Charnley型人工全髋置换术后10年以上随访的X线分析

目的：通过对骨水泥固定的Charnley型人工全髋置换术患者10年以X线随访，探讨骨水泥型人工全髋的固定效果、松动及影响寿命的因素等。方法：获得10年上随访的38例45髋作研究对象，平均随访14.6年。X线包括术后及最后随访时髋关节正侧位片。结果：髋臼假体松动有24髋（53％），其中明显松动（definite loosening）14髋（13％），可能松动（possible loosening）10髋（22％）。臼杯磨损共35髋（78％），平均磨损率为0.133mm/年；股骨假体柄松动有12髋（27％），其中明显松动8髋（18％），可能松动4髋（9％）。假体柄周围骨溶解18髋（40％）。本组45髋中8髋（18％）行翻修术，其中4髋因髋臼假体松动单纯髋臼假体翻修，其余4例行髋臼和股骨假体全部翻修。结论：骨水泥固定的Charnley型人工全髋置换术后10年以上长期随访结果，股骨假体的固定效果较好，但髋臼假体的固定效果并不满意。聚乙烯臼杯磨损不可避免，作为人工关节材料，聚乙烯对金属的关节组合应重新考虑。采用改良的骨水泥固定方法对人工全髋假体的早期稳定性和长期寿命非常重要。从髋臼假体的固定效果来看，金属臼（metal shell）假体的非骨水泥固定效果优于聚乙烯臼的骨水泥固定效果。     

人工全髋关节置换术后翻修的假体选择

目的探讨人工全髋关节置换术后翻修的假体选择. 方法 1995年1月～2002年6月进行全髋关节翻修术33例(33髋),其中男7髋,女26髋.翻修原因:无菌性松动22例,感染后松动8例(其中2例合并窦道形成);股骨头置换术后髋臼磨损3例,不伴有假体中心性脱位.对无菌性松动和股骨头磨损患者采用骨水泥固定型假体13例,生物固定型假体12例,股骨侧翻修假体均选择骨水泥固定型广泛涂层假体,8例感染患者均行一期骨水泥固定型全髋置换. 结果随访6个月～7年6个月,平均3年11个月.2例出现X线透亮带,但无临床不稳;4例遗留持续性疼痛,无假体脱位、断裂.本组Harris评分由术前的24～47分(平均38.6分),上升为术后的68～88分(平均82.4分),满意率87.9%. 结论无菌性松动是全髋关节置换术后翻修的主要原因.髋臼侧翻修假体可选择骨水泥型假体、也可选择生物型假体,股骨侧翻修假体均选择骨水泥固定型广泛涂层假体,感染后的翻修选择骨水泥假体较好.     

髋部骨肿瘤的全髋关节置换和保肢

目的：研究髋部骨肿瘤的全髋关节置换和保肢疗效。方法：总结分析29例29髋髋部骨肿瘤病例，男18例，女11例，年龄32－67岁，平均43．7岁。骨巨细胞瘤14例，软骨肉瘤4例，骨成纤维细胞瘤2例，骨肉瘤4例，复发性软骨瘤2例，骨囊肿骨折3例，27例采用肿瘤型人工全髋关节假体置换，2例采用人工半骨盆全髋关节假体置换。股骨切除长度14－21cm。结果：29例均安全渡过围手术期，获平均4年10个月随访，除2例髋骨肿瘤人工半骨盆全髋置换术后分别于2年后急性肺炎和1年7个月肿瘤复发转移死亡外，其余27例均存活，并从事家务和工作，结论：根据髋骨肿瘤的类型，切除后选择适当假体和治疗方法，对重建髋关节功能、保留肢体是安全可行的。     

非骨水泥假体在髋关节翻修术中的应用

目的：分析人工关节置换术后翻修的原因。探讨非骨水泥假体在髋关节翻修术中的应用效果。方法：人工髋关节置换术后患者36例42侧髋关节。其中男26例。女10例，年龄35-78岁。平均50岁。人工关节置换术后3个月-16年，平均6年3个月。翻修的原因；髋关节疼痛不伴假体明显松动11例11髋，感染2髋，无菌性松动27髋，假体柄位置异常2例。42个髋臼中无髋臼骨缺损者10髋，GustilloⅠ，Ⅱ型髋臼松动14髋，Ⅲ型髋臼松动10髋，对上述患者直接用纯钛螺旋臼成型或髋臼底加用颗粒植骨，Ⅳ型松动骨缺损8髋。采用颗粒植骨，钛网重建髋臼，骨水泥髋臼假体成型。40侧股骨进行了翻修术。其中假体无松动12髋。GustilloⅠ型，Ⅱ型，Ⅲ型及Ⅳ型假体柄松动分别为6，8，13和1个髋关节，取出假体柄后视情况植入非骨水泥普通假体柄或加长柄，视骨缺损情况进行假体周围植骨，必要时捆绑带固定。结果：髋臼侧进行了钛网重建植骨的8例患者术后3d可以下地非负重柱拐行走，其余患翥 均可于术后3d下地负重行功能练习，术后随访6-66（平均22）个月。无假体自欺欺人多位下沉等不稳迹象，无需要再重新翻修的病例。Harris评分由翻修前的5-54分（平均32.6分）增加到术后的56-98分（平均88.1分）。随访X线片显示部分患者骨质改建，密度增加，未发现假体周围有新出现透亮带的患者。结论：最常见翻修的原因为无菌性松动。其次为股骨头或双动头置换术后金属与髋臼之间摩擦产生的疼痛，采用非骨水泥型假体对髋关节进行翻修术后中，近期可取得良好的手术效果。远期效果有待随访。     

混合型全髋关节置换术

全髋关节置换术的固定方式分两类：骨水泥固定和非骨水泥固定。骨水泥固定是指用骨水泥将假体固定于宿主骨上；非骨水泥固定是指以压配方式将假体直接固定于宿主骨，继而通过骨长入或骨长上来固定假体。所谓的混合型全髋关节置换术（混合髋），是指髋臼和股骨假体一侧以骨水泥固定、一侧以非骨水泥固定的全髋关节置换术。本文所说的混合型全髋关节置换术特指髋臼侧采用非骨水泥固定，股骨侧采用骨水泥固定的全髋关节置换术。     

严重异位骨化伴骨性强直的人工全髋置换术

目的：分析严重异位骨化伴髋关节骨性强直的人工全髋置换术的疗效及预防对策。方法：对12例髋关节严重异位骨化伴骨性强直者进行人工全髋置换术，术后经3－10年的随访。结果：所有病例经3－10（平均6．3）年随访，髋关节功能得到明显改善。结论：人工全髋置换术是髋关节严重异位骨化伴骨性强直的一种理想的治疗方法。     

股骨矢状位劈开固定股骨假体在全髋关节置换治疗 Crowe Ⅳ型成人髋关节发育不良中的应用观察

目的：探讨股骨矢状位劈开固定股骨假体在全髋关节置换治疗成人髋关节发育不良（ CroweⅣ型）患者术后的疗效分析。方法2002年3月～2012年11月,本组在全髋关节置换术中以股骨矢状位劈开固定股骨侧假体治疗重度成人髋臼发育不良（ Crowe Ⅳ型）患者共21例24髋,股骨上移4.5～6.9 cm,平均（4.53±0.89） cm。术前Harris 评分（38.21±3.09）。结果21例（24髋）患者获随访,截骨端均骨性愈合,平均愈合时间3.8个月;术后6个月Harris评分（85.73±4.15）分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义（t＝-104.2,P＜0.05）。随访期间均无感染、脱位、假体翻修等并发症出现。结论股骨矢状位劈开固定股骨假体在全髋关节置换治疗成人髋关节发育不良（ CroweⅣ型）患者的手术效果稳定,手术技术具有可重复性,能够获得满意的疗效,可在临床中广泛推广。     

人工全髋关节置换术下肢不等长的预防和处理

目的：研究人工全髋关节置换术下肢不等长的预防和处理。方法：对1994的6月－1997年6月的8例单侧人工全髋关节置换术后不等长的分析，采用术前模板预测股骨颈截骨平面和假体植入位置，同时术中标记和测量股骨近端至髋臼上方两标志点的间距；对1997年7月－2001年6月的36例（髋），术中髋关节假体试件反复调节平衡后，再测量两点间距；运用综合平衡法平衡下肢下长度。结果：从早期8例术后下肢不等长的经验，对近年36例术前下肢明显不等长的病人采用综合平衡法，29例（80．6％），两个肢等长，7例（19．4％），尚有1．0－1．2cm的差异，结论：术前用模板预测股骨颈截骨水平，有用术中骨标志间距测量和综合平衡法，是预防和治疗全髋关节置换术后下肢不等长的有效方法。     

人工髋关节置换术后顽固性疼痛的原因分析及治疗

目的：探讨人工髋关节置换术后顽固性疼痛的原因及治疗。方法：对17例人工髋关节置换术后产生疼痛的患者全部再次行全髋翻修术。结果：全部病例均于术后2周拆线出院，术后3周持双拐下床活动，3个月后均能负重行走，无1例再次出现疼痛。结论：（1）引起疼痛的原因多可概括为：术后感染、假体松动、软骨的磨损和假体颈的长短大小不适等。（2）再次行全髋关节翻修术是解决第一次髋关节术后疼痛的重要方法之一。     

晚期股骨头坏死的人工关节置换术

[目的]探讨晚期股骨头坏死患者髋关节置换术的选择方法及其临床结果。[方法]对本科于1985年5月～2003年12门行髋关节置换术的119例（138髋）股骨头坏死患者进行了随访。使用人工双极股骨头置换术及THA治疗晚期股骨头坏死者分别为29例（31髋），90例（107髋）。所有手术均采用后外侧人路。[结果]早期使用的国产骨水泥人工双极股骨头假体，86．7％的股骨柄假体出现松动。全骨水泥THA，50％髋出现了髋臼杯似体松动，62．5％髋股骨柄似体松动，25％髋行全髋人工关节翻修术：混合型（Hybrid）THA，未出现髋臼杯及股骨柄似体的松动，非骨水泥THA，除1例外无髋臼杯及股骨柄假体松动或下沉。[结论]使用人工双极股骨头置换术治疗晚期股骨头坏死应慎重选择，可适用于老年、日常活动量小的患者；而对于年轻患者，非骨水泥型THA为最佳选择；对于股骨侧出现骨质疏松或不适合使用生物固定型股骨柄假体的患者，混合型（Hybrid）THA同样可以获得满意疗效；全骨水泥犁THA应很少使用。     

复合骨形成蛋白骨修复材料的生物相容性研究

目的 :近年来脱钙骨基质颗粒复合骨水泥已用于修复微波诱导高温原位灭活骨肿瘤性骨缺损 ,在此基础上再复合骨形成蛋白可提高其成骨诱导活性。为推广临床应用 ,本文拟对其生物相容性进行研究。方法 :制备脱钙骨基质颗粒 ,提取牛骨形成蛋白 ,与骨水泥按不同质量比复合后植入小白鼠腹腔内行急性、亚急性毒性试验 ,植入小白鼠后腿股部肌肉内行肌肉刺激试验 ,体外行溶血、凝血试验和骨内埋入试验。结果 :急性毒性试验动物无死亡 ,亚急性毒性试验术前、术后动物体重、红细胞、白细胞和血红蛋白无统计学差别 (t检验 ,P >0 .0 5 ) ,对肌肉无刺激 ,体外对溶血、凝血功能无影响 ,植入骨内无不良反应 ,6个月即可与宿主骨形成“生物铆定”。结论 :该复合材料生物相容性好 ,易塑形 ,具有很强的成骨诱导活性 ,能满足修复不同部位、不同形状骨缺损的需要     

应用特殊髋臼钢板结合植骨技术治疗全髋翻修术中髋臼骨缺损

目的 探讨髋臼钢板结合植骨治疗髋臼骨缺损的临床效果.方法 应用髋臼钢板结合植骨治疗20例髋臼骨缺损髋臼骨缺损按AAOS分型,其中Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型4例,Ⅲ型14例.术前髋关节Harris评分平均37.6分,术后根据临床及X线进行评估.结果 所有患者均采用该方法重建髋臼,术后髋部顽固性疼痛1例,原因可能是髋臼周缘发生异位骨化.经服用强效止痛药物1年后好转.其余病例无并发症,平均随访3年,Harris评分平均86.4分.X线片示无一例患者的髋臼骨床、移植骨、重建钛板和聚乙烯内衬交界面出现透亮带.结论 髋臼钢板结合植骨可为假体提供坚强的初始固定,具有恢复髋关节旋转中心的作用.可有效修复髋臼骨缺损.     

猪骨型羟基磷灰石的临床应用

本文介绍了猪骨型羟基磷灰石的制备及保存，并临床应用12例，经3月至～2年4月的随访，无全身排异反应，具有良好的组织相容性及支撑强度。     

Effect of Leg Rotation on Hip Bone Mineral Density Measurements

Bone mineral density (BMD) measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is widely used in the management of patients with osteoporosis. Factors, which are specific to machine or to operator, can influence the accuracy and precision of BMD estimations. We studied the effect of leg rotation by 10 degrees either internally or externally from the standard position in a group of 50 women (average age 54.9, SD = 11.1 yr) who were free of bone active diseases or medications. External rotation of leg by 10 degrees from the customary position increased the average BMD by 0.005, 0.003, and 0.036 g/cm2 in the femoral neck, trochanter, and Ward's area (p = 0.119, 0.309, and <0.001), respectively. Internal rotation of leg by 10 degrees from the customary position decreased the average BMD by 0.009, 0.005, and 0.006 g/cm2 in the femoral neck, trochanter, and Ward's area (p = <0.001, 0.008, and <0.001), respectively. The number of subjects qualified for the diagnosis of osteoporosis based on the T-scores (equal to or below -2.5) of the femoral neck and trochanter did not change significantly in three different positions (18% in the customary position and after the external rotation and 14% after the internal rotation). A significant change in the femoral neck BMD (defined as 2.77 x precision error) was seen in 12% of subjects after the internal rotation and 8% after the external rotation. Our data emphasize the need for proper positioning of the hip during DXA scanning. Malrotation of the hip can be an important confounding factor when interpreting serial BMD values.     

Bone resorption activity of osteolytic metastatic lung and breast cancers.

Production of bone resorption mediators and bone resorption activity were compared among osteolytic metastatic cancers, normal bone tissues, and soft tissue metastatic cancers to search for the possible factors leading to cancer-induced bone resorption. Twenty-five patients with untreated osteolytic metastatic breast or non-small cell lung cancers consisted of the study group. Normal bone tissues obtained from the same patient were used as internal controls; and tumor tissues from patients with soft tissue metastasis were used as external controls. Serum and urinary bone turnover markers were measured. Tissues harvested during surgery were subjected to tissue culture. The levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the supernatant after 72 h of culture were measured. Bone resorption activity was measured by calcium release from cultured calvarias, and bone volume as well as osteoclast number in bone sections. Patients with osteolytic metastatic cancers showed significantly decreased serum osteocalcin, increased serum alkaline phosphatase, and urinary deoxypyridinoline levels. Osteolytic metastatic cancers produced significantly more PGE2 than both controls. Conditioned medium from osteolytic metastatic tumors showed significantly enhanced bone resorption activity, and indomethacin significantly reduced this activity. Levels of PGE2, and bone resorption activity increased in osteolytic tumor tissues than soft tissue metastatic tissues in the same patient indicated that the same tumor cells might respond differently to different microenvironments. Our observation showed that PGE2 was produced by osteolytic metastatic cancers and stimulated bone resorption in mice calvarias. PGE2 inhibitor may be applicable in reducing bone resorption by osteolytic metastatic cancers.     

A Hip Analysis Protocol for Pediatric Bone Densitometry: The Iowa Bone Development Study

Pediatric proximal femur dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans present analytic challenges because of the lack of standard points of reference in the growing skeleton. The Iowa Bone Development Study (IBDS) developed a modified pediatric-specific proximal femur analysis protocol using Hologic software. Serial DXA measurements were obtained for 214 children at approximate ages 5, 8, 11, and 13 yr. Standard analysis procedures as described by the manufacturer (Hologic default) were compared with the IBDS protocol. The IBDS protocol yielded lower but more stable results for bone area, bone mineral content (BMC), and bone mineral density for total hip, femoral neck, trochanter, and intertrochanter as a result of more precisely controlling the regions of interest. Linear regression models with body size, age, and gender as predictors were developed to examine variation in measurements. Coefficients of determination (R²) with the IBDS protocol were greater for each time point, demonstrating that the modified protocol was better aligned with body size. Similarly, Spearman correlation coefficients between total hip and hip subregions were consistently higher for BMC and bone area with the IBDS protocol with differences more notable among younger children. The IBDS protocol provides a reproducible method for evaluating pediatric proximal femur DXA scans during growth.     

Improving Risk Assessment: Hip Geometry, Bone Mineral Distribution and Bone Strength in Hip Fracture Cases and Controls. The EPOS Study

Hip geometry and bone mineral density (BMD) have previously been shown to relate independently to hip fracture risk. Our objective was to determine by how much hip geometric data improved the identification of hip fracture. Lunar pencil beam scans of the proximal femur were obtained. Geometric and densitometric values from 800 female controls aged 60 years or more (from population samples which were participants in the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study, EPOS) were compared with data from 68 female hip fracture patients aged over 60 years who were scanned within 4 weeks of a contralateral hip fracture. We used Lunar DPX ‘beta’ versions of hip strength analysis (HSA) and hip axis length (HAL) applied to DPX(L) data. Compressive stress (Cstress), calculated by the HSA software to occur as a result of a typical fall on the greater trochanter, HAL, body mass index (BMI: weight/(height)²) and age were considered alongside femoral neck BMD (FN-BMD, g/cm²) as potential predictors of fracture. Logistic regression was used to generate predictors of fracture initially from FN-BMD. Next age, Cstress (as the most discriminating HSA-derived parameter), HAL and BMI were added to the model as potentially independent predictors. It was not necessary to include both HAL and Cstress in the logistic models, so the entire data set was examined without excluding the subjects missing HAL measurements. Cstress combined with age and BMI provided significantly better prediction of fracture than FN-BMD used alone as is current practice, judged by comparing areas under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (p<0.001, deLong’s test). At a specificity of 80%, sensitivity in identification was improved from 66% to 81%. Identifying women at high risk of hip fracture is thus likely to be substantially enhanced by combining bone density with age, simple anthropometry and data on the structural geometry of the hip. HSA might prove to be a valuable enhancement of DXA densitometry in clinical practice and its use could justify a more pro-active approach to identifying women at high risk of hip fracture in the community. Received: 16 March 2001 / Accepted: 3 August 2001     

Increased Hip Bone Mineral Density in a Woman with Gluteal Silicon Implant

Conditions and artifacts such as aortic calcification, osteophytes, hip prostheses, and metallic objects can mislead the results of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning of the spine and hip. Gluteal silicon implants increasingly are being used for aesthetic purposes by women in Brazil, some of whom are at an age of high risk for the development of postmenopausal osteoporosis. We herein report a case of a woman whose hip bone mineral density by DXA clearly increased after the placement of bilateral gluteal implants of silicon. This case demonstrates the importance of inquiring about the presence of this artifact to avoid unnecessary evaluation of hip bone densitometry in these situations.