Genotypic analysis of isoniazid and rifampin resistance in drug-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates in southern Turkey

In this study we aimed to learn about the nature and frequency of katG, inhA, and rpoB gene mutations underlying isoniazid (INH) and rifampin (RMP) resistance in clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates. The Silver Sequence DNA sequencing method was used to detect the resistance condition of 22 INH, 6 RMP, and 13 INH and RMP in previously determined drug-resistant clinical M. tuberculosis isolates. Thirty of 35 (85.7%) INH-resistant strains and 14 of 19 (73%) RMP-resistant strains were found to have a mutation in the analyzed katG gene fragment or inhA locus and rpoB gene fragment. In the katG gene region, the codons of mutation detected were determined to be 315 (23 of 30, 76.6%), 279 (4 of 30, 13.3%) and 293 (1 of 30, 3.3%), a finding that has not been reported previously. Our findings demonstrated that the most frequent mutation pattern was Ser315Thr at codon 315 with a rate of 60% (18 of 30). In 5 (16.6%) isolates, a nucleotide change was detected which is associated with INH resistance from -15(th) C to T in the inhA locus. In the rpoB gene region, codons possesing point mutations were 531 (9 of 14, 64.2%), 516 (1 of 14, 7.1%), 524 (1 of 14, 7.1%), and 545 (4 of 14, 28.6%), which has not been reported previously. We believe about that our present study supplies important data on the different kinds of mutations occurring at various target loci for associated RMP and INH resistance in clinical isolates of our restricted region.     

Molecular genetics of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Finland, 1995-2004

SETTING: Modern molecular methods help us to understand the transmission and epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. OBJECTIVE: To analyse the molecular epidemiology of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB), and to characterise isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RMP) resistance conferring mutations in Finland during 1995-2004. DESIGN: A total of 3959 new M. tuberculosis isolates underwent drug susceptibility testing; all phenotypically resistant isolates were genotyped by IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism and spoligotyping if necessary. INH- and/or RMP-resistant isolates were sequenced for their resistance associated genes, katG locus 315 and rpoB, respectively. RESULT: Of the 3959 isolates tested (92.4% of culture-positive cases), 183 (4.6%) were resistant to at least one first-line anti-tuberculosis drug; 14 (0.4%) isolates were multidrug-resistant. Thirty-seven (20.4%) resistant isolates belonged to 17 clusters, and the largest cluster included four isolates. The Beijing family genotype accounted for 8.8% (16 isolates) of all drug-resistant isolates. A Ser315Thr mutation in katG was found in 46.7% (56 isolates) of the INH-resistant isolates and rpoB was mutated in 85.7% (18 isolates) of the isolates resistant to RMP. CONCLUSION: Transmission of drug-resistant TB is rare in Finland, especially between indigenous and immigrant populations. Screening of mutations that confer INH and RMP resistance seems to be feasible if risk factors for multidrug resistance exist.     

Characterization of clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to drugs and detection of RpoB mutation in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in the Philippines.

SETTING: Retrospective study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates at the STD/AIDS Cooperative Central Laboratory, Philippines. OBJECTIVE: To describe patterns of M. tuberculosis resistance against first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs, and to analyze the rpoB gene codon mutation of rifampicin (RMP) resistant isolates and correlate genotypic and phenotypic patterns. DESIGN: One hundred and sixty-four M. tuberculosis complex isolates were retrieved for phenotypic analysis; 89 were resistant to any anti-tuberculosis drug and 50 were RMP-resistant, whereas 48 were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Of these 48, only 33 were available for genotypic analysis of the rpoB gene. RESULTS: Most drug-resistant isolates were phenotypically resistant to isoniazid (INH) (93%), and the probability of an RMP-resistant isolate becoming MDR was 96%. In 33 MDR isolates, 13 types of mutations in nine independent codons were identified; the most frequently mutated codons were S531L (61%) and G510H (15%), which were present in 76% (25/33) of the isolates. S531L was noted in 85.7% of the RMP + INH + SM resistant isolates, while only 80% of the isolates with INH + RMP, EMB + SM resistance showed this mutation. CONCLUSION: The high probability of RMP isolates being MDR suggests that genetic analysis of RMP resistance is useful in detecting MDR-TB. Worldwide accumulation of findings on circulating MDR-TB strains provides indispensable information about the re-emergence of TB.     

Rifampicin and isoniazid resistance mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated from patients in Kazakhstan.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse possible associations of specific mutations conferring rifampicin (RMP) and isoniazid (INH) resistance with Beijing and non Beijing genotype strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Kazakhstan. METHOD: Genotypic analysis of 92 multidrug-resistant (MDR), 50 INH but not RMP-resistant (INHr/RMPs) and 10 fully susceptible strains of M. tuberculosis from Kazakhstan was performed. In the MDR group, 59 strains (64.1%), and within the INHr/RMPs group, 32 strains (64.0%) were classified as Beijing genotype. RESULTS: Analysis of the rpoB gene of the MDR strains revealed 10 different mutations in five codons, with rpoB codons 531 (65.2%), 526 (23.9%) and 516 (7.6%) most frequently affected. A significantly higher proportion of the rpoB S531L mutation was found among Beijing genotype strains compared with non Beijing strains (71.2% vs. 46.2%, P = 0.027). All 92 MDR isolates (100%), irrespective of their genotype, carried a mutation in codon 315 of the katG gene (S315T). However, in the INHr/RMPS control group, the S315T mutation was significantly more prevalent in the Beijing than in the non Beijing group (96.9% vs. 71.4%, P = 0.012). CONCLUSION: The high similarity of mutations supports the assumption that transmission of resistant strains is a major reason for the emergence of drug resistance in this region.     

Molecular analysis of rifampin and isoniazid resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates in Seville, Spain.

In this study we examined the mechanisms of resistance to rifampin (RMP) and isoniazid (INH) in 352 clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Sevilla, Spain, using three different molecular methods: 1) PCR-single strand polymorphism analysis; 2) the commercial system Inno-LiPA RTB for RMP resistance; and 3) sequence analysis. Resistance to RMP was found in 21 strains, where the following mutations in the rpoB gene were detected: Ser531-->Leu (n = 14 strains); His526-->Asp (n = 3), Asn518-->Ser (n = 1), Gln513-->Leu (n = 1) and a nine nucleotide deletion (n = 1). Resistance to INH occurred in 29 strains, with mutations observed in: a) katG gene: Ser315-->Thr (n = 12), Ile304-->Val (n = 1), and a partial deletion (n = 4); b) regulatory region of the inhA gene: nucleotide substitution C209T (n = 3). No mutation was found in the ahpC promoter.     

分析老年矽肺结核病的耐药水平与临床治疗

目的分析老年矽肺结核病的耐药水平和7种耐药基因突变情况。方法 117例老年矽肺结核患者的临床分离株均做传统梯度药敏试验和聚合酶链反应-单链构象多态性(PCR-SSCP)分析。结果被测菌株传统药敏试验耐药率82.1%。7种耐药基因[链霉素(rpsL)、利福平(rpoB)、异烟肼(katG)、乙胺丁醇(embB)、吡嗪酰胺(pncA)、喹诺酮(gyrA)、卡那霉素(km)]突变率分别为78.1%、65.6%、52%、33.3%、37.5%、54.1%、28.1%。结论传统梯度药敏试验与7种耐药基因联合检测,证实耐药基因突变与耐药水平和治疗关系密切。     

Rifampin and isoniazid resistance associated mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates in Seville, Spain.

The susceptibility phenotypes of 964 clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were studied over a 7-year period in Seville, Spain. Thirty-eight (3.9%) strains were rifampin (RMP) resistant, 79 (8.2%) were isoniazid (INH) resistant and 22 (2.3%) were resistant to at least both antimicrobials (multidrug-resistant, MDR). We studied the mechanisms of resistance to these drugs in 94 resistant clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis using three molecular methods: 1) PCR-single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis, 2) RFLP analysis using B1/B2 primers, and 3) sequence analysis. Five different mutations were detected in the rpoB gene: Ser531-->Leu (72.3%), His526-->Asp (12.8%), Asn518-->Ser (2.1%), Gln513-->Leu (2.1%) and a nine-nucleotide deletion (2.1%). In the case of resistance to INH, four different mutations in the katG gene were detected, Ser315-->Thr (58.0%), Ser315-->Leu (2.9%), partial deletion (5.8%) and Ile304-->Val (1.4%), while in the inhA regulatory region the only mutation was the nucleotide substitution C209T (4.3%). No mutation was found in the ahpC promoter.     

重庆地区结核分枝杆菌异烟肼和丙硫异烟胺耐药及其交叉耐药相关基因突变研究

目的 研究结核分枝杆菌(MTB)对异烟肼(INH)和丙硫异烟胺(Pto)的耐药情况,分析INH耐药相关基因(katG、inhA、ahpC、kasA)及与Pto交叉耐药相关基因的突变特点。方法 对233株INH耐药MTB临床分离株(37株对Pto同时耐药)的katG、inhA、ahpC、kasA基因进行扩增及序列分析。结果 耐异烟肼菌株中未发现katG完全缺失,223株 (96.5%)耐药株katG存在点突变、插入,其中 2个突变位点未见报道。195株 (83.6%)耐药株的第 315位点突变;189株 (81.1%)耐药株第463位点突变(R463L),其中166株 (71.2%)与第 315位点联合突变;在其他位点发生突变的菌株4株,包括D448G 1株、D419H 1株和2株同义突变。 11株(4.72%) INH耐药菌株中inhA点突变,包括S94A 1株、I194T 1株,C-15T 9株。37株Pto耐药的菌株中,8株点突变且均为inhA C-15T(4株为inhA单基因点突变C-15T,4株发生katG S315T和inhA C-15T的双基因联合突变)。全部耐药菌中有1株为ahpC基因突变,未发现有kasA基因突变。结论 进一步证实katG315和inhA-15基因位点突变与MTB对INH耐药密切相关;INH与Pto存在着交叉耐药,但耐药率较低,Pto耐药的发生与inhA-15位点突变密切相关。     

六安地区结核分枝杆菌耐药基因katG 和rpoB 的突变特征

目的 分析临床分离的结核分枝杆菌katG 和rpoB 基因的突变情况与耐药之间的关系,了解六安地区耐药结核分枝杆菌的基因突变特征。方法 采用比例法对六安地区65 株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株进行药敏试验;通过特异性引物,对目的基因片段katG 和rpoB 进行扩增、测序后进行分析。结果 60 株结核分枝杆菌中分别有有9 株耐异烟肼和14 株耐利福平,其中同时耐异烟肼和利福平的6株。9 株耐异烟肼菌株中,4 株katG 在315（Ａ GC→ACC 或ACA）位点发生突变,占44.4％;14 株耐利福平菌株中,11 株rpoB 分别在516（GAC→GTC）、526(CAC→CGC 或TAC)和531(TCG→TTG)位点发生突变,占总耐药菌株的78.6％;6 株同时对利福平和异烟肼耐药,其中5 株katG 或rpoB 基因发生突变,占83.3％。结论 六安地区结核分枝杆菌耐异烟肼和耐利福平分别主要是由katG 和rpoB 基因突变引起,其中耐异烟肼主要在315（AGC→ACC 或ACA）位,而耐利福平在516（GAC→GTC）、526(CAC→CGC或TAC)和531(TCG→TTG)位,都发生了突变。     

Tuberculosis treatment today

In West and East Germany the incidence of tuberculosis is declining. However, with an incidence of 22 per 100,000 inhabitants in West Germany and 17 new diseases per 100,000 inhabitants in East Germany it is not a rare disease. In the chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis, isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RMP), ethambutol (EMB), streptomycin (SM), pyrazinamide (PZA) and prothionamide (PTH) are the most relevant drugs. The chemotherapy of tuberculosis is always carried out as a combination therapy of at least three drugs. A rapid cultural conversion of the sputum as well as low rates of failures and relapses are regarded as parameters of quality. Therefore six-month-regimens with initially four drugs (INH + RMP + PZA + SM or EMB) or nine-(twelve-) month-regimens with initially three medicaments (INH + RMP + PZA, or INH + RMP + EMB or INH + RMP + SM) may be recommended. Peculiarities of the therapy in patients with AIDS, with drug resistance, with relapses.     

Molecular analysis of isoniazid, rifampin and streptomycin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients with tuberculosis in Düzce, Turkey

The aim of this study was to use DNA sequencing analysis to analyze the mutations in the most commonly targeted genes (katG, inhA, rpoB, rpsL) in isoniazid (INH)-, rifampin (RIF)- and streptomycin (SM)-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains obtained from subjects in Duzce, Turkey. Four isolates were found to be INH-resistant, 3 were RIF-resistant and 5 were SM-resistant, out of a total of 52 M. tuberculosis strains. In 3 of the 4 INH-resistant strains, a mutation in the katG gene in codon 315 appeared as AGC-->ACC (Ser-->Thr), and the other INH-resistant strain showed a mutation in the katG gene in codon 314 as ACC-->CCC (Thr-->Pro). There were no mutations in the inhA gene in INH-resistant isolates. Two of the 3 RIF-resistant strains were found to have mutations in the rpoB gene in codon 516 appearing as GAC-->GTC (Asp-->Val), and the other RIF-resistant strain has a mutation in the rpoB gene in codon 531 as TCG-->TTG (Ser-->Leu). These 3 RIF-resistant strains are also INH-resistant. All 5 SM-resistant strains have mutations in the rpsL gene in codon 43 appearing as AAG-->AGG (Lys-->Arg). Thus, we found common gene mutations that bring about the resistance of M. tuberculosis to antituberculosis drugs in all of our isolates from Duzce. To the best of our knowledge, the ACC-->CCC (Thr-->Pro) mutation in the katG gene in codon 314 has not been previously defined.     

Molecular characterization of drug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Sichuan Province in china

Tuberculosis is still a severe public health issue in eastern Asia, and Sichuan is the key area for tuberculosis control in China. To determine the phenotypic and mutation patterns of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Sichuan, the drug susceptibility of 198 clinical isolates was examined. Among these isolates, 76 drug-resistant and 20 susceptible isolates were analyzed for the rpoB, embB, and katG and inhA regulatory regions. These are mutations believed to associate with rifampin (RIF), ethambutol (EMB), and isoniazid (INH) resistance, respectively. Of the 60 RIF-resistant isolates, 54 (90.0%) carried mutations on the amplified fragment of the rpoB gene, and the most common one (64.8%, 35/54) was at codon 531. Two new mutation patterns were recognized: one isolate harbored three mutations at codons 511, 516, and 518, and the other carried the dual mutation GAChACC at codon 516. A total of 30 INH-resistant isolates (60.0%, 30/50) had mutations at codon 315, whereas 4 (8.0%) had mutations at the inhA regulatory region. Among the 46 EMB-resistant isolates, 22 harbored the Met306 mutation. The results showed geographical variation in the mutation types of drug-resistant genes in M. tuberculosis isolates from Sichuan; this finding is valuable for the development of targeted and rapid molecular diagnostic methods suitable for specific regions.     

徐州市耐多药结核耐药分析及分枝杆菌基因突变特征研究

目的 研究徐州市耐多药结核(MDR-TB)耐药表型、耐INH或RFP相关基因突变情况,分析耐药表型与基因突变间关系,为耐多药结核疾病的诊断提供科学依据。方法 采取随机方法抽取徐州市115例MDR-TB菌株和66株全敏感菌株进行耐药情况分析,使用基因芯片检测技术对耐INH相关基因katG、 inhA和aphC以及耐RFP相关基因rpoB突变位点进行检测,对结果进行t检验分析。结果 徐州市MDR-TB菌株耐药表型有9种组合,主要是以耐INH+RFP组合为主,比例为47.83%,其次为耐INH+RFP+SM组合,比例为20.00%。与耐INH的相关基因突变率87.83%,基因突变类型分别为单基因katG(64.35%)和inhA(3.48%),双基因katG+inhA(12.17%)和katG+aphC(12.17%)。耐多药株(115例)和敏感株(66例)总体变异率均数比较(t=107.56,P<0.05), 其中katG基因突变率比较(P<0.05),二者差异均有统计学意义。与耐RFP相关rpoB基因总突变率86.09%,耐RFP相关rpoB基因突变类型分别为单531(45.22%)、516(8.70%) 和526位点,双(531+516)(13.91%)、(531+513)(12.17%)和516+533突变位点, 531+516+513(3.48%)三位点突变。耐多药株和敏感株总体和单个位点突变率均数比较(t=94.92,P<0.05), 531(P<0.05)、516(P<0.05)、533(P<0.05),二者差异均有统计学意义。结论 研究发现了徐州市MDR-TB耐药表型特征。徐州市MDR-TB菌株与耐INH和RFP相关基因突变客观存在,并表现出多态性和地区性。与耐INH相关katG基因、与耐RFP的相关rpoB基因531、516、533位点突变相对稳定,有临床应用价值,可作为徐州市耐药结核菌株快速诊断的指标。     

Anti-drug pattern of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and analysis of mutation in drug-target genes

The antimycobacterial susceptibility test was performed and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) to drugs was determined in 98 strains of Mycobacteium tuberculosis (MTB) isolated in Tokyo from 2000 to 2003, to find which were resistant to any of the four main anti-MTB drugs, isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RFP), streptomycin (SM), and ethambutol (EMB). 27strains of them were resistant only to SM, and 16 strains were resistant only to INH. 51 strains of them were resistant to not only INH but also other drugs. 38 strains were resistant to both INH and RFP. 19 strains were resistant to all four drugs, including 7 strains resistant to new quinolon anti-biotics also. Nucleotide or amino-acid mutations in drug resistant MTB genome were determined by DNA sequencing method. Mutation of codon 516, 526, or 531 of rpoB gene was detected in 98% of MTBs resistant to RFP. Deletion or insertion of katG gene or nucleotide mutation at regulatory region of ahpC gene was detected in MTBs highly resistant to INH. Amino acid mutation of katG gene, especially at codon 315, was detected in MTBs resistant to INH intermediate. Nucleotide mutations at regulatory region of inhA gene were detected in MTBs resistant to INH at low level. Amino acid mutation at codon 43 or 88 of rpsL gene was detected in MTBs highly resistant to SM, and nucleotide mutation at 512, 513, or 516 of rrs gene was detected in MTBs resistant to SM at low level. Amino acid mutation at codon 306 of embB gene was detected in 87% of MTBs resistant to EMB.     

耐异烟肼结核分枝杆菌临床分离株耐药相关基因突变研究

目的阐明结核分枝杆菌耐异烟肼临床分离株katG、inhA、ahpC、kasA及oxyR基因突变特点。方法对144株结核分枝杆菌临床分离株(耐异烟肼菌株101株;异烟肼敏感株43株)的katG、inhA、kasA、ahpC及oxyR基因进行DNA片断扩增及DNA序列分析,与GeneBank中结核分枝杆菌标准序列进行比较。结果(1)耐异烟肼菌株中未发现katG完全缺失,81株耐药株(80.2%)katG存在点突变、缺失或插入,其中16个突变位点未见报道;39株(38.6%)耐药株第315位点突变,低耐药菌株(1μg/ml)第315位点突变率显著高于高耐药菌株(10μg/ml;χ2=9.31,P<0.05);58株(57.4%)耐药株第463位点突变。23株(53.3%)敏感株第463位点突变。(2)5株(4.9%)耐药株inhA发生突变。敏感株inhA无突变。(3)3株(2.9%)耐药株ahpC发生突变。敏感株ahpC无突变。(4)17株(16.8%)耐药株kasA发生突变。敏感株中3株菌株Gly312Ser突变。(5)在全部菌株中未发现oxyR基因突变。(6)综合本项研究中各基因的突变情况,共有91株耐异烟肼菌株发生与异烟肼耐药相关的突变。结论本项研究进一步证实了结核分枝杆菌耐异烟肼与katG、inhA、ahpC及kasA基因突变之间的关系,并且提示还有其他机制参与异烟肼耐药。     

结核分支杆菌五种耐药基因检测的临床应用及评价

目的　检测结核分支杆菌rpoBkatG、rpsL、pncA和embB耐药基因 ,评价其临床应用价值。方法　采用聚合酶链反应 单链构象多态性 (PCR SSCP)分析和药敏试验 (比例法 ) ,了解 10 9例肺结核患者结核分支杆菌耐药情况 ,并分析、比较临床治疗效果。结果　 1/ 2以上的肺结核患者至少耐两种抗结核药物 ,对RFP、INH、SM、PZA和EB总耐药率分别为 80 7%、71 5 %、78 8%、5 7 7%和48 6%。rpoB、katG、rpsL、pncA和embB基因突变率分别为 76%、68%、71%、5 1%和 3 0 %。结核分支杆菌耐药基因突变率与耐药水平联系密切 ,多数结核分支杆菌耐药基因突变易发生在高耐药株 ,也有少数基因突变发生在低耐药株。根据药敏试验和耐药基因检测结果 ,6个月耐多药结核治愈率分别达到 5 4 8%和 62 8% ,治疗效果满意 ,两种方法差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　耐药基因检测指导治疗是一种新探索 ,PCR SSCP方法敏感、特异 ,可以快速检测结核分支杆菌rpoB、katG、rpsL、pncA和embB耐药基因突变 ,可能会成为临床指导用药的好方法     

Molecular characterization of rifampicin- and isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated in Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is one of the 14 countries with a high rate of morbidity due to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) in WHO European region. The aim of our study was to characterize mutations associated with drug resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Kazakhstan. M. tuberculosis strains were isolated from TB patients in different regions of Kazakhstan. A drug susceptibility test was performed on Lowenstein-Jensen medium using the absolute concentration method. Sequencing analysis was performed of the rpoB rifampicin resistance-determining region and the katG gene, the oxyR-ahpC intergenic region, and the inhA promoter region in 259 MDR M. tuberculosis isolates, in 51 isoniazid-resistant isolates, and in 13 rifampicin-resistant isolates. The mutational analysis revealed that the most frequent mutations associated with rifampicin and isoniazid resistance in M. tuberculosis are the substitutions at codons 531 (82.7%) and 315 (98.4%) in the rpoB and katG genes, respectively. In addition, we have found mutations with lower frequency at codon 526 (8.4%), 533 (1.5%), and 516 (1.1%) in the rpoB gene. In 6.2% of the isolates, no mutations were found in the rpoB gene. The findings of this study provide useful data for a better understanding of the mutation spectrum of isoniazid and rifampicin resistance among strains isolated from patients in Kazakhstan. Our results are also useful for the development of diagnostic tests of MDR M. tuberculosis.     

Mutations at amino acid position 315 of the katG gene are associated with high-level resistance to isoniazid, other drug resistance, and successful transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Netherlands

The prevalence of mutations at amino acid (aa) position 315 in the katG gene of isoniazid (INH)-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in The Netherlands and the mutation's association with the level of INH resistance, multidrug resistance, and transmission were determined. Of 4288 M. tuberculosis isolates with available laboratory results, 295 (7%) exhibited INH resistance. Of 148 aa 315 mutants, 89% had MICs of 5-10 microg/mL, whereas 75% of the other 130 INH-resistant strains had MICs of 0.5-1 microg/mL. Of the aa 315 mutants, 33% exhibited monodrug resistance, compared with 69% of other INH-resistant strains (P<.0001). Multidrug resistance was found among 14% of the aa 315 mutants and 7% of the other INH-resistant strains (P>.05). The probability of being in an IS6110 DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism cluster was similar for aa 315 mutants and INH-susceptible strains, but the probability was reduced in other INH-resistant strains. Thus, aa 315 mutants lead to secondary cases of tuberculosis as often as INH-susceptible strains do.     

耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌株进行基因突变分析。方法对耐多药结核分枝杆菌临床分离菌株进行耐药基因的PCR检测,利用基因序列测定方法分析耐药基因突变情况。结果从耐多药结核病（MDR-TB）患者临床分离菌株中快速检测到rpoB、katG、rpsL、embB基因及其突变。耐多药菌株、全耐及单耐利福平分离菌株均检测rpoB基因点突变,突变位点主要为第516、526和531常见密码子,1例MDR-TB出现第479位和第531位密码子同时突变。耐多药菌、全耐菌及单耐异烟肼的菌株均检测有katG基因点突变,突变位点均为第2066位碱基C突变为Go全耐菌和对乙胺丁醇（EMB）耐药的耐多药菌株均检测有embB基因点突变,突变位点均为第306位密码子ATG突变为ACG。全耐菌和对链霉素（SM）耐药的MDR-TB菌株均检测有rpsL基因点突变,突变密码子为CCT突变为CTT,其中从1株对SM敏感的MDR-TB中也检测到突变。全敏感株、标准株及利福平（RIF）、异烟肼（INH）或EMB敏感的耐药株均无rpoB、katG或embB基因突变。结论PCR及基因序列测定可快速检测耐多药结核基因,结核分枝杆菌耐多药性与多个基因突变相关。     

Molecular analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis causing multidrug-resistant tuberculosis meningitis.

SETTING: Tertiary referral hospitals in southern Vietnam. OBJECTIVE: Molecular characterisation of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculous meningitis (TBM). DESIGN: Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 198 Vietnamese adults were compared with 237 isolates from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) matched for age, sex and residential district. Isolates resistant to isoniazid or rifampicin (RMP) were sequenced in the rpoB and katG genes, inhA promoter and oxyR-ahpC intergenic regions. RESULTS: While drug resistance rates were lower in the CSF (2.5% MDR) than pulmonary isolates (5.9% MDR), the difference was not significant. The most commonly mutated codons were 531, 526 and 516 in rpoB and 315 in katG. Four novel triple mutants in rpoB were identified. CONCLUSION: RMP resistance is a good surrogate marker for MDR-TBM in this setting. However, probes directed against these three codons would have a maximum sensitivity of only 65%. A rapid phenotypic detection test may be more applicable for the diagnosis of MDR-TBM.