膝交叉韧带的血供及其临床意义

目的:探讨交叉韧带血管构筑特点、为韧带损伤的重建提供解剖学依据.方法:通过股动脉红色乳胶灌注并解剖观察、墨汁灌注组织透明、组织切片等方法,研究交叉韧带的动脉来源、分布特点并测量韧带内微血管密度.结果:前、后交叉切带的动脉分别来源于膝中动脉、髌下脂肪垫以及膝下外动脉的分支.多数韧带内血管沿长轴走行,同时也有横向交通的小血管,血管网呈梯状或半行的从状.近侧端和远侧端较密而中间部相对稀疏.结论:交叉韧带血供存在如下特点:①中心区为明显的乏血管区;②中间段边缘区也相对乏血管;③韧带两端血供最丰富,且近侧段好于远侧段.     

髌韧带血供及其在重建膝交叉韧带中的意义

目的：探讨髌韧带血供的特点,为临床交叉韧带移植重建提供应用解剖学资料。方法：通过对成人和胎儿下肢标本经股动脉红色乳胶灌注并解剖观察,以及胎儿墨汁灌注组织透明和组织切片等方法,观察髌韧带的动脉来源、分布特点,并测量胎儿韧带内微血管密度。结果：髌韧带的动脉来自膝下外动脉、胫前返动脉、膝降动脉和膝下内侧动脉的分支;胎儿髌韧带不同区域微血管密度不同,以韧带中心部位密度最低。结论：髌韧带中心部为相对乏血管区,对以髌韧带为替代物行交叉韧带重建有重要的临床意义。     

髌韧带血供的临床解剖

对 2 0个膝关节的髌韧带血供进行系统研究。在血管内灌注有色天然乳胶后 ,对膝关节伸肌装置的血供进行解剖和组织透明技术的研究。在髌韧带两侧各有上、中、下 3条动脉。中间支起自膝降动脉或膝下内侧动脉。外侧支起自膝外侧动脉或胫动脉返支。 2个主要血管弓通髌后弓和结节上动脉弓与之吻合。吻合弓和动脉蒂均发支形成韧带周围动脉网 ,尤其在髌韧带两极血管密度高。仅吻合弓发出贯穿韧带的侧副动脉 ,构成髌韧带的两极血供模式。髌韧带上部分的血供由髌后弓的深支营养 ,下部分由结节上弓侧副支的浅支营养。这些腱内血管在髌韧带的中 1 / 3相…     

带血供半腱肌肌腱转位重建膝交叉韧带的应用解剖

目的：为带血供半腱肌肌腱转位重建膝交叉韧带术提供解剖学基础。方法：在４０侧成人下肢标本上观测半腱肌肌腱形态,血供来源,分支及分布特点：２侧新鲜下肢标本进行模拟术式。结果：半腱肌肌腱长１５．１ｃｍ、宽０．５ｃｍ、、厚０．４ｃｍ,ａ其血供来源于动半腱肌支,膝下内侧动的腱支、腱外周组织血管网动脉和胫前返动脉。结论：半腱肌肌腱与交叉韧带形态相似,有足够的游离长度。血供丰富,为多源性。以半腱肌肌腱转移重起初     

前交叉韧带的应用解剖

在100侧成人尸体的膝部,对前交叉韧带进行了解剖学研究.多束性前交叉韧带分为前内束和后外束,其神经血管束沿束间的疏松结缔组织分布于其中,其主要血供来自膝中动脉支,在韧带周围形成血管滑膜鞘.保护和利用此鞘,以利受损韧带在修复时愈合。     

带血供半腱肌肌腱重建前交叉韧带的应用解剖

目的:为带血供半腱肌肌腱重建前交叉韧带提供应用解剖学基础.方法:在50侧成人下肢标本上观测半腱肌肌腱形态、血供来源、分支及分布特点;在2侧新鲜下肢标本上进行模拟手术.结果:半腱肌肌腱长(15.1±0.3)cm,宽(0.5±0.1)cm,厚(0.4±0.1)cm,其血供主要来源于腘动脉的半腱肌支、膝下内侧动脉的腱支、腱外周组织血管网动脉和胫前返动脉.结论:半腱肌肌腱与交叉韧带形态相似,血供丰富,有足够的游离长度.采用带血供的半腱肌肌腱重建前交叉韧带具有可行性.     

带血供半腱肌肌腱条骨块重建后交叉韧带的应用解剖

目的　为带血供骨 半腱肌肌腱条骨块转位重建后交叉韧带 (PCL)提供应用解剖学基础。方法　在 5 0侧成人下肢标本上观测半腱肌肌腱的形态、血供来源、分支及分布特点和股骨内侧髁及后交叉韧带的形态 ;2侧新鲜下肢标本进行摹拟术式。结果　半腱肌腱长约 15 2cm× 0 5cm× 0 4cm ,血供主要来源于动脉的半腱肌支、膝下内侧动脉的腱支和腱外周组织血管网。肌门位于半腱肌外后 ,距股骨内上髁上方约 3 6cm ;后交叉韧带长约 3 6cm× 1 0cm× 0 6cm ;股骨内侧髁关节面中点前后径约为 4 3cm ,左右径约为 3 0cm。结论　半腱肌肌腱与后交叉韧带形态相似、有足够的游离长度。血供丰富为多源性。故采用带血供的半腱肌肌腱条骨块是重建后交叉韧带较理想的替代物。     

人工韧带修复膝关节交叉韧带损伤

背景：以往治疗膝关节交叉韧带损伤的主要手段是移植重建,最常用的移植材料为自体的骨髌腱骨、半腱肌腱和股薄肌腱。但由于此类移植物存在取材区并发症及韧带化过程中的各种问题,近年来人工韧带的研究受到重视。 目的：认识膝关节交叉韧带的结构及血供特点,以及膝关节交叉韧带损伤后人工韧带重建治疗机制与临床应用特点。 方法：①分析膝关节前、后交叉韧带的组织结构,功能学特点以及血供差异。②分析膝关节前、后交叉韧带损伤的类型及生物力学机制。③分析修复膝关节交叉韧带损伤的材料学分类及特点。④分析人工韧带修复后影响关节稳定性的因素。 结果与结论：修复膝关节前、后交叉韧带损伤时,应首先考虑到前、后交叉韧带的功能及血供情况,选择合适的重建物,使重建时过程简化,操作简单,重建材料的组织相容性较好,达到修复后的解剖与功能的双重建。     

喙肩韧带转位重建喙锁韧带的应用解剖

目的　为喙肩韧带转位重建喙锁韧带修复肩锁关节脱位提供形态学基础。方法　用 6 4侧成人尸体标本 ,对喙肩韧带的形态结构进行解剖学观测 ,并用 16侧经股动脉灌注乳胶的标本 ,研究喙肩韧带的血供来源及分支情况。结果　喙肩韧带长度为 (2 7± 0 4 )cm ,肩峰端宽 (1 5± 0 3)cm ,厚 (0 5± 0 1)cm ,喙突端宽 (2 4± 0 5 )cm ,厚 (0 7± 0 4 )cm ;以三部型为主 ,前部最为厚韧 ;血供来自胸肩峰动脉的肩峰支及三角肌支 ,二者发出 6～ 12支分布于喙肩韧带。结论　喙肩韧带转位重建喙锁韧带具有解剖学基础。     

带血管髌韧带移位的应用解剖学

在30侧成人和两例足月胎儿标本上观察测量了髌韧带和前交叉韧带,提出了带血管髌韧带移位修复前交叉韧带的应用解剖学要点,并分析了造成前交叉韧带损伤的解剖学因素。     

The arterial supply of the patellar tendon: Anatomical study with clinical implications for knee surgery

The middle‐third of the patellar tendon (PT) is well‐established as a potential graft for cruciate ligament reconstruction, but there is little anatomical basis for its use. Although studies on PT vascular anatomy have focused on the risk to tendon pedicles from surgical approaches and knee pathophysiology, the significance of its blood supply to grafting has not been adequately explored previously. This investigation explores both the intrinsic and extrinsic arterial anatomy of the PT, as relevant to the PT graft. Ten fresh cadaveric lower limbs underwent angiographic injection of the common femoral artery with radio‐opaque lead oxide. Each tendon was carefully dissected, underwent plain radiography and subsequently schematically reconstructed. The PT demonstrated a well‐developed and consistent vascularity from three main sources: antero‐proximally, mainly by the inferior‐lateral genicular artery; antero‐distally via a choke‐anastomotic arch between the anterior tibial recurrent and inferior medial genicular arteries; and posteriorly via the retro‐patellar anastomotic arch in Hoffa's fat pad. Two patterns of pedicles formed this arch: inferior‐lateral and descending genicular arteries (Type‐I); superior‐lateral, inferior‐lateral, and superior‐medial genicular arteries (Type‐II). Both types supplied the posterior PT, with the majority of vessels descending to its middle‐third. The middle‐third PT has a richer intrinsic vascularity, which may enhance its ingrowth as a graft, and supports its conventional use in cruciate ligament reconstruction. The pedicles supplying the PT are endangered during procedures where Hoffa's fat pad is removed including certain techniques of PT harvest and total knee arthroplasty. Clin. Anat. 22:371–376, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

膝关节交叉韧带和侧副韧带的断面解剖学研究及其意义

目的研究膝关节交叉韧带和侧副韧带的断面形态特征和变化规律,为诊断膝部韧带病变提供更为详尽的形态学资料。方法利用27例正常成人膝关节标本制作连续断面,其中矢状断面9例,冠状断面12例,横断面6例。通过横、矢、冠状断面标本,观测膝关节韧带的断面形态特征及定量测量。结果矢状面上测量前、后交叉韧带长度分别为(29.66±4.21)mm、(40.26±6.81)mm,厚度分别为(10.03±1.97)mm、(11.24±3.50)mm。冠状面上前、后交叉韧带长径分别为(15.18±3.25)mm、(18.79±3.35)mm,短径分别为(6.37±1.32)mm、(8.03±1.46)mm;胫、腓侧副韧带长度分别为(102.85±19.64)mm、(45.52±14.91)mm,厚度分别为(2.63±0.72)mm、(3.43±1.04)mm。髁间隆起的横断面上胫、腓侧副韧带长径分别为(21.98±11.95)mm、(5.25±1.93)mm,短径分别为(2.03±0.59)mm、(2.87±0.64)mm。结论 (1)观测交叉韧带最好的断面是膝关节正中矢状面,其次是正中旁开1个矢状断面。除厚度外,在矢状面上前后交叉韧带长度、股、胫骨附着区宽度均有明显差异。(2)胫、腓侧副韧带在连续的冠状断面及横断面上均可显示,以冠状断面配合横断面相对为佳。     

扩髓髓内钉联合交叉韧带重建治疗股骨干骨折不愈合的临床研究

目的　观察扩髓髓内钉联合交叉韧带重建治疗膝关节不稳型（合并交叉韧带损伤）股骨干骨折不愈合的临床疗效。 方法　对10例合并交叉韧带损伤的股骨干骨折不愈合病例的临床研究,探讨分析膝关节稳定性对股骨干骨折愈合的影响,采用“原内固定取出+扩髓髓内钉重新固定股骨干+膝关节交叉韧带重建”的方法,治疗膝关节不稳型股骨干骨折不愈合。 结果　10例患者均得到随访,股骨干骨折愈合率100%,Tohner-Wrnch标准评定优,膝关节功能Lysholm评分优良率100% 。 结论　膝关节不稳是股骨干骨折不愈合的一个重要因素;对股骨干骨折的治疗必须考虑是否合并膝关节不稳;“原内固定取出+扩髓髓内钉重新固定股骨干+膝关节交叉韧带重建”的治疗方法对合并交叉韧带损伤的股骨干骨折不愈合的临床疗效确切。     

Structure and vascularization of the cruciate ligaments of the human knee joint

The structure and vascularization of the human anterior and posterior cruciate ligament were investigated by light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, injection techniques and by immunohistochemistry. The major part of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligament is composed of bundles of type I collagen. Type III collagen-positive fibrils separate the bundles. The major cell type is the elongated fibroblast, lying solitarily between the parallel collagen fibrils. The histologic structure of the cruciate ligaments is not homogeneous. In both ligaments there is a zone where the tissue resembles fibrocartilage. In the anterior cruciate ligament the fibrocartilaginous zone is located 5–10 mm proximal of the tibial ligament insertion in the anterior portion of the ligament. In the posterior cruciate ligament the fibrocartilage is located in the central part of the middle third. Within those zones the cells are arranged in columns and the cell shape is round to ovoid. Transmission electron microscopy reveals typical features of chondrocytes. The chondrocytes are surrounded by a felt-like pericellular matrix, a high content of cellular organelles and short processes on the cell surface. The pericellular collagen is positive for type II collagen. The major blood supply of the cruciate ligaments arises from the middle geniculate artery. The distal part of both cruciate ligaments is vascularized by branches of the lateral and medial inferior geniculate artery. Both ligaments are surrounded by a synovial fold where the terminal branches of the middle and inferior arteries form a periligamentous network. From the synovial sheath blood vessels penetrate the ligament in a horizontal direction and anastomose with a longitudinally orientated intraligamentous vascular network. The density of blood vessels within the ligaments is not homogeneous. In the anterior cruciate ligament an avascular zone is located within the fibrocartilage of the anterior part where the ligament faces the anterior rim of the intercondylar fossa. The fibrocartilaginous zone of the middle third of the posterior cruciate ligament is also avascular. According to Pauwel’s theory of the ”causal histogenesis” (1960) the stimulus for the development of fibrocartilage within dense connective tissue is shearing and compressive stress. In the anterior cruciate ligament this biomechanical situation may occur when the ligament impinges on the anterior rim of the intercondylar fossa when the knee is fully extended. Compressive and shearing stress in the center of the middle third of the posterior cruciate ligament may result from twisting of the fiber bundles. Accepted: 12 March 1999     

Clinical anatomy of the arterial supply of the human patellar ligament

The arterial supply of the human patellar ligament has been systematized on 20 knee joints. After intravascular injection of colored natural latex, the blood supply to the extensor apparatus of the knee was studied by anatomical dissection and tissue transparentation techniques. Three arterial pedicles (superior, middle and inferior) were observed placed on each side of the patellar ligament. Medial pedicles had their origin from the descending and the inferior medial genicular arteries. The lateral pedicles took their origin from the lateral genicular arteries and the recurrent tibial anterior artery. Two main vascular arches anastomosed with these pedicles: the retropatellar and the supratubercular. Both arterial pedicles and anastomotic arches gave rise to a peritendinous network, characterized by a high vascular density next to poles of the patellar ligament. Only the anastomotic arches gave rise to collateral vessels that pierced the tendon, which revealed two vascular segments in the arterial supply of the patellar ligament (bipolar pattern). The upper segment was supplied by deep vessels from the retropatellar arch, whereas the inferior segment received superficial vessels from collaterals of the supratubercular arch. These intratendinous vessels anastomosed in the middle third of the patellar ligament.     

关节镜辅助下三联法治疗儿童髌骨固定型脱位的疗效观察

目的　探讨关节镜辅助下应用异体韧带悬吊式重建内侧髌股韧带（MPFL）、外侧支持带Y形松解,结合股内侧肌成形治疗儿童髌骨固定型脱位临床疗效。 方法　回顾分析2014年1月至2017年1月收治10例12膝儿童髌骨固定型脱患者资料,男6例8膝,女4例4膝;年龄为4~9岁,平均6.6岁。所有患者均采用关节镜辅助下应用异体韧带悬吊式重建内侧髌股韧带（MPFL）、外侧支持带Y形松解,结合股内侧肌成形治疗儿童髌骨固定型脱位,术后随访根据髌骨稳定度及Kujala 评分评定膝关节功能恢复情况。 结果　10例儿童术后获得6~18个月（平均随访12个月）随访。所有儿童末次随访髌骨稳定度满意,Kujala 评分由术前的（42.12±14.37）分增加到随访时的（95.68±9.42）分,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。 结论　关节镜辅助下应用异体韧带悬吊式重建内侧髌股韧带（MPFL）、外侧支持带Y形松解,结合股内侧肌成形治疗儿童髌骨固定性脱位临床疗效满意,可以有效增加髌骨稳定性,改善膝关节功能,对骨骺不造成损害,是一种有效的治疗儿童髌骨固定型脱位的手术方法。     

A biochemical study of the distribution of collagen and its crosslinks in knee ligaments and the patellar tendon

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate biochemical differences in collagen crosslinks from different locations within the ligaments and a tendon of the human knee.

Materials and Methods: The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), lateral collateral ligament (LCL), and patellar tendon (PT) were obtained from 24 cadavers (13 men and 11 women) whose average age at the time of death was 84.8 years. Ligaments and PT samples were obtained from the femoral and tibial insertions and the midsubstance. Hydroxyproline (Hyp) and collagen crosslinks, including pyridinoline (Pyr) and pentosidine (Pen), were compared among the different sites.

Results: The midsubstance Hyp concentration was greater than at the femoral and tibial insertions in the ACL (p?=?0.00124 and 0.000255, respectively) and PCL (p?=?0.00036 and 0.042, respectively). The Pyr:collagen ratio did not differ among sites in any of the ligaments or PT. The Pen:collagen ratio at the midsubstance was greater than at the femoral and tibial insertions in the ACL (p?=?0.00022 and 0.00025, respectively) and LCL (p?=?0.000081 and 0.000021, respectively) and was greater at the femoral insertion in the MCL (p?=?0.00010).

Conclusions: The mature collagen crosslink Pyr was not different in distribution in knee ligaments and the PT. Pen increased at the midsubstance ligaments and the PT. As increased Pen may represent ligament degeneration, this may indicate that degeneration may progress more rapidly at the midsubstance than at the insertion sites of a ligament.