替代试验对产品及原料评价的比较

目的 比较鸡胚尿囊膜试验(HET-CAM)作为一种眼刺激替代方法对产品或原料的评价.方法 采用HET-CAM和兔眼Draize试验方法,对19种原料和23种化妆品及家用洗涤产品眼刺激性进行检测,对体内体外试验的结果进行统计比较.结果 比较体内体外试验,原料和产品的kappa系数分别为0.826,0.531;灵敏度分别为100%,81.8%;特异度分别为85.7%,77.8%.结论 HET-CAM可作为Draize试验的替代试验,HET-CAM系统更适合对单纯化学品原料进行眼刺激试验.     

化妆品眼刺激试验替代方法标准化与展望

眼刺激试验是化妆品安全评价的主要测试项目,目前正尝试建立代替传统动物实验的体外方法,这些方法处于研发、验证和认可的不同阶段.尽管还没有单一体外试验能完全替代兔眼实验,但系统分析替代方法建立的原理、科学相关性和标准化程度的不同,有助于合理选择运用体外方法指导化妆品眼刺激的标识分类、质量检验、产品开发和机制研究.     

整合CAMVA和BCOP方法检测化妆品的眼刺激性

目的组合两种体外替代方法评价化妆品的眼刺激。方法分别采用鸡胚尿囊膜血管试验(CAMVA)、牛角膜浑浊通透试验(BCOP)和Draize兔眼试验对60种化妆品进行测试,并预测眼刺激分类。结果采用CAMVA法可以区分41种无刺激性样品和18种有刺激性样品;采用BCOP法可预测35种无刺激性、21种轻-中刺激性和4种严重刺激性样品;组合CAMVA-BCOP方法可明显提高刺激程度的区分能力,与体内实验分类一致性达98.3%。结论组合CAMVA-BCOP的整合试验策略可用于化妆品的眼刺激评价,其预测范围可覆盖无刺激性到严重刺激性。     

化学品皮肤毒性替代法研究进展

传统的化学品安全性评价方法不仅需要大量的动物、耗时长、成本高,不能满足化合物快速增长的需要,而且存在敏感性不够,种属差异等缺点,特别是不符合动物保护和福利的要求。发展快速、高效、敏感的毒理学安全性评价替代方法是近几年国际发展趋势。本文拟就近年来在化学品皮肤毒性评价中的皮肤腐蚀性替代试验、皮肤刺激性替代试验、皮肤光毒性替代试验、皮肤过敏性替代试验方法研究概况进行综述。     

化妆品皮肤毒性的动物实验替代方法研究进展

随着全球范围的动物福利、动物保护运动发展和实验动物减少、优化、替代(3R)原则的兴起,动物实验的替代成为新兴研究和发展方向。欧盟化妆品规程第7次修正案(2003/15/EC)明确规定逐步禁止化妆品成品动物试验,2009年起禁止化妆品原料进行动物试验,2013年后将禁止用动物试验检测的化妆     

血红蛋白变性试验替代眼刺激试验的实验研究

目的 探讨血红蛋白变性试验(HD test)是否可作为体内眼刺激试验(Draize test)的一种替代方法。方法 用HD test对14种化学物质的眼刺激性进行检测,得到血红蛋白变性率为50％的受试物浓度值(RDC50)和1％受试物的最大可吸收波长变化值(1％λmax),与Draize test两种评分标准。即最大平均值(MAS)和24h作用值(S24)的结果进行相关性比较。结果 RDC50与Draize test的MAS和S24的相关系数分别为0．926和0．921;1％λmax与MAS和S24分别为0．881和0．791,即RDC50与Draizetest的相关性优于1％λmax但使用RDC50评价时常有数据信息的损失,而1％λmax可用于评价不溶性物质,且与角膜评分的相关性较好。结论 HD test可用于替代Dralze test。     

化妆品安全性评价中鸡胚绒毛膜尿囊膜试验应用研究

目的 建立确定适用我国国情的化学物质和化妆品安全性分级标准和适用范围。方法同时采用HET—CAM法和动物试验对32种化学物、187种不同种类化妆品进行检验,以4种不同分级标准对检验结果进行分析比较。结果四种分级标准中第三种分级标准（0～6无/微刺激性、6．1～12轻刺激性、12．1～16刺激性、16．1～21腐蚀性）与动物试验的分级标准具有较高的等级相关性及一致性,且面膜类和眼部护肤类产品的结果一致性为最好。结论HET—CAM试验的分级标准采用第三种标准比较合适。面膜类和眼部护肤类产品可用HET—CAM法完全替代动物试验而对于洗面奶类、染发类、烫发类和洗发类的产品,只适宜作为筛选试验。     

96%禾草敌原药的急性毒性研究

目的：观察96%禾草敌原药的急性毒性,为其安全生产和使用提供科学依据。方法：通过急性经口毒性试验、急性经皮毒性试验、皮肤和眼睛刺激试验及皮肤致敏试验对96%禾草敌原药的急性毒性进行综合评价。结果：以雌雄性大鼠为试验动物,96%禾草敌原药急性经口、经皮LD50（95%可信限）分别为681（562～1 210）mg/kg和1 470（1 210～2 610）mg/kg;家兔皮肤刺激平均分值为0;眼刺激积分指数（I.A.O.I）最高为2,眼刺激的平均指数（M.I.O.I）48 h后为0;豚鼠皮肤致敏率为0%。结论：在本实验条件下,96%禾草敌原药急性经口、经皮毒性分别属低毒类和中等毒类,对皮肤和眼睛均为无刺激性,属弱致敏性农药。     

复方奥硝唑甲磺酸培氟沙星缓释牙栓毒理学实验研究

目的 了解动物对复方奥硝唑甲磺酸培氟沙星缓释牙栓的毒理学反应,为开发应用牙周病治疗新药提供试验依据.方法 按新药的有关要求进行如下试验:(1)昆明小鼠最大耐受量(MTD)试验;(2)SD大鼠慢性毒理学试验;(3)豚鼠皮肤过敏试验;(4)SD大鼠牙周黏膜毒性及刺激试验;(5)新西兰兔眼部刺激试验.结果 动物MTD为8.4g/kg;该药物对动物的肝功、肾功、血常规及5个重要脏器均无明显影响;对皮肤和牙周黏膜无刺激;该药眼刺激实验平均得分≤3分,在用药48h后全部消失,为可逆变化,属无刺激.结论 动物对该药物有很大的耐受性,毒性低,可以进一步深入临床研究.     

稳定性二氧化氯消毒剂的皮肤刺激和亚急性毒性试验研究

目的了解稳定性二氧化氯反复使用的生物安全性。方法采用多次完整皮肤刺激试验和亚急性毒性试验进行观察。结果在兔多次完整皮肤刺激试验中,稳定性二氧化氯在二氧化氯含量为1996.5mg/L的浓度下多次接触动物完整皮肤未引起动物皮肤刺激反应,属于无刺激性物质;在亚急性毒性试验中,动物经过30d喂养后,试验各剂量组实验动物生长发育良好,体重增加正常,与正常对照组相比较,差异无显著性;各剂量组实验动物血常规和血生化指标与对照组比较差异均无显著性;实验动物各脏器均未见明显病理改变。结论该稳定性二氧化氯在本次试验条件下,未显示对兔完整皮肤有刺激作用;也未显示对大鼠有亚急性毒性作用。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.