髋部骨折老年患者Singh指数与股骨近端几何结构及承重区生物力学的关系

目的:探讨髋部骨折老年患者Singh指数与股骨近端几何结构及承重区生物力学的关系。方法:选取82例髋部骨折老年患者（观察组）与41例既往存在闭合性髋部骨折史青壮年者（对照组）的临床资料进行回顾性分析，对比Singh指数分级、股骨近端几何结构指标（股骨颈轴长、颈干角、颈长、内侧偏距）及承重区生物力学指标（骨极限应力、弹性模量），分析Singh指数与股骨近端几何结构指标、承重区生物力学指标的关系。结果:观察组Singh指数分级中Ⅱ、Ⅲ级占比高于对照组，而Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ级占比低于对照组（P<0.05）；观察组Singh指数、颈干角、骨极限应力、弹性模量低于对照组，而股骨颈轴长、内侧偏距、颈长高于对照组（P<0.05）。分层回归显示，颈干角、骨极限应力、弹性模量会对Singh指数产生显著的正向影响关系，而股骨颈轴长会对Singh指数产生显著的负向影响关系（P<0.05）。结论:髋部骨折老年患者Singh指数与股骨近端几何结构及承重区生物力学具有密切关系，Singh指数的降低会严重影响患者的股骨近端几何结构及承重区生物力学。     

Micro-CT分析跟骨内骨小梁分布及结构特征

背景：跟骨位于足的后下部，受力较大。跟骨外形复杂且不规则，外周有较薄的皮质骨包绕，内部充满大量的骨小梁，探讨骨小梁的微观结构、走行及分布特征有助于提高对跟骨骨折的认识。目的：采用微计算机断层扫描仪(Micro-CT)扫描跟骨标本获得其影像资料，对其内部骨小梁结构进行分析，探讨跟骨内骨小梁的形态、分布及结构特征。方法：采用Micro-CT连续扫描干燥成人跟骨标本，扫描后获得影像图像，将其以DICOM格式存储。导入影像资料到Hiscan Analyzer软件，显示清晰完整的成人跟骨矢状面、冠状面、水平面的图像，逐层观察骨小梁的走行，依据骨小梁走行特点将跟骨矢状面分为6个部分，在以7 mm为标准的相同厚度下，每个部分选择1个49 mm²等面积的兴趣区，三维重建后获得跟骨及骨小梁的立体微观结构，二值化后运用软件计算感兴趣区域内骨小梁的体积分数、表面密度、骨小梁厚度、骨小梁间隙和骨小梁数量参数。结果与结论：(1)跟骨表面皮质层很薄，内部充满大量骨松质，在Gissane角的骨皮质明显增厚；(2)跟骨上部的骨小梁体积分数大于跟骨下部前端、中和三角区、跟骨下后部、跟骨结节部、跟骨...     

视交叉三维断层影像解剖学观察

目的 通过连续横、矢、冠状断层,探讨成人视交叉的位置、形态、毗邻结构及其变化规律,获取视交叉的三维径线和角度数据。方法 20例成人尸体头颅制成头部连续横、矢、冠状断层标本与40例活体成人头部磁共振横、矢、冠状断层扫描图像,探讨视交叉的位置、形态及其毗邻结构;测量视交叉的横径、前后径和上下径,视交叉前角、侧角和后角。 结果 视交叉横断层能同时显示视神经颅内段、视交叉和视束起始段;冠状断层视交叉呈“一”字型横位分隔第三脑室底的视隐窝和漏斗隐窝,其上方是大脑前动脉A1段,下方正中邻垂体柄和灰结节,两侧是颈内动脉C1或C2段;视交叉的横径 (TD_T)为（13.54±3.12）mm,前后径 (APD_T)为（7.91±1.29）mm,上下径 (SID_C)为（3.51±0.49）mm,视交叉前角(AA)为（69.7±9.1）°,左侧角（LLA)为（121.1±16.9）°,右侧角（RLA)为（122.3±15.2）°,后角（PA)为（73.3±10.2）°。断层数据和MRI数据经统计学分析,两者差异无显著性。 结论 连续横、矢、冠状断层和MRI是研究和辨认视交叉、毗邻结构的位置关系及其变化规律的有效方法。     

老年髋部骨折患者尿脱氧吡啶啉与肌酐比值及Singh指数的相关性

背景：尿脱氧吡啶啉与肌酐比值与Singh指数是临床常用的评估骨强度和骨量丢失情况的指标,但二者之间的相关性分析鲜有报道。 目的：观察脱氧吡啶啉与肌酐比值与Singh指数在老年髋部骨折中的相关性。 方法：对100例60岁以上新鲜股骨颈骨折或股骨转子间骨折患者测定尿脱氧吡啶啉、尿肌酐及股骨近端Singh指数,计算脱氧吡啶啉与肌酐比值与Singh指数的关系。 结果与结论：100例股骨颈骨折或股骨转子间骨折患者尿脱氧吡啶啉与肌酐比值为(6.11±2.09) nmol/mmol;其中97例高于正常值范围,提示这些患者已经有骨量的丢失;Singh指数4级以下91例;5级9例。Spearman相关性分析结果显示,老年髋部骨折患者尿脱氧吡啶啉与肌酐比值与Singh指数呈负相关(r=-0.32,P=0.007)。提示脱氧吡啶啉与肌酐比值与Singh指数存在线性相关性,在评价老年髋部骨折患者骨质方面2种方法结果一致。     

Pilon骨折中胫骨与腓骨骨折的相关性

背景：Pilon骨折的骨折线走行复杂，骨折块多粉碎，常伴有骨丢失和软组织损伤，是临床最难治疗的骨折之一。目的：分析Pilon骨折中胫骨骨折和腓骨骨折的相关性。方法：回顾性分析连云港市第二人民医院创伤骨科2014年1月至2022年1月收治的188例Pilon骨折患者的病历资料，采集患者影像学数据，包括腓骨骨折水平、腓骨骨折类型、腓骨骨折块数、胫骨位置状态、胫骨主要骨折块、胫骨内侧骨折块大小、胫骨骨折角、Topliss分型(矢状面)、Topliss分型(冠状面)，将信息汇总为数据库，运用SPSS 25.0先采用斯皮尔曼相关性分析法分析Pilon骨折中胫骨与腓骨的相关数据，在相关性的基础上运用多元无序Logistic回归分析法进一步分析其相关性。结果与结论：(1)采用斯皮尔曼相关性分析时发现：胫骨骨折角与腓骨骨折类型、腓骨骨折水平和腓骨骨折块数呈正相关；胫骨位置状态与胫骨骨折角和Topliss分型(冠状面)呈正相关，与胫骨主要骨折块和Topliss分型(矢状面)呈负相关；腓骨骨折水平与腓骨骨折类型和腓骨骨折块数呈正相关；胫骨主要骨折块与Topliss分型(冠状面)呈正相关，与Topliss分...     

膝关节半月板的三维断面解剖学研究

目的    观测膝关节半月板的断面形态特征和变化规律,为诊断膝部病变提供更为详尽的形态学资料。  方法    正常成人尸体膝关节片厚5 mm的连续断面标本27例,其中矢状断面标本9例,冠状断面标本12例,横断面标本6例。通过三维断面标本,观察膝关节半月板的断面形态特征。  结果    内侧半月板矢径（40.36±4.73）mm,横径（33.99±3.77）mm;外侧半月板矢径（34.51±2.18）mm,横径（34.51±　3.25）mm。内、外侧半月板前、后角厚度分别为（4.98±1.83）mm和（4.45±1.44）mm、（3.54±1.24）mm和（6.15±1.43）mm。半月板后角高度外侧大于内侧,外侧半月板后角高度大于前角。内侧半月板后角宽度大于前角。板股韧带出现率为75%。  结论    ①半月板前、后角部在矢状面上,体部在冠状面上显示最好,横断面可见半月板全貌。②由于内侧半月板与关节囊紧密相连,且后角宽度大于前角,致使其易受损伤。③外侧半月板后角高度大于内侧半月板后角及同侧前角,可能是导致外侧半月板后角较易受损的因素之一。     

面神经和前庭蜗神经断层解剖与MRI

目的：探讨面神经及前庭蜗神经颅内段、内耳道段的断层解剖学特征,为相关疾病的影像学诊断和外科治疗提供解剖学依据。方法：在69例成人尸体头部的连续断层标本（横断层标本36例、冠状断层标本15例、矢状断层标本18例）上分别探讨面神经、前庭蜗神经颅内段及内耳道段在断面上的走行规律及毗邻关系,并与10例活体成人头部MR扫描图像的相应层面进行对照分析。结果：面神经与前庭蜗神经自发出后相互伴行向外水平走行,穿过脑桥小脑角池后进人内耳道;内耳道是断面上识别面神经与前庭蜗神经的重要标志性结构,小脑绒球在横断层上也有助于对二者的识别。结论：横断面及冠状断面均可清晰显示面神经及前庭蜗神经颅内段,矢状断面则对二者在内耳道内走行的显示最佳。     

离体肝脏标本标准解剖位置的复原

目的 从计算机断层扫描（CT）和磁共振成像 (MRI)断面影像中获得肝脏标准解剖学体位的一些信息,用于对离体肝脏恢复其解剖位置。 方法 通过测量100例上腹部CT和MRI图像中下腔静脉与门静脉在横断面、矢状面和冠状面的相互角度来了解肝脏标准解剖体位的解剖学特征。包括横断面上,门静脉囊部到下腔静脉中心之间的连线与水平线（桌面）之间的角度;矢状面上,下腔静脉与桌面之间的角度;冠状面上,下腔静脉与体正中线之间的角度。从而获得关于肝脏标准解剖体位的三维数据。 结果 横断面上平均角度为左侧角(79.1±9.2)°;矢状面上平均角度为(7.3±5.1)°;冠状面上平均角度为(6.1±4.3)°。 结论 通过应用这些解剖学特征可以将离体的肝脏标本恢复到大致标准的解剖体位。为正确认识肝内结构相互关系奠定基础。     

外斜位X线片显示股骨距影像特征及其临床意义

目的:研究外斜位X线片上股骨距的影像特征,探讨外斜位片显示股骨距的临床意义。方法:用成人干燥股骨标本143根,进行外斜45°拍片,对股骨距影像进行分析测量。结果:外斜位和正位显示股骨距阳性率分别为86.5%和29.0%。股骨颈主要抗压力骨小梁总宽度由上向下递减,与股骨距相交于Ward三角下角,此区骨小梁稀疏。次级抗压力骨小梁与股骨距相连为一体。结论:股骨距与主要抗压力骨小梁交界处相对薄弱,是股骨颈骨折的好发部位。次级抗压力骨小梁即股骨距松质骨影像。外斜位X线片可以为临床上显示股骨距特征提供参考。     

老年骨质疏松性股骨颈骨折关节置换的选择：是人工股骨头还是全髋关节？

背景：目前老年股骨颈骨折主要通过髋关节置换来进行关节功能重建,重建形式包括人工股骨头置换(单极或双极)和全髋关节置换。 目的：评价人工股骨头置换(双极与单极)与全髋关节置换对60岁以上老年骨质疏松性股骨颈骨折的临床疗效。 方法：应用计算机检索1990-01/2011-05 PubMed数据库相关文章,检索词“femoral neck fracture,unipolar hemiarthroplasty,bipolar hemiarthroplasty,total hip arthroplasty”,并限定文章语言种类为English。同时计算机检索1990-01/2011-05万方数据库相关文章,检索词“股骨颈骨折,单极人工股骨头置换,双极人工股骨头置换,全髋关节置换”,并限定文章语言种类为中文。共检索到文献516篇。 结果与结论：老年人股骨颈骨折有多种治疗方式,其中人工股骨头置换不能达到髋关节的解剖复位及功能复位,因此只作为对功能恢复及生活质量要求不高患者的处理方案。全髋关节置换后关节功能的恢复、疼痛率及置换翻修率均优于人工股骨头置换,因此是60岁以上骨质疏松性股骨颈骨折患者的首选治疗方案。 关键词：股骨颈骨折;全髋关节置换;人工股骨头置换;老年;骨质疏松 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-8225.2012.09.039     

骨质疏松影响股骨近端防旋髓内钉治疗股骨转子间骨折的有限元仿真

文题释义：骨质疏松：是骨量减少导致骨微结构破坏、进而易发生骨折的全身性疾病,它不仅是导致髋部骨折的重要原因之一,也是导致股骨近端防旋髓内钉内固定失效的重要原因之一。 股骨转子间骨折：在老年人中较为常见,现主要是手术治疗,股骨近端防旋髓内钉被广泛应用于临床。股骨转子间骨折内固定术后失效时有发生,其原因可能与骨质疏松、骨折类型、尖顶距值、复位质量等密切相关。 背景：股骨近端防旋髓内钉治疗股骨转子间骨折在临床应用广泛,但仍有部分术后内固定失效病例,股骨近端骨质疏松被认为是一个重要原因。Singh指数是评价股骨近端骨质疏松严重程度的一个重要指标,基于Singh指数探讨不同骨质疏松程度对股骨近端防旋髓内钉治疗转子间骨折疗效的影响,对减少内固定失效概率,增加手术成功率具有重要意义。 目的：探讨不同骨质疏松程度对股骨近端防旋髓内钉治疗转子间骨折疗效的影响,为临床治疗转子间骨折提供新思路和实验基础。 方法：选取1例左侧股骨转子间骨折患者的CT资料,导入Mimics 19.0和Geomagic studio 2017软件中进行提取、优化得到右侧股骨三维模型。运用Solidworks 2017软件画出内固定模型并与股骨模型按照标准手术技术装配,以STEP格式导入Hypermesh 14.0软件中截骨得到AO 2.1型股骨转子间骨折模型,参照Singh指数1-6划分应力骨小梁得到A-F模型,设置材料属性参数、边界条件、施加载荷,分别储存为K文件导入LS-DYNA软件求解。 结果与结论：①当股骨头受力时,Singh 6-Singh 1股骨头颈骨块中螺旋刀片产生切割,普通骨小梁消失,包裹螺旋刀片的应力骨小梁不但没有消失,且承载和分散了部分应力,使得螺旋刀片仍具有较大的接触面积和把持力,维持着骨折的复位,减少了股骨头颈骨块的内翻和旋转;②从Singh 6-Singh 1,随着应力骨小梁的消失,骨质疏松越严重,股骨近端防旋髓内钉治疗股骨转子间骨折就越容易失效;③股骨近端海绵状的丰厚骨小梁,特别是应力骨小梁,通过抵抗、缓冲弯曲应变而在维持股骨的弹性稳定起着重要作用,是股骨近端弹性稳定的重要结构。 ORCID: 0000-0002-4097-2790(黄培镇) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

仙珍骨宝胶囊对去卵巢大鼠股骨颈骨代谢的影响

背景：用骨组织形态计量学方法探讨中药对去卵巢大鼠股骨颈骨质疏松的影响,可为采用中药防治绝经后妇女骨质疏松性股骨颈骨折提供实验依据。 目的：观察仙珍骨宝胶囊对去卵巢大鼠股骨颈松质骨的影响。 方法：3月龄SD雌鼠随机分为4组：基础对照组于实验开始时处死取材,去卵巢组和仙珍骨宝组去卵巢造模,仙珍骨宝组在去卵巢后灌胃仙珍骨宝,去卵巢组和年龄对照组灌胃生理盐水,90 d后处死,取股骨颈经不脱钙骨制片进行骨组织形态计量学参数测量。 结果与结论：与年龄对照组比较,去卵巢大鼠静态参数的骨小梁面积百分数和骨小梁数量明显减少(P < 0.01),骨小梁间隙明显增大(P < 0.01);动态参数的每毫米破骨细胞数和破骨细胞贴壁表面长度明显增加(P < 0.01),骨矿化沉积率明显减少(P < 0.01)。说明去卵巢能导致大鼠股骨颈骨量显著减少。给予仙珍骨宝治疗后,大鼠的骨小梁厚度及骨小梁面积明显增加(P < 0.05),每毫米破骨细胞数和破骨细胞贴壁表面长度有所减少,标记周长百分数则有所增加。说明仙珍骨宝能阻止去卵巢所致的大鼠股骨颈骨量丢失。     

Changes in bone architecture in the femoral head and neck in osteoarthritis

This study analyses changes in the bony architecture of the femoral head and neck in osteoarthritis. Five osteoarthritic hips were obtained from female patients undergoing total hip replacement and were compared to non-arthritic control specimens from the dissecting room. Analysis was carried out on a coronal bony slice of the femoral head and on a transverse section of the upper femoral neck. The results indicated that in the region of the compressive trabeculae the intertrabecular areas were generally smaller in the osteoarthritic specimens and that the inferior part of the cortex of the femoral neck had thickened. Our data thus quantified changes consistent with the thickening of compressive trabeculae reported by others and with thickening of the region of the femoral neck on which they converge. We found less trabecular bone in non-weight-bearing regions of the lower femoral head and in the medulla of the upper neck in the osteoarthritic specimens consistent with loss of tensile trabeculae. Scanning electron microscopy suggested that bone resorption activity was higher in the subchondral and non-weight-bearing regions of the osteoarthritic femoral heads than in the controls.     

去势大鼠骨质疏松性骨小梁的压缩断裂仿真

文题释义： 原发性骨质疏松症：是一种以骨量降低、骨微结构破坏、骨脆性增加、骨折风险性增大为特征的全身性骨骼系统疾病,其多发于老年人,尤以绝经后妇女多见。 断裂：材料或构件力学性能的基本表征。根据断裂前发生的塑性变形的大小,可把材料的断裂分为脆性断裂和延性断裂两大类。随材料和条件的不同,循环载荷作用下的疲劳断裂、高温下的蠕变断裂以及环境作用下的应力腐蚀断裂,均可表现为脆性断裂和延性断裂。 背景：目前已有相关有限元模型仿真模拟了股骨骨折,并探讨了载荷速率、载荷角度及松质骨在髋部骨折中的影响,但骨小梁的断裂仿真仍缺乏相关研究。 目的：仿真模拟去势大鼠骨质疏松性骨小梁压缩断裂的生物力学过程。 方法：取去势大鼠右侧股骨于Micro-CT扫描股骨远端,获得大鼠股骨感兴趣区域骨微结构参数及三维模型,在Geomagic Studio几何优化后在Hypermesh 14.0前处理,包括体网格划分、设置材料属性参数、边界条件,设置载荷1 200 N,作用时间2 ms,在LS-DYNA软件中进行运算。 结果与结论：①感兴趣区域骨小梁显示空间分布不均;②骨小梁体积小、数量少的部位最先开始出现变形断裂,板状及较大体积的骨小梁最后发生断裂塌陷;③Von-mises应力变化趋势与骨小梁断裂塌陷趋势大致相同;④感兴趣区域骨小梁断裂塌陷过程包括了垂直塌陷和水平扭转,其中水平扭转程度及速率低于垂直塌陷,使得横断面扭转成角大小及成角速率小于冠状面成角;⑤破坏单元的剪切应力增幅及峰值较Von-mises应力小;⑥提示骨小梁断裂塌陷是个复杂的过程,包含了不同平面的变形、成角。 ORCID: 0000-0002-5792-3012(吴宇航) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：人工关节;骨植入物;脊柱;骨折;内固定;数字化骨科;组织工程     

Identification of hip fracture patients from radiographs using Fourier analysis of the trabecular structure: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND: This study presents an analysis of trabecular bone structure in standard radiographs using Fourier transforms and principal components analysis (PCA) to identify contributions to hip fracture risk. METHODS: Radiographs were obtained from 26 hip fracture patients and 24 controls. They were digitised and five regions of interest (ROI) were identified from the femoral head and neck for analysis. The power spectrum was obtained from the Fourier transform of each region and three profiles were produced; a circular profile and profiles parallel and perpendicular to the preferred orientation of the trabeculae. PCA was used to generate a score from each profile, which we hypothesised could be used to discriminate between the fracture and control groups. The fractal dimension was also calculated for comparison. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (Az) discriminating the hip fracture cases from controls was calculated for each analysis. RESULTS: Texture analysis of standard radiographs using the fast Fourier transform yielded variables that were significantly associated with fracture and not significantly correlated with age, body mass index or femoral neck bone mineral density. The anisotropy of the trabecular structure was important; both the perpendicular and circular profiles were significantly better than the parallel-profile (P < 0.05). No significant differences resulted from using the various ROI within the proximal femur. For the best three groupings of profile (circular, parallel or perpendicular), method (PCA or fractal) and ROI (Az = 0.84 - 0.93), there were no significant correlations with femoral neck bone mineral density, age, or body mass index. PCA analysis was found to perform better than fractal analysis (P = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Both PCA and fractal analysis of the FFT data could discriminate successfully between the fracture and control groups, although PCA was significantly stronger than fractal dimension. This method appears to provide a powerful tool for the assessment of bone structure in vivo with advantages over standard fractal methods.     

The Effect of Bone Loss Pattern on the Structural Capacity of the Proximal Femur

The effect of age-related bone loss on the structural capacity of the proximal femur were investigated by Finite Element Analysis(FEA). Four bone loss patterns were considered. These were “uniform cortical bone loss“, “neck cortical bone loss“, “intertrochanteric cortical bone loss“ and “uniform trabecular bone loss“. The results show that the two “non-uniform cortical bone loss“ patterns are more dangerous than the “uniform cortical bone loss“ pattern, and that the cortical bone loss in intertrochanteric region is associated with a greater reduction in cortical failure load than the cortical bone loss in the femoral neck. The trabecular bone loss causes a limited decrease in both cortical failure and trabecular failure loads. This research should be helpful to the clinical assessment of femur fracture risk due to age-related bone loss.     

CT Evidence for Subchondral Trabecular Injury of the Femoral Head in Transient Osteoporosis of the Hip: A Case Report

A 28-yr-old woman presented with both hip pain that started sequentially during the peripartum period. Diagnosis of transient osteoporosis of the hip (TOH) was made based on typical findings of plain radiographs and magnetic resonance images. The subchondral trabeculae of the femoral head were evaluated on serially taken coronal multiplanar reformation computerized tomogram images. At 4 weeks after pain onset, marked decrease in the sclerotic density with irregular discontinuation was observed in the primary compression trabeculae. At 12 weeks, a focal area of irregular thickening of trabeculae was observed. At 20 weeks, sclerotic density of trabeculae recovered markedly and the focal area of irregular trabecular thickening disappeared. At 1 yr, subchondral trabeculae recovered almost completely. The evidence of subchondral trabecular injury was observed in the femoral heads of TOH.     

To Evaluate the Utility of Singh Index as an Indicator of Osteoporosis and a Predictor of Fracture Neck Femur

Osteoporosis is the commonest metabolic bone disease in clinical practice and a major public health problem worldwide. The gold standard for the diagnosis of osteoporosis is Bone mineral density by DEXA. This investigation is expensive and not available in most Indian cities.Aim of the present study was to assess the utility of Singh Index as an inexpensive tool for the screening of osteoporosis and also to predict the future risk of fracture neck femur in a high risk population. The study also aimed to grade the degree of osteoporosis according to Singh index in a population of patients with fracture and compare with age and sex matched controls. Methods: Thirty consecutive patients both males and females with fracture neck femur were compared with controls. Antero posterior X ray was obtained with hip 15 degrees internally rotated and Singh index(SI) was graded from 1 to 6. A lower SI represents a more osteoporotic bone. Results: The SI in the patient group was collectively significantly lower(p < 0.01) than in the age and sex matched control group. This statistical difference persisted when females and males were matched as a group among patients and controls. The SI of 2 was the commonest in the patient group whereas that in the controls was 6 and none of the controls had a SI of less than 3. When SI scores were compared amongst controls and patients in various age groups there was a statistical difference (p<0.05) and the patients had a lower SI grade. Thus through this study we have been able to establish SI as an inexpensive tool for the diagnosis of osteoporosis in the high risk population and also as a possible predictor of future fracture in the population studied.