微创治疗桡骨远端骨折安全进针区域的解剖学研究

目的　测量桡骨茎突在腕关节不同角度时与周围肌腱、血管的距离,探讨手法复位经皮闭合穿针内固定术微创治疗桡骨骨折经桡骨茎突的相对安全进针区域。 方法　20侧成人前臂标本,以腕部外固定支架固定腕部,分别在腕关节掌屈0°、20°、40°、60°和尺偏0°、30°等8个位置,测量桡骨茎突最高点与桡侧腕长伸肌腱、拇短伸肌腱的最短距离,桡骨茎突最高点与桡侧腕长伸肌腱、拇长伸肌腱、拇短伸肌腱、桡动脉各交点的距离。 结果　腕关节掌屈、尺偏运动引起桡骨茎突周围肌腱相对位置规律性地变化,腕关节在尺偏30°掌屈0°~20°范围内时,桡骨茎突的相对安全进针区域最大。 结论　以桡骨茎突最高点为体表标志,当腕关节在尺偏30°掌屈0°~20°范围内,桡骨茎突最高点周围一定距离范围内,经皮克氏针固定桡骨骨折,能最大限度降低对肌腱及血管的损伤率。     

经关节桡骨远端骨折后腕屈伸肌腱的动力学变化

目的 :探讨经关节桡骨远端骨折后主要屈、伸肌腱的动力学指标力臂的变化规律。方法 :在 8只成人尸体上肢标本 ,截骨造成经关节面桡骨远端骨折 ,再将骨折片分别向背侧移位 1、2、3、4、5mm ,测定经关节面骨折在无移位 ,移位 1、2、3、4、5mm时 ,桡侧腕长、短伸肌腱、尺侧腕伸肌腱、桡侧腕屈肌腱和尺侧腕屈肌腱的力臂变化。结果 :在腕关节屈伸活动时桡侧腕长伸肌腱的力臂在骨折背侧移位 2、3、4和 5mm时较无移位时显著增大 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而桡侧腕短伸肌腱和桡侧腕屈肌腱的力臂在背侧移位 1～ 5mm时均显著增大 (P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1) ,桡侧腕长、短伸肌腱的力臂增大数值和背侧移位成正比。结论 :经关节面桡骨远端骨折背侧移位显著影响腕动力学 ,随移位程度增大 ,腕屈、伸肌腱的力臂增大     

桡侧腕屈肌腱瓣转位修复下尺桡关节脱位的应用解剖和临床

目的:从解剖学角度证实,应用桡侧腕屈肌腱瓣转位修复下尺桡关节脱位的机理.方法:对30侧成人上肢标本的桡侧腕屈肌腱分段进行形态学测量,并进行力学测试.为36例下尺桡关节脱位患者,设计以桡侧腕屈肌腱部分腱瓣转位修复下尺桡关节.结果:桡侧腕屈肌腱性部分长(14.3±1.1)cm,肌腱的上、中、下段宽分别为(9.1±1.4)mm、(5.5±0.9)mm和(4.0±0.4)mm,肌腱的上、中、下段厚分别为(2.4±0.6)mm、(2.2±0.4)mm和(2.6±0.5)mm.36例患者术后随访5~10a,平均6.5 a.其中优23例,腕关节酸痛基本消失,旋转70°~120°,X线片示正常;良12例,腕关节轻度酸痛,旋转度数改善,X线片示正常;差1例,腕关节仍有酸痛,旋转度数无明显改善,X线片示正常.优良率97.2%.结论:桡侧腕屈肌腱部分转位有足够的长度和强度以修复下尺桡关节脱位,临床应用效果良好.     

正常腕关节运动时腕中关节运动学在体研究

目的:确定腕关节在屈伸、桡尺偏运动时腕中关节的运动学.方法:选健康志愿者10名,腕关节CT扫描后,在自行开发的外科手术模拟系统内三维重建,计算出舟骨、月骨的质心、转动惯量轴,在头状骨上人为建立参照坐标系,用有限螺旋轴表达舟月骨相对于头状骨的旋转及平移运动.结果:腕关节尺偏40°时,舟骨绕头状骨背伸(19.2±10.3)°,桡偏(19.3±6.2)°,月骨背伸(27.8±11.6)°,桡偏(14.0±4.8)°;腕关节桡偏20°时,舟骨绕头状骨掌屈(12.2±5.4)°,尺偏(15.0±3.8)°,月骨掌屈(9.9±3.9)°,尺偏(15.3±3.9)°;腕关节掌屈60°时,舟骨绕头状骨背伸(32.6±5.2)°,月骨背伸(41.5±6.9)°;腕关节背伸600时,舟骨绕头状骨掌屈(7.9±3.9)°,月骨掌屈(20.7±5.0)°.结论:腕关节桡-尺偏,舟、月骨相对于头状骨除了尺-桡偏外,还有较大的非平面运动.当腕关节屈-伸运动,舟骨、月骨相对于头状骨的相对运动主要为伸-曲运动,非平面旋转运动较小.舟骨相对头状骨的运动小于月骨,即舟骨跟随远侧列腕骨一起运动,但又不同于远侧列腕骨之间的微动,舟骨起着远近侧列腕骨的桥梁作用.     

正中腕屈肌1例

正我们在制作上肢标本的过程中,发现1例左侧上肢前臂的腕屈肌变异,在桡侧腕屈肌和尺侧腕屈肌之间存在正中腕屈肌,此变异罕见。现报道如下:标本为成年男性,体长180 cm,体型微胖,经10%福尔马林固定。解剖左侧前臂前区及腕前区、手掌等局部,游标卡尺测量局部结构。发现左侧掌长肌细小,肌腹最宽处宽0.64 cm,肌腱长13.85 cm,远端散入掌腱膜。尺侧腕屈肌和桡侧腕屈肌均正常。在尺侧腕屈     

腕后区第4骨纤维管道解剖结构特点及其意义

目的　进一步完善腕后区第4骨纤维管道的解剖结构,探讨其临床意义。 方法　在头戴式放大镜下,对15具尸体标本30侧上肢的腕后区第4骨纤维管道的顶、底、出入口、内外侧壁及内容物进行了解剖,并测得相关数据。 结果　伸肌支持带构成腕后区第4骨纤维管道的顶;底由桡尺远侧关节背侧及腕关节背侧关节囊近端及其表面的深筋膜构成;内外侧壁均由伸肌支持带向深面发出的肌间隔构成;入口介于尺骨头与桡骨远端背侧之间,而出口位于腕关节近端背侧;管道内走行5根肌腱,包括指伸肌腱的示指、中指、环指、小指的分支和示指伸肌肌腱,1条血管神经束即骨间后神经终末支及骨间前动脉终末支桡侧分支。 结论　详细描述了管道顶、底、两口、内外侧壁及毗邻,管道内容物及层次,对临床腕背痛的诊断以及避免管道内容物医源性损伤具有重要意义。     

人腕关节动力肌腱的力臂值及意义探讨

目的：测量人腕关节主要动力肌腱在腕运动过程中的力臂的大小。方法：运用７只新鲜成人尸体上肢标本,将运动腕关节的肌腱和旋转电压计相连,在腕关节分别从屈曲至伸直,桡偏至尺偏过程中,用计算机同时记录腕动力肌腱滑动距离和腕运动角度,根据腱滑动距离和腕运动角度计算出肌腱平均力臂和力臂变化。结果：桡侧腕长伸肌腱的腕桡偏力臂最大,桡侧腕短伸肌腱的伸腕力臂最大,尺侧腕伸肌腱和腕尺偏力臂最大,而伸腕力臂很小,桡侧、尺     

桡侧腕屈肌腱瓣转位修复下桡尺关节脱位的应用解剖和临床研究

目的：从解剖学角度研究桡侧腕屈肌腱瓣转位修复下桡尺关节脱位的机理。方法：对30侧成人上肢标本的桡侧腕屈肌腱分段进行形态学测量,并进行力学测试。为36例下桡尺关节脱位患者,设计以桡侧腕屈肌腱部分腱瓣转位修复下桡尺关节。结果：桡侧腕屈肌腱性部分长（14．3±1．1）cm,肌腱的上、中、下段宽分别为（9．1±1．4）mm、（5．5±0．9）mm和（4．0±0．4）mm,肌腱的上、中、下段厚分别为（2．4±0．6）mm、（2．2±0．4）mm和（2．6±0．5）mm。36例患者术后随访5—10a,平均6．5a。其中优23例,腕关节酸痛基本消失,旋转70°-120°,X线片示正常;良12例,腕关节轻度酸痛,旋转度数改善,X线片示正常;差1例,腕关节仍有酸痛,旋转度数无明显改善,X线片示正常。优良率97．2％。结论：桡侧腕屈肌腱部分转位有足够的长度和强度以修复下桡尺关节脱位,临床应用效果良好。     

桡侧腕屈与腕长伸肌腱部分转位修复手部关节脱位应用解剖

目的 :为桡侧腕屈与腕长伸肌腱部分转位修复桡尺远侧及第 1腕掌关节脱位提供解剖学基础。方法 :3 0侧成人上肢标本 ,分别对桡侧腕屈肌腱、桡侧腕长伸肌腱进行形态学测量。结果 :桡侧腕长伸肌腱性部长 ( 17.8± 2 .6)cm ,肌腱的上、中、下段宽分别为 ( 13 .7± 3 .1)、( 5 .6± 1.1)和 ( 4 .6± 0 .5 7)mm肌腱的上、中、下段厚分别为 ( 1.5± 0 .5 )、( 2 .0± 0 .3 )和 ( 2 .4± 0 .3 )mm。桡侧腕屈肌腱性部长 ( 14 .3± 1.1)cm ,肌腱的上、中、下段宽分别为 ( 9.11.4)、( 5 .5± 0 .9)和 ( 4 .0± 0 .4) ,肌腱的上、中、下段厚分别为 ( 2 .4± 0 .6)、( 2 .2± 0 .4)和 ( 2 .6± 0 .5 )mm。结论 :采用桡侧腕屈肌腱和桡侧腕长伸肌腱部分转位 ,有足够的长度和强度 ,适用于桡尺远侧关节或第 1腕掌关节脱位的修复 ,临床应用获得良好效果     

尺侧腕伸肌-拇短伸肌腱移位重建拇对掌功能的应用解剖

目的:研究拇对掌肌、拇短展肌的解剖学特点,探讨符合人体生物力学的拇对掌功能重建的方法。方法:对20侧新鲜成人上肢标本,解剖拇对掌肌、拇短展肌,并建立尺侧腕伸肌-拇短伸肌移位重建拇对掌功能的手术模型。结果:拇短展肌肌纤维方向沿第1掌骨纵轴方向,拇对掌肌肌纤维方向与第1掌骨成一定角度。尺侧腕伸肌-拇短伸肌移位后,测量拇指远侧横纹中点到第3掌骨长轴与掌远侧横纹交点之间的最大距离可达(5.9±0.7)cm。结论(:1)尺侧腕伸肌长度、肌力足以重建拇对掌功能,拇短伸肌腱止点恒定,联合移位后其作用方向与拇短展肌方向一致,且旋前角度足够。(2)以尺侧腕伸肌-拇短伸肌移位重建拇对掌功能是一种符合拇对掌功能生物力学的简单有效的方法。     

Conservative treatment of an acute traumatic extensor carpi ulnaris tendon subluxation in a collegiate basketball player: a case report

Objective:

To present the case of an acute traumatic extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) subluxation in a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II female basketball player.

Background:

The ECU tendon is stabilized in the ulnar groove by a subsheath located inferior to the extensor retinaculum. The subsheath can be injured with forced supination, ulnar deviation, and wrist flexion, resulting in the ECU tendon subluxing in the palmar and ulnar directions during wrist circumduction. Several methods of intervention exist, but controversy remains on how to best treat this condition.

Differential Diagnosis:

Distal ulnar fracture, ulnar collateral ligament sprain, triangular fibrocartilage complex lesion, lunotriquetral instability, distal radioulnar joint injury, pisotriquetral joint injury, ECU tendinopathy or subluxation.

Treatment:

The wrist was placed in a short-arm cast in slight extension and radial deviation for 4 weeks. At that time, the patient was still able to actively sublux the ECU tendon, so a long-arm cast was applied with the wrist in slight extension, radial deviation, and pronation for an additional 4 weeks. The ECU tendon was then found to be stable. She wore a rigid wrist brace for 3 more weeks while she pursued rehabilitation. At the final follow-up appointment, the ECU tendon remained stable, and the wrist was asymptomatic.

Uniqueness:

Subluxations of the ECU are rare. If the patient does not improve with conservative measures, surgical intervention is warranted to repair the sixth dorsal compartment.

Conclusions:

A long-arm cast with the elbow flexed to 90° and the wrist in approximately 30° of extension, radial deviation, and pronation was appropriate treatment for this type of injury.     

Pulley anatomy for the radial side of the wrist.

This is the first presentation in the literature of a radial tendon flexor pulley in the distal forearm adjacent to the flexor carpi radialis. The clinical significance is that in performing wrist tendon arthroplasty, this structure and, in close proximity, the sensory branch of the median nerve may be encountered. Whether cutting the pulley of the flexor carpi radialis is clinically significant in changing wrist biomechanics is unknown.     

How does wrist position affect the length of the distal radioulnar ligament: a three-dimensional image study in vivo?

Purpose

This study was designed to investigate the length changes of the distal radioulnar ligament at different wrist positions and to determine the effect of hyperextension on the distal radioulnar ligament and to find out the most vulnerable position where the distal radioulnar ligament rupture and foveal avulsion.

Methods

We obtained computed tomography scans of the wrists for 12 volunteers including two groups: hyperextension group and hyperextension with maximal rotation group. The images were reconstructed to the three-dimensional bone structures with customized software. The four portions of the distal radioulnar ligament were measured and analyzed statistically.

Results

No significant differences were noted in the lengths of the each portion of the distal radioulnar ligament among neutral position, wrist hyperextension, and hyper-radial extension. From neutral position to hyperextension with maximal pronation, the lengths of the palmar superficial radioulnar ligament (psRU) and dorsal deep radioulnar ligament (ddRU) decreased significantly, whereas the dorsal superficial radioulnar ligaments (dsRU) and palmar deep radioulnar ligament (pdRU) increased significantly. From neutral position to hyperextension with maximal supination, the lengths of the pdRU and dsRU ligaments decreased significantly, and the lengths of psRU and ddRU ligaments changed little.

Conclusions

The factor of hyperextension has little effect on the length of the distal radioulnar ligament and the distal radioulnar ligament may be under great tension at the position of hyperextension with maximal pronation. These findings can provide more information to understand the pathomechanics of the triangular fibrocartilage complex injury caused by a fall on the outstretched hand and can provide information relevant to the distal radioulnar ligament restoration.

     

The Radioulnar Distance at the Level of the Radial Tuberosity

Ruptures of the distal biceps brachii tendon are generally treated operatively due to their loss of supination and flexion force. A mechanical impingement at the insertion of the tendon at the radial tuberosity is discussed to play a role in the etiology of this injury. The aim of this study was to present a detailed, three-dimensional anatomical analysis of the radioulnar space at the radial tuberosity. A total of 166 imprints of the radioulnar space in neutral rotation and pronation from 84 cadaveric specimens of both arms using silicone impression material were produced for this study. Imprints were cut in slices of 3 mm and digitally measured after picture acquisition using a high-resolution digital camera. Distances were grouped into a proximal, central, and distal groups and used for correlation to morphometric data at the elbow (radial head diameter, ulna and radius length) as well as volume calculation. The mean radioulnar distance was 8.8 ± 4.0 mm in neutral rotation and 7.8 ± 3.9 mm in pronation. In pronation, the central zone was the smallest whereas in neutral rotation the proximal zone was the smallest. The volume of the radioulnar space did not reduce significantly during pronation. Little space is provided for the insertion of the distal biceps brachii tendon especially during pronation. This could play a role in the etiology of distal biceps brachii tendon ruptures and should be considered in the fixation after rupture of the tendon. Clin. Anat., 33:661–666, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

自体肌腱移植修复前交叉韧带合并后外侧角损伤

背景：自体半腱和股薄肌腱移植均可重建交叉韧带和膝关节后外侧角。 目的：分析自体半腱和股薄肌腱移植修复膝关节前交叉韧带合并后外侧角损伤的效果。 方法：将20例膝关节前交叉韧带合并后外侧角损伤患者随机分成两组：实验组在关节镜辅助下应用自体半腱肌、股薄肌一期重建前交叉韧带和加强重建后外侧角韧带;对照组仅采用自体组半腱肌、股薄肌一期重建前交叉韧带。  结果与结论：两组术后Lysom评分较术前明显改善(P < 0.01)。实验组患者在站立、行走和上下楼梯时无与膝关节后外侧不稳相关的过伸位膝关节不稳感,未发现行走时膝关节内甩;关节活动度屈曲100°~135°,伸直0°~10°。对照组中3例在站立,行走和上下楼梯时无与膝关节后外侧不稳相关的过伸位膝关节不稳感,4例行走时出现轻微膝关节内甩;关节活动度屈曲104°~130°,伸直0°~10°。说明用自体肌腱移植重建膝关节前交叉韧带和后外侧结构损伤,能够恢复膝关节后外侧与前后方的稳定性,较单纯重建前交叉韧带效果好。     

Lateral epicondylitis

Summary 139 limbs from embalmed specimens were dissected to reveal the attachments of extensor muscles in the vicinity of the lateral epicondyle. M. extensor carpi radialis brevis was found to consist of a keelshaped tendon with attachments to m. extensor carpi radialis longus, m. extensor digitorum communis, m. supinator; and to the radial collateral ligament, the orbicular ligament, the capsule of the elbow joint and the deep fascia. On 29 limbs, a prolongation of the muscle was identified attaching proximal to the lateral epicondyle. On nine specimens a bursa was evident between the capsule over the head of the radius and the overlying soft tissues. There was no evidence of variation in vascular or nerve supply to the region. Examination of m. extensor carpi radialis brevis while under tension across the elbow, forearm and wrist revealed the greatest muscle lengthening in pronation of the forearm with palmar flexion and ulnar deviation. The results of this study support the hypothesis that tennis elbow is primarily a mechanically-induced condition. When performing movements at the wrist, with the forearm in pronation, the muscle is at its maximum length. As its origin lies proximal to the axis of rotation for flexion and extension at the elbow, it is subject to shearing stress in all movements of the forearm, especially those involving power at the wrist. This is further compounded by the head of the radius rotating anteriorly against m. extensor carpi radialis brevis during pronation of the forearm. Additionally, a number of individuals may experience pain at the head of the radius during pronation, due to irritation of an underlying bursa.

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Epicondylite: relations entre les structures anatomiques et le Tennis Elbow

Résumé 139 membres de sujets anatomiques embaumés ont été disséqués pour déterminer les insertions des muscles extenseurs dans le voisinage de l'épicondyle. Il a été trouvé que le muscle court extenseur radial du carpe avait un tendon en forme de quille de bateau avec des insertions sur les muscles long extenseur radial du carpe, extenseur commun des doigts et supinateur, sur le ligament collatéral radial, sur le ligament annulaire, sur la capsule du coude et l'aponévrose profonde. Sur 29 membres on a trouvé que le muscle court extenseur radial du carpe avait une insertion proximale sur l'épicondyle. Sur 9 pièces il existait une bourse séreuse entre la capsule recouvrant la tête radiale et les tissus de couverture. Il n'est pas apparu nettement de variations vasculaires ou nerveuses dans cette région. L'examen du muscle court extenseur radial du carpe sous étirement a révélé que l'allongement du muscle était maximal quand l'avant-bras était en pronation et la main en flexion palmaire et inclinaison cubitale. Les résultats de cette étude confirment l'hypothèse d'une lésion mécanique primitive à l'origine du Tennis Elbow. Au cours des mouvements du poignet, l'avant-bras en pronation, le muscle s'allonge au maximum. Comme son origine est située proximalement à l'axe de flexion-extension du coude, ce muscle est soumis à des forces de cisaillement dans tous les mouvements de l'avant-bras et plus particulièrement ceux qui exigent de la puissance dans le poignet. Ces effets s'associent ensuite aux frottements de la tête radiale contre le muscle court extenseur radial du carpe lors de la pronation de l'avant-bras. En outre, certains sujets peuvent présenter une douleur au niveau de la tête radiale pendant la pronation du fait d'une irritation de la bourse séreuse avoisinante.

     

腕掌侧双通道改良手术入路治疗桡尺骨远端骨折的解剖学基础

目的　报道腕掌侧双通道入路治疗桡尺骨远端骨折的应用解剖学基础。 方法 10侧新鲜成人尸体上肢标本,于腕掌侧在桡侧腕屈肌腱与掌长肌腱之间做纵行切口,进入皮下后向桡侧、尺侧绕过腕管内结构,通过双通道入路来观测桡骨、尺骨远端的暴露情况。 结果 在腕横纹上方3.0 cm水平,桡侧通路牵拉最大横向暴露距离为(3.0±0.29) cm,尺侧通路牵拉最大横向暴露距离为(2.3±0.26) cm,桡侧通路暴露桡骨远端尺侧半效果欠佳,而尺侧通路可以有效暴露桡骨远端尺侧半及尺骨远端。 结论 腕掌侧双通道改良手术入路治疗桡尺骨远端骨折具有可行性,暴露效果良好,值得在临床上推广。