米诺地尔凝胶的制备及质量控制

目的 :制备米诺地尔凝胶 ,建立其质量控制方法。方法 :以卡波姆934为基质制备凝胶 ,采用紫外分光光度法测定主药米诺地尔含量 ,并考察其稳定性。结果 :米诺地尔线性范围为2～10μg/ml(r=0. 9999) ,平均回收率为99.8 % ,RSD=0.67 % (n=4) ,凝胶稳定性良好。结论 :本处方设计合理 ,质量控制方法简便、准确、可行 ,制剂稳定性好。     

HPLC测定化妆品中非法添加的米诺地尔

目的：建立化妆品中米诺地尔的检测方法,对化妆品中非法添加的该成分进行快速鉴定。方法：以迪马C18柱(4.6×250mm,5μm)为分析柱;采用甲醇-水-冰醋酸(730∶270∶10)(每1000ml中含磺基丁二酸钠二辛酯3.0g,并用高氯酸调节pH值至3.0)为流动相;流速1.0 mL.min-1;检测波长280nm。结果：米诺地尔在1～100μg.mL-1浓度范围内线性良好;最低检测限为5 μg.g-1(S/N=3);方法平均回收率100.4%。结论:本法快速准确、专属性强、灵敏度高,可用于育发类化妆品中米诺地尔的检测。     

HPLC法测定槲寄生胶囊中总黄酮醇苷的含量

目的 建立HPLC法测定槲寄生胶囊中总黄酮醇苷含量.方法 采用Kromasil C18(4.6×250 mm,5μm)色谱柱;流动相:甲醇-0.4%磷酸溶液(55:45);流速:1.0mL·min-1;测定检测波长为360nm.结果 槲皮素在浓度4.067μg·mL-1～40.67μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9998):山萘素在浓度0.871μg·mL-1～8.71μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9998);异鼠李素在浓度0.616μg·mL-1～6.16μgmL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9996).结论 本方法简便、准确、专属性强,可测定槲寄生胶囊中总黄酮醇苷的含量.     

米诺地尔生发液的制备及质量控制

目的:探讨米诺地尔生发液的制备方法及质量控制.方法:采用紫外分光光度法测定含量.结果:米诺地尔在2～10μg*ml-1浓度范围内与吸收度呈良好线性关系(r=0.9999,n=5),回收率为99.84%,RSD为0.36%(n=9).结论:该制剂稳定、制备简便,质控方法准确.     

HPLC法测定利通淋胶囊中总黄酮醇苷的含量

目的建立HPLC法测定利通淋胶囊中总黄酮醇苷含量。方法采用Kromasil C18(4.6×250mm,5μm)色谱柱;流动相:甲醇-0.4%磷酸溶液(55∶45);流速:1.0mL.min-1;测定检测波长为360nm。结果槲皮素在浓度4.067μg·mL-1~40.67μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9998);山奈酚在浓度0.871μg·mL-1~8.71μg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9998);异鼠李素在浓度0.616μg·mL-1~6.16μg.mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9996)。结论本方法简便、准确、专属性强,可测定利通淋胶囊中总黄酮醇苷的含量。     

卡马西平中残留溶剂的研究

目的:用气相色谱的顶空进样法建立卡马西平中的残留溶剂氯苯、甲醇和乙醇的测定方法.方法:使用配置顶空进样器的气相色谱仪,采用HP-INNOWAX(交联聚乙二醇),30m×0.32mm×0.25μm色谱拄,以氮气为载气,FID检测器,顶空进样.通过外标法计算残留溶剂的含量.结果:卡马西平中有残留溶剂甲醇、乙醇检出.标准曲线的线性范围:氯苯为0.07～3.62μg·mL-1(r=0.9992),甲醇为0.60～30.1μg·mL-1(r=0.9978),乙醇为1.00～50.08μg·mL-1(r=0.9986),定量限氯苯为0.1μg·mL-1,甲醇为0.7μg·mL-1,乙醇为0.4μg·mL-1;平均回收率氯苯为99.12%(RSD=2.52%,n=6),甲醇为97.51%(RSD=4.31%,n=6),乙醇为98.52%(RSD=3.12%,n=6).结论:本方法简便,灵敏度高,重复性好,结果准确.     

HPLC同时测定氯强滴眼液中氯霉素及醋酸泼尼松龙的含量

目的 建立HPLC法测定氯强滴眼液中氯霉素及醋酸泼尼松龙的含量.方法 色谱柱C18柱(4.6mm×260mm),流动相 甲醇:水(60:40),流速1.0mL·min-1,检测波长270nm,进样量10μL.结果 氯霉素和醋酸泼尼松龙分别在50μg·mL-1～200μg·mL-1和25μg·mL-1～100μg·mL-1浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系.(r=0.9982和r=0.9979)平均回收率:氯霉素为l00.3%,醋酸泼尼松龙为100.3%(n=9).结论 本法简便快速,定量准确,可用于氯强漓眼液中氯霉素及醋酸泼尼松龙的含量测定.     

紫外分光光度法测定米诺地尔洗剂中米诺地尔的含量

目的建立米诺地尔洗剂的含量测定方法。方法采用紫外分光光度法测定洗剂中米诺地尔的含量。结果测定波长231nm,在1～7μg/ml浓度范围内吸收度与浓度线性关系良好(r=0.9998),平均回收率99.29%,RSD0.05%(n=4)。结论本法方便快捷,结果准确,可用于米诺地尔洗剂的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定葛根提取物中5种异黄酮的含量

目的:建立葛根提取物中5种异黄酮含量测定的HPLC方法。方法:采用Hypersil C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈-0.02 mol·L-1醋酸铵(醋酸调pH=4.6)为流动相,进行梯度洗脱,流速为1.0mL·min-1,检测波长为260 nm,柱温为35℃。结果:葛根素、大豆苷、染料木苷、大豆素、染料木素分别在0.204～510.4μg·mL-1(r=0.999 9),0.201～503.0μg·mL-1(r=0.999 9),0.233～581.8μg·mL-1(r=0.999 9),0.201～502.4μg·mL-1(r=0.999 9),0.195～487.6μg·mL-1(r=0.999 9)范围内线性关系良好。平均回收率(n=6)分别为101.52%(RSD=0.69%),102.66%(RSD=0.30%),98.90%(RSD=0.26%),98.64%(RSD=0.29%),100.16%(RSD=0.20%)。结论:本方法快速、简便、精密度和重现性好、灵敏度高,可作为葛根提取物的含量控制方法。     

HPLC法测定舒宁软胶囊中大黄素的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定舒宁软胶囊中大黄素含量.方法 色谱柱:diamonsil C18 柱;流动相:0.1%磷酸溶液-甲醇(15:85);流速1mL·min-1;检测波长254nm;进样量10μL.结果 大黄素在15μg·mL-1～250μg·mL-1与峰面积呈良好线性关系.加样回收率:00.36%(RSD为0.71%).结论 本法稳定、可靠、快速、准确,可以作为舒宁软胶囊质量控制的方法 之一.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.