重症细菌性肺炎患儿继发抗生素相关性腹泻临床分析

目的探讨重症细菌性肺炎患儿抗生素相关性腹泻(AAD)的发病及用药情况。方法回顾性分析2013年1月—2013年6月重症细菌性肺炎患儿抗生素应用情况。结果 187例患儿中,发生AAD 132例(70.59%);引发AAD的常见抗菌药物依次为三代头孢类、青霉素类、碳青霉烯类等。AAD组患儿年龄≤3岁、抗生素治疗7 d以及应用抗生素≥2种的比例均高于非AAD组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=89.81~119.45,P均0.001)。AAD患儿经停用或换用抗生素后腹泻好转。结论重症细菌性肺炎患儿AAD的发生率较高,与患儿年龄、抗菌药物使用时间、抗菌药物联用有关。     

粪便微生物移植治疗幼儿重症伪膜性肠炎1例并文献复习

目的探讨伪膜性肠炎患儿的诊断与治疗并介绍粪便微生物移植治疗。方法总结1例重症伪膜性肠炎患儿的临床表现、辅助检查、诊断及治疗,并对粪便微生物移植进行相关文献复习。 结果①患儿,男,13月龄,以肠道感染,继发肠梗阻起病,间断腹泻2个月,全身水肿1个月入院。病程中外院曾实施剖腹探查+双侧腹股沟斜疝疝囊高位结扎术。入我院后诊断为蛋白丢失性肠病,重症伪膜性肠炎,电解质紊乱,代谢性酸中毒,营养不良等,予以各种对症支持治疗,并甲硝唑及万古霉素联合用药,并最终给予粪便微生物移植治疗,好转出院。②文献复习国外报道的成人伪膜性肠炎、复发性艰难梭菌感染及抗生素相关性腹泻的粪便微生物移植共217例,首次治疗完全缓解为191例（88.0%）;复发9例,行第2次粪便微生物移植完全缓解为8例(88.9%)。回顾儿童粪便微生物移植1例,并结合本文病例了解粪便微生物移植流程及儿科应用。 结论及时诊断及加强伪膜性肠炎的临床管理,在未取得充分儿童粪便微生物移植的安全性与有效性证据之前,在经验治疗失败或无效的伪膜性肠炎患儿中应用该方法仍需谨慎。     

布拉氏酵母菌散剂预防肺炎儿童抗生素相关性腹泻的疗效观察

目的 评价布拉氏酵母菌散剂治疗对肺炎儿童抗生素相关性腹泻(antibiotic-associated diarrhea,AAD)的预防作用.方法 采用双盲随机对照的方法将245例患有肺炎的住院儿童完全随机分成2组.预防组104例在抗生素治疗基础上加用布拉氏酵母菌散剂治疗;对照组141例,使用安慰剂及抗生素;出现腹泻后对照组加用布拉氏酵母菌散剂治疗,2组患儿均加用蒙脱石散口服和补液治疗.每日观察患儿排便次数及性状,统计2组患儿腹泻发生率、疗效、腹泻持续时间及肺炎总疗程.结果 预防组共16例(15.38％),对照组共41例(29.08％)患儿发生AAD.2组患儿AAD发生率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);与对照组相比,预防组发生AAD的风险下降了55.7％(RR =0.443,95％ CI0.233～0.845,P=0.012).预防组发生AAD的患儿腹泻持续时间及肺炎总疗程均较对照组短,差异有统计学意义(P分别为0.001、0.030).治疗期间未见药物不良反应.结论 早期使用布拉氏酵母菌散剂可有效降低肺炎住院患儿发生AAD的风险,改善疗效,缩短住院时间,未发现不良反应.     

布拉氏酵母菌在儿童抗生素相关性腹泻中的应用

目的 观察布拉氏酵母菌(亿活)在抗生素相关性腹泻(AAD)中是否有预防及治疗作用,并比较其与枯草杆菌二联活菌(妈咪爱)的疗效.方法 选择167例呼吸道疾病的患儿使用广谱抗生素治疗,并出现AAD,将其随机分为亿活预防组、亿活治疗组、妈咪爱组及对照组,分别观察各组出现腹泻时抗生素的应用时间,以及出现腹泻后各组腹泻好转时间、治愈时间、腹泻程度等,比较各组疗效.结果 亿活预防组5例未出现AAD,亿活预防组出现AAD时抗生素应用时间为(9.09±5.49)d,亿活治疗组出现腹泻时抗生素的应用时间(5.60±3.00)d,二者比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),且腹泻好转时间及治愈时间各组间比较差异均有统计学意义(Pa＜0.05).各组腹泻程度的比较差异无统计学意义.结论 亿活可预防AAD,且在AAD的治疗中发挥良好的作用.     

布拉氏酵母菌预防儿童肺炎继发性腹泻的多中心随机对照研究

目的　评价布拉氏酵母菌在预防儿童肺炎继发性腹泻的临床疗效。方法　采用多中心、 随机、 开放、空白对照的研究方法, 纳入499例1月龄～6周岁因肺炎于2014年8月至2017年12月间在浙江省18家医院住院治疗的患儿。采用随机数字表将患儿随机分成对照组与研究组。对照组接受常规抗生素+对症治疗, 研究组在常规抗生素+对症治疗基础上, 加用布拉氏酵母菌口服（1月龄～3周岁： 1包/次, 1次/d; ＞3～6周岁, 1包/次, 2次/d）, 并随访至停用抗生素后14 d。观察并记录患儿每日排便次数、 大便性状, 统计腹泻发生率、 住院时间、住院费用、 抗生素使用时间及药物相关不良反应等指标。结果　符合纳入标准的肺炎患儿499例, 回收病例报告表434例, 纳入疗效分析的患儿370例, 其中研究组192例, 对照组178例, 两组患儿一般资料差异无统计学意义; 研究组的继发性腹泻发生率低于对照组（P＝0.017＜0.05）, 两组患儿在抗生素使用时间、 住院时间、 住院费用上差异无统计学意义; 年龄分层分析发现患儿年龄≤1岁时两组腹泻发生率差异无统计学意义, 年龄＞1岁时研究组患儿腹泻发生率明显低于对照组（P＝0.006＜0.05）; 抗生素分层分析发现两组患儿腹泻发生率差异无统计学意义; 多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示, 患儿日龄、 抗生素使用时间是危险因素, 布拉氏酵母菌的应用为保护因素; 两组患儿均未观察到药物相关不良事件。结论　布拉氏酵母菌可以预防儿童肺炎继发性腹泻, 且安全性好。     

儿科抗生素相关性腹泻

近年来,儿科临床抗生素使用十分广泛,滥用抗生素现象也非常严重。据了解,国内部分基层医院甚至个别三甲级医院门诊处方抗生素使用率达90%以上,其住院患者抗生素的使用率近100%。国外有报道称抗生素相关性腹泻 （antibiotic associated diarrhea,AAD）的发生率达5%～39%［1］,门诊儿童患者AAD的发生率达6.2%［2］。儿科肺炎使用抗生素后腹泻的发生率为50%［3］。 　　AAD在儿科临床相当常见,甚至有可能给患者带来灾难性后果,因此有必要引起临床医师（尤其是基层医疗单位儿科医师）对AAD的足够重视。     

儿童艰难梭菌肠炎1例报告

正随着抗生素的广泛使用,抗生素相关性腹泻的发病率在儿童逐年上升。艰难梭菌肠炎是目前已知的抗生素相关性腹泻的主要原因之一,占20%~30%,也是伪膜性肠炎的病因。但临床对艰难梭菌肠炎的认识仍不足,经常有漏诊及误诊现象,对患儿造成不良影响。近几年儿童胃肠镜技术的进步及黏膜病理的开展,为联合诊断艰难梭菌肠炎提供了条件。现将笔者医院收治的1例艰难梭菌肠炎病例报告如下。1病历资料患儿女,2岁3个月,主因"腹泻10 d"于2017-04-     

儿童IgE相关食物过敏消化道临床特点及随访研究

目的　探讨儿童IgE相关食物过敏的消化道临床表现特点及其预后。方法　选取2012年3月至2013年11月首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院消化科174例IgE相关食物过敏患儿作为研究对象,结合过敏原IgE抗体检测结果,对致敏食物进行饮食回避,设计标准化调查问卷,对患儿的临床表现及预后进行定期随访。结果　174例过敏原特异性IgE抗体检测中,牛奶、鸡蛋为主要过敏原,分别占66.1%和27.6%,轻度敏感以牛奶为主（65.5%）,中度敏感以鸡蛋白为主（5.2%）。婴儿组消化道症状以腹泻为主（51.3%）,幼儿组以呕吐为主（37.5%）,学龄期及青春期组以腹痛为主要表现（43.5%）。牛奶过敏以腹泻为主要表现,占20.7%。以腹泻为主要临床表现患儿在过敏原特异性IgE浓度高低、过敏原数目方面,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。牛奶特异性IgE 2级的患儿获得耐受的时间（7.54±5.11）个月长于牛奶特异性IgE 1级的患儿（3.50±3.53）个月,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论　IgE相关的食物过敏患儿以牛奶和鸡蛋为主要的过敏原,患儿的消化道临床表现依据年龄组不同而有所差异,牛奶过敏患儿特异性IgE浓度越高越不易获得耐受。     

锌制剂辅助治疗婴幼儿轮状病毒性肠炎的疗效观察

目的 探讨口服锌制剂对婴幼儿轮状病毒性肠炎的治疗效果及对后续3个月内再发腹泻的预防作用。方法 103例轮状病毒性肠炎患儿随机分为补锌治疗组 （51例）及常规治疗组 （52例）。两组均采用相同的综合治疗方案,在此基础上,补锌治疗组加服葡萄糖酸锌颗粒10 d。观察两组治疗72 h后的疗效、阳性症状消失所需的时间和肠道外脏器损害的恢复情况;同时随访观察两组患儿在后续3个月内再次腹泻的发生率。结果 补锌治疗组总有效率显著高于常规治疗组 （90% vs 75%,P < 0.05）。补锌治疗组治疗后高热、呕吐以及腹泻的持续时间均短于常规治疗组 （P < 0.05）。后续3个月内补锌治疗组再次腹泻以及严重腹泻的发生率均明显低于常规治疗组 （P < 0.05）。结论 口服锌制剂辅助治疗婴幼儿轮状病毒性肠炎有显著疗效,同时可降低患儿后续3个月再次发生腹泻的可能性以及减轻再发腹泻的严重程度。     

粪菌移植治疗幼儿严重食物过敏性胃肠病1 例并文献复习

目的探讨严重食物过敏性胃肠病患儿的粪菌移植治疗。方法回顾1例严重食物过敏性胃肠病患儿的粪菌移植治疗过程,并复习相关文献。结果患儿,男,2岁,以肠道感染起病,予以足疗程抗感染及对症支持治疗,腹泻仍迁延不愈,最终给予粪菌移植治疗后,好转出院,随访2个月未见不良反应。检索国外文献,儿童粪菌移植主要应用于难辨梭状芽孢杆菌感染(CDI)和炎症性肠病(IBD)中,有效率分别为90%~100%和55.6%~100%;而国内文献中,粪菌移植在儿童中主要用于CDI和抗生素相关性腹泻病中,有效率100%,均未见严重不良反应。结论粪菌移植治疗儿童严重食物过敏性胃肠病短期安全有效,但其在儿童中的应用技术还不成熟,需要更多、更深入的研究。     

儿童炎症性肠病艰难梭菌感染及其易感因素分析

目的 了解儿童炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)中艰难梭菌定植及感染的发生率,评估儿童IBD患者发生艰难梭菌感染(Clostridiumdifficileinfection,CDI)的易感因素.方法 选取62例确诊IBD患儿为IBD组,选择同期因迁延性或慢性腹泻就诊并排除IBD的...     

Clostridium difficile cytotoxin in a pediatric population

Assays for cytotoxin of Clostridium difficile were performed on stool samples submitted to the laboratory for routine microbiologic study. Cytotoxin was recovered from 8.6% of 208 pediatric patients studied. Cytotoxin was identified significantly more often in younger patients (median age, 11 months) and in those with hospital-associated illness (17%) and antibiotic-associated illness (18%). Hospitalization and antibiotic use were significant independent risk factors. Clinical diagnoses in patients with C difficile cytotoxin included classic pseudomembranous colitis, acute self-resolving diarrheal syndrome, chronic diarrhea with failure to thrive, infant botulism, and asymptomatic carriage.     

Probiotics in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effectiveness of probiotics in preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) in children. STUDY DESIGN: The following electronic databases up to December 2005, in any language, were searched for studies relevant to AAD and probiotics: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and The Cochrane Library. Only randomized controlled trials (RCT) were considered for study inclusion. RESULTS: Six placebo-controlled, RCTs (766 children) were included. Treatment with probiotics compared with placebo reduced the risk of AAD from 28.5% to 11.9% (relative risk, RR, 0.44, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.77, random effect model). Preplanned subgroup analysis showed that reduction of the risk of AAD was associated with the use of Lactobacillus GG (2 RCTs, 307 participants, RR 0.3, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.6), S. boulardii (1 RCT, 246 participants, RR 0.2, 95% CI 0.07-0.6), or B. lactis & Str. thermophilus (1 RCT, 157 participants, RR 0.5, 95% CI 0.3 to 0.95). CONCLUSIONS: Probiotics reduce the risk of AAD in children. For every 7 patients that would develop diarrhea while being treated with antibiotics, one fewer will develop AAD if also receiving probiotics.     

根据β-内酰胺酶选择抗生素对降低细菌性重症肺炎患儿抗生素相关性腹泻发生率的作用

目的 探讨根据细菌β-内酰胺酶(BLs)选用β-内酰胺/β-内酰胺酶抑制剂(BL/BLI)对细菌性重症肺炎抗生素相关性腹泻(AAD)发生率的影响。方法 回顾性分析细菌性重症肺炎患儿临床资料,将未行BLs检测、经验性选用阿莫西林/克拉维酸的248例患儿及根据BLs选用阿莫西林或阿莫西林/克拉维酸的323例患儿作为阿莫西林组;将未检测BLs直接选用哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的208例患儿与根据BLs选用哌拉西林或哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的291例患儿作为哌拉西林组;将未检测BLs而直接选用头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的191例患儿及根据BLs选用头孢哌酮或头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的341例患儿作为头孢哌酮组,监测各组患儿的AAD发生率,分析是否根据BLs选用BL/BLI的重症肺炎患儿AAD发生率和临床症状差异。结果 各组未检测BLs直接选用BL/BLI患儿的AAD发生率均高于根据BLs选用BL(BLs阴性)或BL/BLI(BLs阳性)患儿的AAD发生率,P0.01。根据BLs选用BL/BLI患儿的AAD病程、抗生素使用时间和住院日均短于未检测BLs患儿者(P0.01)。结论 根据BLs选用BL/BLI对降低细菌性重症肺炎患儿AAD发生率和减轻症状有重要作用。     

The impact of Clostridium difficile on paediatric surgical practice: a systematic review

Purpose

The pathogenic potential of Clostridium difficile in children remains a controversial subject as healthy infants can be colonised by this organism. However recent analyses have clarified that C. difficile is an important enteropath in paediatric populations, particularly in antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Paediatric surgical patients including those with Hirschsprung’s disease (HD) may be especially vulnerable to C. difficile infection (CDI) and complicated C. difficile enterocolitis such as pseudomembranous colitis may require surgical management if refractory to medical therapy. Reports of increasing prevalence and emergence of hyper-virulent strains of C. difficile worldwide prompted an examination of the literature to assess the impact of CDI on current paediatric surgical practise.

Methods

The literature was searched using a combination of the MESH terms “hirschsprung’s disease”, “enterocolitis”, “clostridium difficile”, and “children”. Cases of Hirschsprung’s associated enterocolitis (HAEC) investigated for C. difficile and complicated CDI in non HD patients were identified and analysed for clinical parameters, diagnostic evaluations, surgical interventions and outcome.

Results

Pathogen isolation in HAEC was infrequently described. Only 98 children have been reported with C. difficile during an episode of HAEC over the last 40 years and aetiology remains unclear as asymptomatic carriage of C. difficile in HD occurs. Nonetheless 34 confirmed cases of pseudomembranous colitis complicating HD are reported in the literature with an associated 50 % mortality rate. Over 20 % of non Hirschsprung’s patients with reported severe or complicated CDI required operative intervention. The need for surgery was associated with the presence of co-morbidity and high mortality occurred in this group.

Conclusion

Severe or complicated CDI in both HD and non HD paediatric patients is associated with high mortality and often requires surgical intervention. Although these patient cohorts represent a small number of cases, CDI should be suspected in children presenting with enterocolitis to enable early diagnosis and timely surgical intervention, particularly in patients with co-morbid conditions or preceding antibiotic use.     

Rectal prolapse in a 3-year-8-month-old child

INTRODUCTION: Starting from a recent clinical case, we present the different causes of rectal prolapse and their specific treatments. In this case, the relation to infectious colitis was questionable. OBSERVATION: This 3-year-8-month-old boy had repetitive rectal prolapses with phlegmy and bloody diarrhea, with reduction increasingly difficult. Stool analysis was negative but pseudomembranous colitis was found with coloscopy and was confirmed by biopsy. DISCUSSION: Hygienic and dietary measures are the first steps in the treatment rectal prolapse. Pseudomembranous colitis, often related to Clostridium difficile toxins; is a severe form of postantibiotic diarrhea. Its treatment is based on oral antibiotic therapy with metronidazole or vancomycin for 10 days. Rectal prolapsus in children is cured without recurrence in 98% of cases. CONCLUSION: In the case reported herein, rectal prolapse did not recur after diarrhea recovery with antibiotic therapy, suggesting a causative link with pseudomembranous colitis.     

Pseudomembranous colitis

OBJECTIVE: To alert about the pseudomembranous colitis in children, a consequence of the use of antibiotics. METHODS: This report is the result of the clinical follow-up of a patient with chronic diarrhea after the use of several antibiotics. The bibliography was obtained through Medline system. RESULTS: Case report of a girl two years and seven months old, previously healthy, with a clinical picture of chronic diarrhea with dysenteric characteristics after the use of antibiotics, associated with important weight lost and hypoproteinemia. The diagnosis of pseudomembranous was established clinically and was confirmed by colonoscopy and the presence of Clostridium difficile toxin A in the stools. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to consider the C. difficile infection in any child with diarrhea associated to the use of antibiotics. The antibiotics in pediatric patients should always be prescribed with caution and precise indications.     

Prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children by Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI

BACKGROUND: Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI (CBM) is a probiotic bacteria used for anti-diarrheal medicine in Japan. The preventive effect of CBM was investigated for antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) in children. METHODS: One hundred and ten children who suffered from upper respiratory tract infection or gastroenteritis were divided into three groups. Twenty-seven of the patients received only antibiotics, 38 received CBM from the mid point of the antibiotic treatment and 45 concomitantly received CBM from the beginning of the antibiotic treatment. To examine the effects of CBM on AAD, the changes in intestinal flora were investigated. RESULTS: Diarrhea was observed in 59% of the subjects who received only antibiotics, and total fecal anaerobes, especially Bifidobacterium, were remarkably decreased. In contrast, diarrhea in the subjects who received CBM from either the middle or the beginning of the antibiotic therapy was decreased to 5% and 9%, respectively. Concomitant administration of CBM increased anaerobes and prevented the decrease of Bifidobacterium in the subjects who received antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI is effective for both the treatment and the prophylaxis of AAD in children, as it normalizes the intestinal flora disturbed by antibiotics.     

Clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin in hospitalized children with acute diarrhea.

A total of 498 children, aged 0-14 years, admitted at the B.C. Roy Memorial Hospital for Children, Calcutta, were investigated for the occurrence of Clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin. Of the children in the investigation, 369 suffered from acute diarrhea. Only 8.4% of these children had C. difficile in fecal samples and in vitro cytotoxin was demonstrated in 7%. In 27 (7.3%) of the patients with acute diarrhea C. difficile was isolated as the only pathogen. In contrast, among 129 control children not suffering from acute diarrhea, only 4 (3.1%) harboured C. difficile. Isolation of C. difficile was significantly higher in children under one year of age. None of these patients had any history of prior antibiotic therapy.