自体髌韧带重建前交叉韧带后膝关节外侧感觉障碍的研究

目的：研究自体B-P-B中1／3组织重建ACL后膝关节外侧皮肤感觉障碍的发病原因。方法：(1)对21例临床用自体B—P—B中1／3组织重建ACL的患者随访5～6年，测量其膝关节切口外侧皮肤感觉麻木范围。(2)解剖观察成人新鲜尸体标本3具6例和附腐固定的成人尸体标本15具30例的隐神经髌下支的分布范围。结果：术后患者均不同程度的出现膝关节外侧皮肤感觉障碍；隐神经髌下支自深筋膜穿出后，在胫骨内侧髁下方发出分支，横行跨过髌韧带分布至膝外侧皮肤。结论：隐神经髌下支分布到膝外侧皮肤，用自体B-P-B中1/3组织重建ACL在取材时可致其损伤，是术后并发膝外侧皮肤感觉障碍的原因。     

膝关节神经分布的解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的：为膝关节疼痛的诊断及手术治疗提供局部神经支配的解剖形态学基础。方法：对80例成人下肢标本膝关节神经分布进行解剖观测。结果：支配膝关节的神经可分为浅、深2层。浅层为皮神经，部分干较粗，容易形成皮神经瘤；深层可以分为伸膝肌支膝关节支组成的髌上区组，隐神经分支组成的内侧及髌下区组，腓总神经关节支组成的后外侧区组，胭丛神经组成的胭区组4组。4组神经在关节囊外分布有重叠交叉，但区域明确。深层的隐神经膝关节支、腓总神经膝关节支和股内侧肌支膝关节支等神经支粗约1mm，位置表浅且固定，具有选择性切断的可行性。结论：TKA、膝关节镜等术中通过滑膜切除、关节支切断进行髌骨周围去神经化术对降低髌股关节疼痛有合理的解剖机制；膝关节局部去神经化术对确诊局部皮神经瘤形成或神经支卡压等关节外源性疼痛具有可行性。     

逆行带锁髓内钉治疗股骨远端骨折的应用解剖

目的:为带锁髓内钉治疗股骨远端骨折提供形态学基础。方法:①选用30例成人干燥股骨测量股骨内外侧髁、内外上髁、髁间窝有关数据进行统计分析。②20侧下肢标本解剖观测膝降动脉及隐神经髌下支的分支、分支等及两者的关系。结果:髁间窝呈U型占35%,V型占65%,此窝最宽处横径:左侧(1.98±0.36)cm, 右侧(2.06±0.29) cm;内侧髁后关节面宽,左侧(2.21±0.23) cm,右侧(2.34±0.29) cm;内、外上髁的距离,左侧(7.30±0.60)cm,右侧(7.43±0.57)cm。膝降动脉髌下支和隐神经髌下支呈紧密的伴行关系。隐神经在缝匠肌中下1/3交界点穿出,有上、下两支分布到膝关节前外侧皮肤。结论:术中注意这些解剖位置特点,避免损伤神经和血管,减少手术出血,防止并发症。     

髌下脂肪垫血供特点及在TKA术中的意义

目的　观测髌下脂肪垫血供特点,为TKA术中如何保护其提供应用解剖学基础。 方法 　20侧防腐及2侧新鲜成人膝关节标本,用巨微解剖法观测髌下脂肪垫血管网的组成、走行及分布。 结果 髌下脂肪垫血管网外侧由膝下外侧动脉、膝上外侧动脉降支构成,内侧由膝下内侧动脉升支、膝降动脉髌上支的降支、膝降动脉关节支的髌下支构成,各支互相吻合形成网状结构,为"密集血管区",位于在髌骨内、外侧旁开5 mm范围以内,髌尖下约14 mm,髌韧带后面10 mm区域。此血管网向髌骨下极、髌韧带后部、髌下脂肪垫及其表面的滑膜提供血供。 结论　髌下脂肪垫具有滋养其周围结构的功能,在TKA术中应予保留,若需切除至少应保留"密集血管区"部分。     

自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带:不同方向切口取肌腱对胫前皮肤感觉的影响

背景:自体腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带是目前治疗前交叉韧带损伤的主流方法,而隐神经髌下支于膝前方由内上向外下走行时和腘绳肌腱接近平行,因此在切取肌腱时可能对患者膝关节胫前皮肤感觉造成影响,改变切口方向可能减少对胫前皮肤感觉的影响。目的:探索膝关节前交叉韧带重建中使用不同方向切口切取腘绳肌腱对胫前皮肤感觉的影响。方法:收集于2013年7月至2014年2月膝关节前交叉韧带损伤患者74例,关节镜下使用患者自体腘绳肌腱修复重建膝关节前交叉韧带,根据切取肌腱时的切口方向,分为斜形切口组和纵形切口组,各37例。结果与结论:虽然两组患者取腱切口长度差异无显著性意义(P0.05),但与纵行切口组相比,斜行切口组患者重建后2 d,重建1,3个月时胫前皮肤感觉减退面积明显缩小(P0.05),但重建后6个月时2组患者胫前皮肤感觉障碍面积和膝关节lysholm评分差异无显著性意义(P0.05)。提示关节镜下重建膝关节前交叉韧带时,2种切口产生的隐神经髌下支损伤对重建后近期胫前皮肤感觉及膝关节功能的影响接近。     

微创切口与传统切口对全膝关节置换术后切口外侧皮肤感觉障碍影响的对比研究

目的：探讨微创切口与传统切口对全膝关节置换术（ TKA)后切口外侧皮肤感觉障碍面积大小及其转归的影响。方法前瞻性观察2011年7—12月拟行TKA患者术后切口外侧皮肤感觉障碍情况,按入院时间顺序前40膝纳入微创切口组,后80膝纳入传统切口组。微创切口组采用微创髌旁内侧切口,传统切口组采用传统膝前正中切口。记录患者术前相关信息,包括体质量、身高、年龄、性别、手术方式、膝关节美国纽约特种外科医院评分（ HSS评分)及膝关节活动度;术中患者止血带时间、手术切口长度、切口下极距胫骨结节上缘距离、切口上极距髌骨上缘距离。分别于术后6周、6个月、1年和2年对患者进行随访,测量患者切口外侧皮肤感觉障碍面积、HSS评分、膝关节活动度。对切口长度、切口位置与术后切口外侧皮肤感觉障碍面积及其转归进行相关分析。结果微创切口组有38例39膝,传统切口组有73例78膝完成随访,两组患者性别例数、患膝侧别、年龄、身高及体质量差异均无统计学意义（P值均>0．05)。患者术后均出现了切口外侧皮肤感觉障碍,但微创切口组患者的触觉和痛觉障碍面积在各随访时间点均小于传统切口组,差异均有统计学意义（P值均<0．01)。术后2年微创切口组有30膝切口外侧皮肤感觉功能得到完全恢复,传统切口组为23膝。两组感觉障碍面积与切口长度在术后6周、6个月、1年和2年时均具有明显的相关性,但这种相关性可随着时间的推移而逐渐变小。传统切口组感觉障碍面积与切口下极距胫骨结节上缘距离在术后6周、6个月、1年和2年时具有明显的相关性（P值均<0．05),与切口上极距髌骨上缘的距离在术后6周、6个月和1年时具有相关性（P值均<0．05)。 TKA术后患者的感觉障碍面积与止血带时间、HSS评分、膝关节活动度无相关性（P值均>0．05)。结论 TKA术中对膝前皮神经的切断可造成术后切口外侧皮肤感觉功能障碍,与传统切口相比,微创术后切口外侧皮肤感觉障碍的面积更小,恢复速度更快。     

髌骨外侧关节面截骨对全膝关节置换术后膝前痛的影响

目的 探讨髌骨外侧关节面截骨对全膝关节置换术(TKA)术后膝前痛的影响。方法 回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院2015年3月-2018年6月528例接受TKA患者的临床资料,其中男96例、女432例,年龄54~83(68.27±7.29)岁。术中行单纯髌骨周围骨赘清除274例(骨赘清除组),行髌骨外侧关节面截骨254例(关节面截骨组)。比较两组患者年龄、性别、BMI、手术时间及髋膝踝角等基线资料,比较术前与术后髌骨倾斜角、Blackburen-Peel(BP)指数、外侧髌骨角、髌股指数,以及术后6个月美国膝关节协会评分(KSS)、膝关节活动度及膝前痛的发生率。结果 两组患者基线资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。骨赘清除组和关节面截骨组比较,术前髌骨倾斜角、BP指数、外侧髌骨角及髌股指数的差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05),术后1个月髌骨倾斜角(15.00°±1.70°与13.88°±2.87°)、外侧髌股角(6.80°±4.94°与10.72°±4.37°)、髌股指数(2.02±0.43与1.56±0.46)差异均有统计学意义(t=5.324、9.672、11.995, P值均＜0.01)。术前与术后1个月两组患者BP指数组内比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);骨赘清除组术前与术后1个月髌骨倾斜角、外侧髌股角及髌股指数差异均有统计学意义(t=2.917、4.861、12.244, P值均＜0.05),关节面截骨组外侧髌骨角(8.02°±3.88°和10.72°±4.37°)差异有统计学意义(t=8.928, P＜0.05)。两组患者术后6个月KSS及膝关节活动度均较术前改善,差异有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05),但两组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。关节面截骨组患者术后6个月膝前痛的发生率为0.8%(2/254),低于骨赘清除组(5.5%,15/274),差异有统计学意义(χ²=7.995,P＜0.05)。结论 TKA术中髌骨外侧关节面截骨可以在影像学上有效减少髌骨的倾斜角度,改善膝关节术后功能,减少术后膝前痛的发生率。     

膝关节参数在膝前疼痛中的意义

背景：膝关节参数如合适角异常对于膝前疼痛有统计学意义已在CT测量下证实,但是没有在临床手术实践中证实。 目的：通过对膝前疼痛患者髌骨X射线轴位片上的合适角、髌股指数、外侧髌股角、倾斜角等参数的测量,分析这些参数对膝前疼痛的诊断价值。 方法：纳入不同程度髌股关节软骨损伤的膝前痛患者50例患者的50个膝关节,测量髌骨X射线轴位片上合适角、髌股指数、外侧髌股角、倾斜角参数,同时与50例无膝前痛仅存在半月板损伤的50个膝关节进行比较。 结果与结论：髌骨X射线轴位片的合适角及髌股指数、倾斜角对于膝前疼痛有显著性差异,外侧髌股角无显著性差异。髌骨X射线轴位片的合适角、髌股指数对由髌股关节紊乱导致的膝前疼痛患者有重要的诊断治疗价值,是对髌股关节紊乱具有临床意义的有效参数。     

自体单束前交叉韧带移植重建不同股骨隧道位置对髌股关节的影响

背景:研究显示,关节镜下膝关节单束前交叉韧带重建可以恢复膝关节的前向稳定性,但膝关节旋转稳定性及髌股关节匹配程度却受股骨及胫骨隧道中心位置的影响。目的:分析青壮年前交叉韧带重建不同股骨隧道中心点位置与髌股关节软骨情况及髌骨倾斜的关系,同时对患者研究因素进行相关性分析,从而进一步探讨对髌股关节软骨及髌骨位置影响最小的股骨隧道位置的选择。方法:将70例经过术前磁共振检查、查体及术中关节镜探查明确诊断为前交叉韧带断裂的患者,根据随机数字的奇偶将所有患者分为类等长组(使用股骨定位器定位于髁间窝外侧壁过顶点远端7 mm打入克氏针)和类解剖组(于髁间窝外侧壁、原前交叉韧带足印中心方向打入克氏针)。采用标准化网格系统上的近-远-前-后平面对股骨隧道中心坐标进行评估;前-后-内-外平面对胫骨隧道中心坐标进行评估,标记为象限Y%和象限X%。比较两组患者基线数据、髌股外侧角的差值、软骨定量T2值有无差异以及各研究因素之间相关性。研究方案的实施符合安徽医科大学第一附属医院的相关伦理要求,参与试验的患者均签署了"知情同意书"。结果与结论:①类解剖与类等长两组之间基线数据之间无显著性差异;髌股外侧角差值类解剖组(0.57±0.33)°<类等长组(1.55±0.36)°(P<0.001);②类解剖组髌骨内侧、髌骨外侧、滑车软骨T2值均小于类等长对应值;③象限X%与髌股外侧角差值具有显著负相关性(R=-0.664,P<0.01);象限Y%与髌股外侧角差值呈正相关(R=0.804,P<0.01);髌股外侧角差值与滑车及髌骨外软骨T2值明显正相关(R=0.651,0.655,P<0.01);滑车及髌骨外侧软骨T2值与术后Lysholm评分呈负相关(R=-0.505,-0.529,P<0.01);象限Y%与髌骨外侧T2值高度相关(R=0.825,P<0.01),与滑车软骨T2值显著相关(R=0.798,P<0.01);象限X%与髌骨外侧及滑车软骨T2值呈显著负相关(R=-0.639,-0.657,P<0.01);④结果说明,通过对单束前交叉韧带重建术后早期髌股关节改变的研究,发现类解剖重建相对于类等长重建后,髌股关节软骨退变程度和髌骨倾斜角度更小,要求手术者尽可能将股骨隧道中心点位置放置于类解剖位置,从而最大限度的减少髌股关节的退变。     

髌骨外侧支持带松解修复前后:膝关节参数变化的意义

背景:髌骨外侧支持带松解对于膝前痛在临床实践中是有意义的,但没有在膝关节参数测量下证实。目的:通过分析髌骨外侧支持带松解前后患者髌骨轴位X射线片上的相关参数,得出髌骨轴位片上对髌股关节紊乱最具临床意义的有效参数。方法:随机选取2009年2月至2013年12月济宁医学院附属医院关节科收治的50例膝前痛患者,OuterbridgeⅠ-Ⅲ级患者45例在关节镜下松解外侧支持带、修整关节软骨,另5例软骨损伤OuterbridgeⅣ级患者行外侧支持带松解的膝关节表面置换。结果与结论:与治疗前相比,外侧支持带松解后患者髌股指数、倾斜角及合适角均明显缩小(P0.05或P0.01),而外侧髌股角未出现明显变化(P0.05),且髌骨运动轨迹恢复到原来相对应的股骨髁中央位置,同时未观察到关节血肿、深静脉血栓形成及髌骨半脱位等并发症。说明外侧支持带松解对于治疗髌股外侧高压引起的膝前痛是有意义的。     

人工全膝关节置换术中髌股关节轨迹不良的处理策略及疗效

目的　总结人工全膝关节置换（total knee arthroplasty,TKA）术中,纠正髌股关节轨迹不良的方法及效果。 方法　2012年6月-2014 年12 月,对52例58膝TKA术中出现髌骨向外侧脱位倾向髌股关节轨迹不良的患者,针对发生原因,通过单纯调整髌骨内、外侧支持带张力,髌骨修整成形或调整胫骨假体位置等方法,或者联合应用上述两种或两种以上方法进行纠正。 结果 术中无拇指试验髌股关节轨迹恢复正常,术后髌骨未出现向外脱位倾向。术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,2例因外翻明显,术中外侧支持带松解范围较大,术后出现关节积血,经对症处理后好转,无其他并发症发生。所有患者术后均获随访,随访时间 17-47个月,平均32个月。膝关节内、外翻畸形均获得矫正,4例残留 5-10°(平均8°）左右的屈曲畸形。随访末期KSS评分78-89分,平均84分,膝关节KSS功能评分为82-91分,平均86分。术后至随访期末X线片均显示人工关节位置正常,无松动及感染迹象。 结论 TKA术中出现髌股关节轨迹不良时,通过单纯调整髌骨内、外侧支持带张力,髌骨修整成形或调整胫骨假体等方法,或者联合应用上述两种或两种以上方法等进行调整,是处理髌股轨迹不良的有效方法,有利于术后膝关节的功能恢复。     

Injury to the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve during tendon graft harvesting for knee ligament reconstruction: An ultrasound simulation study

The clinical anatomy of the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve (IPBSN) is of particular importance during operations in the area of the knee, especially when material for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is harvested. The nerve can easily be injured during the harvesting procedure, leading to postoperative complications that reduce quality of life. Three different skin incisions are commonly used during hamstring tendon harvesting: horizontal, vertical, and oblique. The aim of this ultrasound simulation study was to assess the risk of IPBSN injury associated with the type of skin incision and the point‐of‐emergence of the IPBSN relative to the sartorius muscle. Thirty healthy volunteers (60 lower limbs) were recruited for identification of the IPBSN. When it was found, using a high‐frequency ultrasound probe, three different 3 cm skin incisions over the pes anserinus were simulated. Vertical, horizontal, or oblique lines simulating incisions were marked over the pes anserinus and ultrasound was used to visualize the structures that could be injured during the marked incisions. The IPBSN was visualized in 58 lower limbs (96.7%). The results of the simulation study indicated that the vertical incision should be avoided during hamstring tendon harvesting, as it is associated with a significantly higher risk of injury (25.9%) to the IPBSN than the horizontal (3.5%) or oblique (8.6%) incisions. We recommend that a preoperative ultrasound assessment of IPBSN anatomy be performed to minimize the risk of iatrogenic injury to the nerve and associated complications. Clin. Anat. 30:868–872, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

髌周去神经化预防全膝关节置换术后膝前疼痛

目的　依据髌周解剖学特点，探讨全膝关节置换术（total knee arthroplasty，TKA）中应用髌周电灼去神经化的临床效果。 方法　纳入82名诊断为骨性关节炎的患者（91膝），予行双侧或单侧不置换髌骨的TKA，按随机对照原则将病人分为两组，共有41名实验组患者（45膝）在TKA中接受了髌周去神经化处理，41名对照组患者（46膝）未做该处理。手术主刀为同一骨科医师，均使用相同的膝关节假体系统。主要评价项目包括膝关节KSS评分、Western Ontario and McMaster Universities（WOMAC）、Feller髌骨评分及VAS评分。 结果　82名患者术后均获随访，平均随访时间为12个月，两组病人的膝关节KSS评分、WOMAC、Feller髌骨评分及VAS评分均无显著统计学差异（P>0.05）。 结论　在TKA中行髌周电灼去神经化，不能显著改善病人的预后。     

正常膝关节和人工膝关节髌股关节高屈曲运动特性及其比较分析

目的　分析人体正常膝关节和人工膝关节高屈曲活动下髌股关节的运动, 为膝关节髌股关节运动特性研究提供参考。 方法　建立包括膝关节骨组织和主要软组织在内的正常膝关节以及人工膝关节的动态有限元模型,采用三束股四头肌肌力非同步变力加载的方式,对膝关节下蹲运动中髌股关节的运动特性进行研究,并与相关研究结果进行对比分析。 结果　通过有限元分析,获得高屈曲膝关节三维运动的相对运动参数。髌股关节在位移和旋转均呈现出相同的运动趋势,同时,存在局部的差异,在低屈曲时, 人工髌股关节表现出先外倾后内倾的运动趋势,而正常髌股关节表现出持续内倾的运动特性。 结论　通过仿真和对比分析,人体髌股关节的运动数据总体趋势近似,同时存在差异。 对于正常膝关节,差异的原因主要在于髌骨运动各个方向上和不同屈曲度时的约束程度的改变;对于人工膝关节,差异主要来源于膝关节型面和结构的改变,以及坐标系定义、在体和离体差异、负荷加载差异。     

Painful total knee arthroplasty: Infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve selective denervation. A case series

Introduction: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a reliable and widespread solution for knee osteoarthritis treatment, but about 20% of the patients complains of persisting pain. Neuroma formation in the IPBSN (infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve) is an undervalued cause of persistent anterior pain after TKA. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the selective neuroma denervation on patients satisfaction and pain improvement.Matherial and methods: Between 2014 and 2020, we evaluated 13 patients suffering from persistent anterior knee pain and numbness after TKA who underwent a surgical neurectomy of the IPBSN. After clinical assessment and diagnosis confirmation, we carried out the surgery. Short Form 12 Health (SF12), Oxford Knee Score (OKS), and Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) have been collected before and after the procedure. After the surgical treatment, the symptom's resolution and patients’ satisfaction were attested by the achievement of the Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID) of the self-administered patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs).Results: Our results showed a statistically significant improvement (p < 0.05) of patients pain perception (mean NRS improvement –4.2, SD 2.5) and overall satisfaction (with a mean increase in OKS of 14.5 points SD 9.4, and in SF12 of 6.5 points SD 4.0).Conclusions: Hence, our study suggests that selective neuroma denervation may be an effective solution to improve the quality of life of patients who develop this complication after TKA.     

Saphenous nerve injury after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Reduced numbness area after ligamentoplasty using quadriceps tendon compared with hamstring tendon

PurposeInjury to the infra-patellar branches of the saphenous nerve (IPBSN) is the main neurological complication of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction procedures. Surgical technique using quadriceps tendon (QT) autograft allows a less invasive tibial approach potentially protecting the IPBSN. The aim of this study was to compare the numbness surface of the cutaneous area supplied by the IPBSN after ACL reconstruction using either hamstring tendon (HT) or QT autografts.MethodsThis was a retrospective comparative cohort study including 51 patients who underwent ACL reconstruction (27 QT and 24 HT) between January 2017 and April 2018. A sensory clinical evaluation was performed on each patient: length of the tibial scar, eventual numbness surface area and the type of sensory disorder were reported. To be considered as an IPBSN lesion, the numbness area had to spread at least one-centimeter away from the scar.ResultsThe average follow-up was 15 months. In the HT group, the numbness area surface measured 21.2 ± 19 cm² (0–77) and the scar length was on average 31.3 ± 5.6 mm. In the QT group, the numbness area was reduced to 5 ± 10 cm² (P = .0007) as well as the scar length (13.3 ± 2.8 mm, P < .0001). We counted five (17.8%) and 19 (76%) real IPBSN lesions in the QT and HT groups, respectively (P = .0002). Hypoesthesia was the main sensory disorder observed (87.5%).ConclusionNumbness area of the cutaneous surface supplied by the IPBSN after ACL reconstruction is reduced using QT autograft compared with HT autograft.     

Clinical and electrophysiological assessment of injury to infrapatellar branch(es) of saphenous nerve during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using oblique incision for hamstring graft harvest: A prospective study

BackgroundOne of the complications of arthroscopic reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) using hamstring autograft is injury to the infrapatellar branch of the saphenous nerve (IPBSN) leading to loss of sensation around the knee. Its incidence varies according to the orientation of incision for hamstring graft harvest, with oblique incision having the lowest chance of this injury. Aim of this study was to assess clinically and electrophysiologically injury to IPBSN after ACL reconstruction using oblique incision for hamstring graft harvest.MethodsFifty patients that were scheduled to undergo arthroscopic ACL reconstruction were included. All the patients were evaluated both clinically and electrophysiologically preoperatively and at three weeks and six months postoperatively to determine injury to IPBSN. Patient satisfaction after surgery was also compared.ResultsIPBSN injury was found to be present in 12 out of 50 patients (24%). Both clinical and electrophysiological data correlated completely. The difference in the length of the skin incisions between IPBSN injured and IPBSN intact patients was found to be statistically significant (P = .0043). The difference in the satisfaction score between patients with injured and intact IPBSN was also found to be statistically significant (P = .02).ConclusionsOblique incision for hamstring graft harvest results in lower incidence of IPBSN injury and subsequent sensory loss when compared with similar studies with different skin incisions carried out in the past. Patients undergoing ACL reconstruction should be counseled preoperatively regarding this potential complication, and if this complication occurs, improvement can be expected with time.     

耳后发际入路内镜辅助下颌下腺切除术的解剖研究

目的　为耳后发际入路内镜辅助下颌下腺切除术提供解剖学依据,并评价其可行性和安全性。 方法　新鲜尸体15具（30侧）,观测耳后发际区和颌下区的解剖层次及重要结构。新鲜尸体5具（10侧）,模拟内镜手术,术后解剖标本,观察有无神经、血管损伤。 结果　耳后发际区的分离层面在表浅肌肉腱膜系统与颈深筋膜浅层之间。胸锁乳突肌上部浅面,由后上至前下依次为枕小神经、耳大神经、颈外静脉。颌下区的分离层面在颈阔肌深面与下颌下腺鞘膜之间。下颌缘支出腮腺后：①66.7%行于下颌骨下缘之上（7.21±0.50）mm;②23.3%平行下颌骨下缘;③10％行于下颌骨下缘以下（9.43±0.32）mm。在咬肌前下角处,面神经下颌缘支均与面动脉和面静脉交叉,交叉点至下颌角距离分别为（29.86±2.77）mm和（25.71±3.32）mm。舌下神经经茎突舌骨肌和二腹肌后腹深面进入颌下区。舌骨舌肌浅面,自上而下分别是舌神经、下颌下腺导管、舌下神经。10侧模拟手术顺利完成,术中无重要结构损伤,无需中转切口。 结论　熟悉耳后发际区和颌下区的解剖层次、标志及参数,耳后发际入路内镜辅助下颌下腺切除术安全、可行。     

Reducing lateral skin flap numbness after total knee arthroplasty

One hundred and thirteen knees were assessed for lateral skin flap numbness, 5-227 weeks following IB2 total knee arthroplasty. The final 53 had the numb area measured. To define the anatomy of the cutaneous nerves we dissected four cadaveric knees. Eighty-six percent of patients had a numb area on objective assessment but only 60% had subjective numbness, 62% of which had improved. Patients had a larger numb area if they were aware of a numb patch, had a scar over 22 cm long or were less than 25 weeks following surgery. We conclude that not all patients will get lateral skin flap numbness and improvement occurs with time. The area of numbness can be reduced by using a shorter proximal incision, which preserves branches of the medial and intermediate cutaneous nerves of thigh.     

Intraosseous blood flow of the everted or laterally-retracted patella during total knee arthroplasty

Patellofemoral problems are relatively common sequelae of total knee arthroplasty (TKA), and many factors contribute to these complications. Vascular compromise has been identified as a possible contributing factor, and was selected for further investigation in the present study. Laser Doppler Flowmetry was used to quantify patella intraosseous blood flow in vivo during TKA surgery without the use of a tourniquet. Flow was measured after medial parapatellar arthrotomy, and compared to flow during patella eversion and lateral retraction. Patella blood flow during eversion was reduced to 13% of baseline values (p < 0.05). A significantly greater proportion of flow was preserved during lateral retraction (53%), although the reduction from baseline was still significant (p < 0.05). A statistically significant difference in flow (60% of baseline) was also noted when the leg was flexed from full extension to 90° (p < 0.05) with the patella in its normal anatomical alignment. In this study, we have demonstrated the sensitivity of the patella blood supply to knee flexion angle and patella dislocation technique, particularly to patella eversion. These may be important findings with regard to surgical technique for TKA.