MRI探究交叉韧带松紧度与髌股关节面损伤相关性的临床应用

目的　探究交叉韧带松紧度与髌股关节面损伤程度的相关性,分析个体交叉韧带长度的解剖差异对髌股关节面损伤的影响,为预防和诊治髌股关节面疾病提供新的依据。 方法　随机收集南方医科大学珠江医院2016年10月至2017年12月110例膝关节MRI资料,磁共振矢状位上测量前、后交叉韧带长度A与B,测量前、后交叉韧带起止点距离La与Lb,计算交叉韧带松紧度M值;根据矢状位与冠状位上评判髌股关节面损伤程度0、I、II、III与IV级并分别设5个组。通过SPSS20.0统计学软件,将所得数据进行One-Way ANOVA方差分析与Spearman相关性分析,探究交叉韧带松紧度与髌股关节面损伤程度的相关性。 结果　One-Way ANOVA方差分析得出各组M值两两之间均存在显著性差异（P<0.05）,Spearman相关性分析显示M值与髌股关节损伤程度间存在正相关性。 结论　交叉韧带松紧度与髌股关节面损伤存在相关性,随着M值越大,髌股关节面损伤程度越严重。     

膝关节前交叉韧带损伤的弥散张量成像观测

目的　为膝关节前交叉韧带损伤分度提供新的影像诊断依据。 方法　选取膝关节弥散张量成像扫描检查正常者100例和单侧前交叉韧带撕裂伤者100例,后者按照损伤程度分为Ⅰ~Ⅳ级,在工作站划分前交叉韧带损伤处及正常组相应部位感兴趣区,测量各向异性分数（fractional anisotropy,FA）和表观弥散系数（apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC）,生成纤维示踪图像。 结果　前交叉韧带损伤处与正常组相应部位的FA和ADC差异有统计学意义,损伤处的FA低于正常组,ADC高于正常组。前交叉韧带Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级损伤处的FA和ADC差异有统计学意义,FA随损伤程度增高而逐渐降低,与损伤程度呈负相关;ADC则逐渐增高,与损伤程度呈正相关。FA和ADC、纤维示踪成像及MRI诊断前交叉韧带损伤程度分级的灵敏度、特异度、准确度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值差异均有统计学意义,从高到低均依次为纤维示踪成像、FA和ADC、MRI。 结论　膝关节前交叉韧带损伤处的FA和ADC与损伤程度密切相关,纤维示踪成像可以提高损伤程度分级的准确率,弥散张量成像可以为前交叉韧带损伤分级提供更准确的影像诊断依据。     

前交叉韧带3束支变异1例

正作者在临床工作中,发现1例前交叉韧带3束支变异,为了积累解剖学资料及为临床类似案例提供参考,报道如下:患者女,59岁,因"右膝关节疼痛伴活动受限2个月"于2016年2月26日入院。病史:患者自述2月前无明显诱因出现右膝疼痛症状,随疼痛进展出现活动受限。入院时:右膝关节略肿胀,浮髌试验(+),内、外侧间隙压痛(+),半月板研磨试验(+)。患者自带右膝MRI示:右膝关节内游离体、右膝半月板损伤、右膝前交叉韧带损伤。     

创伤后膝骨关节炎发展中前交叉韧带损伤的作用与意义#br#

文题释义： 创伤后骨关节炎：又称外伤性骨关节炎、损伤性骨关节炎,它是由创伤引起的以关节软骨的退化变性和继发的关节周围骨质增生为主要病理变化,以关节疼痛、活动障碍为主要临床表现的一种疾病。任何年龄组均可发病,但以青壮年多见,多发于创伤后、承重失衡及活动负重过度的关节。 前交叉韧带损伤：一般出现在体育运动中,橄榄球、篮球、足球、滑雪等项目尤其多见。除了膝关节与他人碰撞致伤外,78%的前交叉韧带损伤为非接触性,常发生于落地、急停及暴力扭转等动作。足球运动中,移位防守以及奔跑中踢球相对危险;篮球运动中,侧跳转身以及单腿落地相对危险;在滑雪运动中滑雪板前端受阻时,膝关节外翻旋转,是较为典型的前交叉韧带非接触性损伤机制。 背景：前交叉韧带具有稳定膝关节、限制胫股关节在胫骨前平移和旋转的作用,大多数前交叉韧带重建患者膝关节疼痛和膝关节不稳的概率增加。创伤后膝骨关节炎是前交叉韧带损伤后的严重并发症,目前其机制尚不完全清楚。 目的：综述前交叉韧带损伤与创伤后膝骨关节炎发病因素之间的关系,从而为创伤后膝骨关节炎的治疗提供帮助。 方法：第一作者应用计算机检索PubMed数据库自建库以来至2019年10月的相关文章,英文检索词“ACL injury,traumatic knee osteoarthritis,ACL reconstruction,meniscus status,body mass index,cartilage injury,age,graft selection,time interval between injury and surgery”。共检索到123篇相关文献,66篇文献符合纳入标准。 结果与结论：①半月板状态、体质量指数、软骨损伤、年龄、移植物选择、受伤与手术之间的时间间隔这些因素会对创伤后膝骨关节炎的发展产生影响;②虽然前交叉韧带重建主要是恢复前交叉韧带断裂后的稳定性,该过程的一个长期目标是降低膝关节骨关节炎产生的风险,并维持关节长期处于健康状态;③患者前交叉韧带断裂后伴随半月板损伤需要进行半月板切除也是导致膝骨关节炎的原因,这很可能是由于关节的承受力减弱和关节运动学改变所致。 ORCID: 0000-0001-9413-439X(韩广弢) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

前交叉韧带弥散张量纤维示踪成像观测及临床应用

目的　为前交叉韧带损伤程度的分级诊断提供影像学数据。 方法　选取新乡医学院附属医院膝关节弥散张量成像扫描检查的正常者100例和单侧前交叉韧带撕裂伤患者100例,按照损伤程度分为Ⅰ~Ⅳ级,在工作站划分前交叉韧带不同部位及损伤处的感兴趣区,生成纤维示踪图像,测量感兴趣区的各向异性分数（fractional anisotropy,FA）和表观弥散系数（apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC）。比较前交叉韧带不同部位及不同程度损伤处的FA和ADC数值。 结果　前交叉韧带上端、上中部、中部、下中部、下端的FA值和ADC值差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,FA随前交叉韧带部位自上而下逐渐降低呈负相关,ADC则逐渐增高呈正相关;组间比较,上端与上中部FA值和ADC值差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,其他部位之间FA值和ADC值差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。前交叉韧带Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级损伤处FA值和ADC值差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,FA随损伤程度增高而逐渐降低,ADC则逐渐增高;组间比较,Ⅰ级与Ⅱ级FA值和ADC值差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,其他损伤分级之间FA值和ADC值差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论　前交叉韧带的FA和ADC与部位、损伤程度等密切相关,弥散张量纤维示踪成像为前交叉韧带损伤的微细结构变化提供了客观影像诊断依据。     

膝横韧带与半月板损伤间关系的MRI研究

目的:探讨MRI上膝横韧带与半月板损伤程度及位置的关系,进一步认识膝横韧带的临床意义,并为半月板损伤的诊断和治疗提供新的信息.方法:收集288例于本院2009年1月至2010年3月行膝关节MRI检查的病例,在MRI上观察膝横韧带的出现情况及半月板损伤的情况,并分析膝横韧带出现率与半月板损伤程度及位置的相关性.结果:膝横韧带在MRI上的出现率约43.1%(124/288),其长度为(37.5±2.75)mm,宽度为(2.5±1.5)mm.膝横韧带出现率与半月板损伤程度无关(P＞0.05),但与半月板损伤位置有关(P＜0.01).结论:膝横韧带为连接双侧半月板前角的正常解剖结构,在运动过程中协助维持膝关节的稳定,并且对半月板前角具有一定的保护作用.     

前交叉韧带移植物选择及重建中的相关问题

背景：前交叉韧带移植物的选择受到多种因素的影响和制约,目前仍然存在争议。 目的：综述近期前交叉韧带重建移植物的选择及相关进展。 方法：由第一作者检索1995/2009 PubMed数据与维普数据库有关前交叉韧带重建中单、双束重建的比较,移植物选择,前交叉韧带损伤与骨关节炎相关性及前交叉韧带重建与本体感觉功能恢复相关性的文献。 结果与结论：在前交叉韧带重建中,单束与双束重建在临床疗效上目前并无显著差别;在移植物的选择上,目前仍然存在争议,骨-髌腱-骨以及四股腘绳肌自体移植物仍为前交叉韧带重建中的首选,带骨或不带骨的股四头肌肌腱、各种异体移植物和人工肌腱也逐渐被广泛使用于临床。从目前的各种报道分析,发生早期骨关节炎的危险因素中最重要的是半月板损伤,而非前交叉韧带损伤;对于施行前交叉韧带重建的患者,在治疗过程中应同时重视本体感觉功能的恢复。     

早期创伤性膝骨关节炎动物模型构建方案的比较

背景：现有骨关节炎的有创造模方法包括前交叉韧带横断手术和前交叉韧带横断联合内侧半月板前角切除手术，前交叉韧带横断术后需要过量运动，而完整切除内侧半月板前角可能造成副损伤并增加造模结果的差异性，对术者手术技巧要求较高。目的：对传统的骨关节炎有创造模手段进行改良和简化，并比较不同方案在无高负荷运动环境下的造模效果。方法：采用随机数字表法将48只SD大鼠分为4组，每组12只：假手术组完全暴露左侧后肢膝关节腔后缝合关节腔及皮肤；横断组、横断+切除组、横断+撕裂组左侧后肢分别进行前交叉韧带横断手术、前交叉韧带横断联合内侧半月板前角切除手术、前交叉韧带横断联合内侧半月板前角撕裂手术。术后4周取膝关节标本，进行大体、X射线片、CT扫描、病理组织切片观察及PCR检测。结果与结论：(1)大体观察：横断组可见半月板处轻度磨损；横断+撕裂组可见外侧髁关节面严重磨损、内侧髁关节面轻度磨损、半月板严重磨损，内侧半月板全层磨损；横断+切除组可见外侧髁关节面严重磨损、内侧髁关节面轻度磨损、半月板内侧前角缺如，半月板磨损面积> 50%；(2)X射线片与CT扫描：4组无明显差异，其中3个手术组可见胫骨前移，横断+...     

低场强MRI对前交叉韧带损伤的病例分析

目的分析前交叉韧带损伤在低场强MRI的影像表现。方法应用GE0.2T永磁共振机,对于36例膝关节前交叉韧带损伤患者分别进行扫描。结果低场MRI对前交叉韧带损伤的诊断灵敏度较高。结论低场强MRI是临床诊断膝关节前交叉韧带损伤的一种重要、可靠的检查手段。     

56例关节镜下同种异体肌腱重建膝关节前后交叉韧带的临床观察

膝关节前后交叉韧带是稳定膝关节的重要结构.交叉韧带损伤后,不仅会造成膝关节不稳,且能造成继发性损害,造成半月板损伤和继发性关节炎,交叉韧带自愈困难,通常需要重建修复.同种异体肌腱移植修复前后交叉韧带损伤越来越受到关注[1].我科56例前后韧带断裂患者采用同种异体肌腱重建治疗,取得了较为满意的临床效果,现报告如下.     

The end-point and the remnant of the injured cruciate ligaments of the knee

The relationship between the remnant of the injured cruciate ligaments and the end-point was investigated by analyzing quantitatively the magnitude and stiffness of anterior–posterior instability using a knee arthrometer (KT-2000). Thirty-eight normal subjects, 44 chronic ACL injuries and 20 chronic PCL injuries were involved. In the ACL injury, the magnitude of the displacement increased regardless of the remnant condition, but the stiffness reduced when no remnant or only a stump was observed. In the PCL injury, the magnitude increased but the stiffness remained normal, which corresponds to clinical findings, as a thick remnant is often left in the PCL injury.     

半月板和交叉韧带矢状断层研究

目的　观察膝关节矢状断层的半月板和交叉韧带的形态、可出现的层面情况并测量有关数据 ,为影像学诊断提供解剖学依据。方法　 11例 (2 2侧 )经福尔马林液防腐的膝关节标本按MRI检查姿势标线 ,冷冻后用断层带锯作厚 5mm的矢状断层 ,获得 314断层 (观察 5 84层面 ) ,对各断层面的半月板和交叉韧带进行观察 ,并用电子游标卡尺进行测量。结果　半月板后角高度明显高于前角 (P <0 0 1) ,内侧半月板后角宽度约是前角的 2倍 ,而外侧半月板宽度前、后角基本一致 ,外侧半月板体部宽于内侧且更靠近中轴 ,盘状半月板主要发生于外侧 ;正中矢状面显示交叉韧带全长的出现率为 82 % ,其全长的最好层面为正中矢状面和正中旁 1cm层面 ;前交叉韧带与矢状面的夹角较后交叉韧带小 ;前、后交叉韧带在股骨和胫骨的附着点宽约 12mm ,各附着点宽差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　膝关节矢状断层形态学研究提示半月板的后角容易损伤 ;外侧半月板后角明显较内侧窄而高 ,此为临床所见外侧半月板较内侧半月板更易损伤的形态学基础。     

The restraining function of the cruciate ligaments on hyperextension and hyperflexion of the human knee joint

Each of the cruciate ligaments contains functionally different fiber groups; one fiber bundle is always taut; numerous others are taut in intermediate or extreme positions. The bulk of the fibers of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is taut in maximal extension, while that of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is taut in the intermediate positions and in maximal flexion. Fibers taut in extreme positions serve as restraints: during hyperextension, the ACL restrains forward migration of its tibial attachment, while the PCL interacts with other structures to prevent posterior opening of the joint. The inverse situation occurs in hyperflexion. Cruciate fibers are dissimilar in length and angular arrangement so that, when movements are restrained, they lengthen to different extents. To define this phenomenon in quantitative terms, the term isokolyons was coined for lines from which fibers showing identical elongation in percentage on exposure to a force take their origin.     

Characterization of collagenous and elastic fiber systems and microvasculature of human cruciate ligaments: An electronmicroscopic and stereologic study

The cruciate ligaments of 35 human knee joints were analyzed by the combined use of immunohistochemistry and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The results were verified by morphometric analyses. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) had a more twisted and complex architecture compared to the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). The PCL showed significantly (p < 0,05) thicker fibril diameters (x = 84,2 nm, s = 25,8 nm vs. x = 79,3 nm, s = 19,9 nm) and a higher total cross-sectional area (252,00 mm² vs. 208,0. 5 mm²) than the ACL. In both ligaments, type III collagen was detected using monoclonal antibodies. The ACL revealed more type VI but less type IV collagen than the PCL. The vascularization of the ACL revealed an age-dependent pattern and was significantly (p < 0,001) less well marked than in the PCL. The results reflect the poor vascular supply of the ACL in the human knee joint. The complex collagen architecture and the lower vascularization of the ACL in comparison with the PCL may contribute to poor surgical results after traumatic anterior cruciate ligament rupture. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

前交叉韧带损伤后关节腔内后交叉韧带中基质金属蛋白酶-II活性的研究

目的 初步探索前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)损伤后后交叉韧带(posterior cruciate ligament,PCL)中基质金属蛋白酶(MMP-2)的表达量变化情况。方法 用本实验室已获专利的大鼠前交叉韧带瞬时扭转损伤装置将大鼠ACL损伤后在ex-vivo水平上用酶谱分析的方法检测PCL组织中所释放MMP-2的情况。结果 ACL损伤后的第1,2,3天后,PCL组织培养上清液中的MMP-2表达量呈时间依赖性递增趋势。结论 ACL急性损伤后, PCL组织释放大量MMP-2至关节液中。     

前交叉韧带撕脱骨折与胫骨平台后侧骨损伤的相关性研究

目的探讨前交叉韧带(ACL)撕脱骨折与胫骨平台后侧骨损伤的相关性。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2017年12月我院收治的36例急性ACL撕脱骨折患者和22例急性后交叉韧带(PCL)撕脱骨折患者的临床资料。通过查体、辅助检查,计算ACL撕脱骨折患者和PCL撕脱骨折患者胫骨平台后侧骨损伤的发生率。应用单因素Logistic回归法评估ACL撕脱骨折与胫骨平台后侧骨损伤的相关性。结果ACL撕脱骨折的36例患者中,胫骨平台后侧骨损伤发生率为88.89%(32/36);PCL撕脱骨折的22例患者中,胫骨平台后侧骨损伤发生率为31.81%(7/22),2组比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=20.19,P=0.001)。单因素Logistic回归分析显示,ACL撕脱骨折与胫骨平台后侧骨损伤具有相关性(OR=17.1,95%CI=4.34~67.67)。结论ACL撕脱骨折时伴有较高的胫骨平台后侧骨损伤发生率,胫骨平台后侧骨损伤可能为ACL撕脱骨折的伴随损伤,应引起注意。     

Tibial tubercle–trochlear groove (TT–TG) distance is a reliable measurement of increased rotational laxity in the knee with an anterior cruciate ligament injury

BackgroundThe aims of this study were: 1. To evaluate the use of the tibial tubercle–trochlear groove (TT–TG) distance as a measurement showing rotational instability after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. 2. To determine the effect of concomitant anterolateral ligament (ALL) injury on TT–TG distance.MethodsKnee magnetic resonance (MR) images of 251 patients were retrospectively evaluated to compare the study group (131 patients) who underwent ACL reconstruction due to acute complete ACL injury and the control group (120 patients) without any trauma and/or patellofemoral instability. The rate of secondary signs of ACL injury (Anterolateral ligament injury, Kissing lesion, Anterior tibial translocation, Buckling of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)) in the study group was noted. The relationship between the TT–TG distance and other secondary signs was examined.ResultsTT–TG distance was measured as 10.83 ± 1.2 mm, 12.88 ± 1.1 mm, 14.17 ± 1.5 mm in control, isolated ACL and ACL + ALL groups, respectively (p < 0.05). TT–TG distance was significantly higher in the patients with ALL injury and kissing lesions than the patients without these lesions (p ˂ 0.05). TT–TG distance did not differ significantly between the patients with and without anterior tibial translocation or buckling of the PCL (p ˃ 0.05). TT–TG distance measurements showed significant interobserver 0.994 (0.992–0.996) and intraobserver 0.997 (0.996–0.998) correlation.ConclusionsTT–TG distance measurement can be used as a reliable quantitative measure of the increased rotational instability after ACL injury. TT–TG distance increases significantly if there is an ALL injury accompanying the ACL injury.     

Cruciate ligament assessment in MRI scans: a pilot study of a static drawer technique

Ten subjects with cruciate ligament rupture (five ACL and five PCL), and four normal subjects underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a novel splint that stresses the knee. The splint acted as a fulcrum to translate the tibia in an anterior and posterior direction, depending on application. The MRI images showed that translation of the tibial plateaux occurred but not in a simple manner. The resultant images did not show marked anterior tibial translation in the ACL ruptured knee with an anterior drawer, nor posterior tibial translation for the PCL injured knee in posterior drawer. The medial plateau tended to move posteriorly in anterior drawer in the normal knees. The secondary MRI findings of ACL injury and associated meniscal injuries were enhanced. A further study with 50 subjects in each group, and arthroscopic confirmation of the findings, would be required to confirm these results.