交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折的常见并发症及其防治

目的探讨交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折并发症的原因和防治方法。方法使用交锁髓内钉顺行或逆行治疗肱骨干骨折96例,其中62例闭合复位,34例切开或有限切开复位;顺行置钉79例,逆行置钉17例。结果随访时间12～34个月,平均25.4个月。21例出现并发症,有些患者合并两种并发症,6例骨折不愈合,3例骨折端分离,3例出现医源性骨折,2例存在肩关节撞击症,2例远端锁钉退出,2例术后切口感染,4例桡神经损伤,4例肩部疼痛,3例肘关节功能障碍。结论交锁髓内钉虽然符合生物力学固定原理,但仍存在较多并发症,强调术前周密的计划,合理选择手术路径和方法,术后认真管理和指导,可减少并发症的发生。     

闭合复位逆行交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折

目的探讨逆行交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折的方法和优点。方法采用闭合复位,应用交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨骨折42例。结果42例随访6~12个月,骨折全部愈合,桡神经损伤2例,8个月后功能恢复,肩关节及肘关节功能良好。结论闭合复位逆行交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折,具有固定牢固、并发症少、愈合快等优点。     

顺行交锁髓内治疗肱骨干骨折不愈合

目的 评价顺行交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折不愈合的临床效果。方法 对13例肱骨干骨折不愈合采用自体髂骨移植,顺行Russell-Rayler交锁髓内钉治疗。术后行X线片检查和肩关节功能评估。结果 平均随访18个月（14－25个月）,13例均获骨愈合,平均愈合时间4．3个月（3－7个月）。肩关节功能：优9例,良3例,一般1例。肩关节功能完全恢复9例,3例有来自近端交锁螺钉的肩关节撞击症状。结论 对肱骨干骨折不愈合可采用顺行交锁髓内钉治疗;为促进骨愈合,骨端加压和骨移植是必要的。     

交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折

目的探讨交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折的优点及手术方法.方法采用肱骨交锁髓内钉顺行插钉治疗肱骨干骨折16例.结果随访14例,其中13例愈合,1例延迟愈合.桡神经损伤1例,肩关节Neer评分平均85分±10分. 结论交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折具有固定牢靠、愈合快、并发症少等优点.     

顺行扩髓髓内钉微创治疗肱骨干骨折的临床分析

目的 评价顺行扩髓髓内钉微创治疗肱骨干骨折的临床疗效及并发症.方法 应用肱骨交锁髓内钉微创治疗新鲜肱骨干骨折36例,其中伴桡神经损伤3例.术后观察患肢功能恢复及并发症情况.结果 术中发生医源性骨折5例,远端锁钉置入困难6例,4例术后切口发生脂肪液化.经平均18个月随访,3例桡神经损伤术后功能恢复满意,1例发生骨不连.按Rodriquez-Merchan肩关节功能评定标准:优18例,良16例,中2例,优良率94.4%.结论 顺行交锁髓内钉微创治疗肱骨干骨折,具有手术创伤小、固定可靠、可早期功能锻炼等优点,是治疗肱骨干骨折的有效方法.精心科学的手术操作是预防术中及术后并发症的关键.     

髓内钉与钢板治疗肱骨干骨折79例疗效比较

目的　比较交锁髓内钉与加压钢板治疗肱骨干骨折的疗效以提高肱骨干骨折的治疗水平。方法　手术治疗 79例 ,肱骨干骨折 ,其中肱骨加压钢板内固定 5 6例 ,交锁髓内钉固定 2 3例 ,骨折均为闭合性 ,比较两种技术的手术时间、住院时间、骨折愈合时间等疗效指标和桡神经损伤、骨不连、肩关节功能障碍等并发症发生情况。结果　与钢板内固定相比 ,髓内钉内固定操作的手术时间短 (P <0 0 1) ,骨折愈合时间提前 (P <0 0 1) ,而住院时间两者之间没有统计学差异 (P >0 0 5 )。髓内钉内固定未发生骨不连 ,钢板有 9例出现骨不连接。暂时性的桡神经麻痹钢板与髓内钉分别为 6例、 1例 ,肩功能功能障碍分别为3例、 5例 ,所有病例未发生骨感染。结论　与钢板相比交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折的治愈率高 ,并发症少。     

交锁髓内钉微创治疗肱骨骨折

目的介绍应用交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折的方法与优点。方法应用肱骨交锁髓内钉闭合或结合小切口治疗10例(11侧)眩骨骨折，按AO分类：A型3侧，B型3例，C型5侧。合并桡神经损伤患1例结果所有患随访3～22个月，骨折全部愈合，桡神经损伤症状恢复，结论交锁髓内钉治疗眩骨骨折，具有创伤小、固定牢靠、并发症少、骨折易愈合等优点．临床疗效满意一闭合逆行插钉或结合小切口应用，可简化手术．且安全有效。     

逆行交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折

目的：报告肱骨干骨折逆行交锁髓内钉内固定的疗效。方法：采用肱骨交锁髓内钉逆行内固定治疗肱骨干骨折16例。钢板内固定治疗肱骨干骨折17例。分别从手术情况、并发症、生物力学、骨折愈合情况、功能恢复等方面进行比较与分析。结果：随访5～18个月,平均7．6个月。髓内钉逆行内固定：平均1折愈合时问63个月,术后l例尺神经麻痹,无一例髓内钉和锁钉折弯或断裂,功能煅练时间早,骨折愈合牢固,功能恢复良好。钢板内固定：平均骨折愈合时间5．6个月,术后桡神经麻痹2例,螺钉松动、折断和钢板弯曲各1例,骨不连1例,骨延迟愈合3例。结论：肱骨干骨折逆行交锁髓内钉内固定术,方法简单安全,内固定牢靠,术后并发症少。做为肱骨干骨折的内固定术优于钢板内固定术。     

顺行带锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折

目的:总结带锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折的效果.方法:采用顺行肱骨带锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折30例.其中新鲜骨折28例,骨不连2例,6例骨折伴有桡神经挫伤.结果:术后随访6～18个月,骨折愈合良好.结论:顺行肱骨带锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折具有固定牢靠、愈合快、并发症少等优点.     

逆行交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折

目的报告应用逆行交锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干骨折的疗效。方法采用肱骨交锁髓内钉逆行进钉内同定治疗肱骨干骨折16例，钢板内固定治疗肱骨干骨折17例分别从手术情况、并发症、生物力学、骨折愈合情况、功能恢复等方面进行比较与分析结果所有患随访5～18个月．平均7．6个月，髓内钉逆行内固定组：平均骨折愈合时间6．3个月．术后尺神经麻痹1例，无一例髓内钉和锁钉折弯或断裂，功能煅练时间早．骨折愈合牢固，功能恢复良好：钢板内固定：平均骨折愈合时间5．6个月，术后桡神经麻痹2例，螺钉松动、折断和钢板弯曲各1例，骨不连1例，骨延迟愈合3例．结论肱骨干骨折逆行交锁髓内钉内固定术，方法简单安全．内固定牢靠，术后并发症少．疗效优于钢板内固定术。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.