国际糖尿病联盟与中华糖尿病学会关于代谢综合征定义的比较

221名存在代谢综合征（MS）风险者纳入研究。平均发现的MS组分数，国际糖尿病联盟（IDF）定义比中华糖尿病学会（CDS）定义略高（2．33us2．09，P〉0．05）。二者的诊断符合率为80％。女性的MS患病率，IDF定义（18／83）高于CDS定义（2／83）（P〈0．05）；但男性的MS诊断率，CDS定义（18／138）高于IDF定义（7／138）（P〈0．05）；血糖正常者诊断有MS的患病率，IDF定义（21／94，22％）高于CDS定义（10／97，10％）（P〈0．05）。CDS定义中有11例（12％）肥胖不达标者诊断MS。IDF不使用餐后血糖仅使MS漏诊6％。两种定义识别MS及其组分的能力基本相当；但与CDS定义相比，使用IDF定义能使患者群体发生以下几种漂移：从男性到女性，从糖代谢异常到脂代谢异常，从不肥胖到肥胖。     

代谢综合征与2型糖尿病慢性并发症的相关性

目的分析2型糖尿病（T2DM）住院病人代谢综合征（MS）的患病率及其对糖尿病慢性并发症患病率的影响。方法收集579名T2DM住院病人病历资料，统计糖尿病慢性并发症和MS患病率，并按是否合并MS分组，比较其糖尿病慢性并发症的患病率。结果579例中454例合并MS（78．41％），女性明显高于男性（X^2=25．58，P〈0．01）。MS组糖尿病肾病（DN，X^=21．58，P〈0．01）和糖尿病大血管并发症（X^=5．79，P〈0．05）的患病率明显高于无MS组。结论合并MS组较无MS组糖尿病大血管并发症和DN的患病率显著升高。     

老年代谢综合征颈动脉粥样硬化特征的研究

目的通过测量颈动脉内膜-中层厚度（IMT）及斑块来探讨代谢综合征与动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法147例门诊及住院的老年病人分为代谢综合征组（MS，52例），高血压病组（EH，54例），糖尿病组（DM，41例）以及正常对照组（30例）。应用彩色多普勒超声技术检测各组人群颈动脉IMT、斑块总积分，粥样斑块发生率。全部入选人员检测血脂、空腹血糖及测量血压、体重指数（BMI）、腰围等。比较四组患者颈动脉超声检测结果及血脂、血糖等变化。结果MS组与EH组、DM组比较：颈总动脉IMT明显增厚[（1．12±0．03）mm比（0．99±0．07）mm，（1．12±0．03）mm比（0．87±0．05）mm；分别P〈0．05，P〈0．01]；斑块总积分明显增高（3．57±0．03比2．42±0．03，3．57±0．03比2．43±0．03，均P〈0．01）；MS组颈动脉粥样斑块发生率（61．5％）明显高于EH组（33．3％）、DM组（12．2％），均P〈0．01，有极显著性差异。血脂中MS组甘油三酯明显高于EH组和DM组（P〈0．01，P〈0．05），低密度脂蛋白胆固醇明显高于EH组（P〈0．05），总胆固醇明显高于EH组和DM组。结论MS颈动脉粥样硬化程度较单纯高血压病和糖尿病颈动脉病变更严重，代谢综合征可加速动脉粥样硬化的发生、发展。     

糖代谢异常与急性冠脉综合征患者预后的关系

目的：探讨急性冠脉综合征（ACS）患者糖代谢异常与心血管事件发生的关系。方法：对183例ACS患者于入院次日清晨行简化VI服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT），根据OGTT结果将患者分为糖尿病（DM）组40例，糖调节异常（IGR）组58例，糖耐量正常（NGT）组85例，对比分析不同糖代谢状况30d内心血管事件的发生率。结果：DM组30d内心血管事件发生率明显高于IGR组及NGT组（P〈0．05），而IGR组心血管事件发生率亦高于NTG组（P〈0．05）。结论：糖代谢异常和急性冠脉综合征患者30d预后较差有关，临床应加强对ACS患者的血糖控制。     

非酒精性脂肪肝患病率及其相关因素探讨

目的探讨某油田职工非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFL）患病率及其与肥胖、血脂异常、糖尿病的相关性。方法对743名某油田职工,测量身高、体重,行血脂、血糖、肝肾功能及腹部B超等检查,进行NAFL组和非NAFL组的对比分析。结果（1）743名职工中检出NAFL221名,检出率29．7％;其中BMI≥28者检出率为64．3％,BMI-Q24者检出率为13．4％,24≤BMI％28者检出率为48．6％;肥胖患者NAFL榆出率明显高于非肥胖者（P〈0．01）。（2）NAFL组的BMI、TG、HDL—C、FBG与非NAFL组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。（3）NAFL组中肥胖症、高脂血症、糖尿病的患病率显著高于非NAFL组（P〈0．01）。结论肥胖、血脂异常、糖尿病和高血压发生率NAFL组高于非NAFL组。     

肾小球疾病患者糖代谢改变相关因素探讨

目的探讨肾小球疾病患者糖代谢异常的患病状况及其危险因素。方法选取无糖尿病史、初治的肾小球疾病患者1885例。监测血糖或OGTT,并收集临床、病理及化验资料进行统计学分析和比较。结果（1）T2DM患病率15．3％,糖调节异常（IGR）26．6％。若单纯检测FPG将漏诊全部IGR的72．9％及全部T2DM中的61．5％;（2）糖代谢异常的患病率随着增龄和肾功能下降而升高（P〈0．01）;有DM家族史、伴高血压、肥胖、高尿酸或高甘油三酯血症者糖代谢异常患病率均明显升高（P〈0．05）;（3）糖代谢异常组肾内小血管病变、小管间质病变及肾小球硬化发生率均明显增加（P〈0．05）;（4）Logistic回归分析显示,年龄（0R=3．156）、BMI、T2DM家族史（OR=1．334和2．541）、伴高血压、高甘油三酯血症（OR=1．587和1．669）、肾功能异常是糖代谢异常的高危因素。结论无糖尿病史的肾小球疾病患者中糖代谢异常患病率41．9％,其相关因素包括年龄、DM家族史、伴高血压、肥胖、高尿酸和（或）高甘油三酯血症。     

非肥胖T2DM患者IR与NAFL的相关性

对46例非肥胖T2DM伴有和40例不伴有NAFL的患者进行胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）等测定。结果伴有NAFL组TG、FPG、FINS、HOMA—OR均显著高于不伴有NAFL组。logistic回归分析显示：NAFL与HOMA—IR呈独立相关（OR3．197，P=0．003）。结论即使是非肥胖的T2DM如伴有NAFL也有更显著的IR，且IR是NAFL的独立危险因素。     

TNF-α与2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝胰岛素抵抗及动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）合并非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFL）患者肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）与胰岛素抵抗（IR）及颈动脉内膜-中层厚度（CIMT）的相关性。方法将192例T2DM患者根据是否合并NAFL进行分组并与正常对照组比较。采用多因素相关分析和回归分析评价TNF-α对IR及CIMT的影响。结果与正常对照组及T2DM无NAFL组相比,T2DM合并NAFL患者TNF-α显著升高（P〈0．01）;多因素相关分析和回归分析显示,TNF-α与IR（r=0．525,P〈0．01）及CIMT（r=0．548,P〈0．01）呈显著正相关。结论T2DM合并NAFL患者TNF-α与IR及CIMT密切相关,参与了动脉粥样硬化的形成。     

糖尿病大鼠肾脏髓质水通道蛋白2的表达和意义

目的 检测链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病（DM）大鼠。肾脏髓质集合管水通道蛋白2（AQP-2）的变化。方法 实验大鼠分为正常对照组（Con组）和糖尿病组（DM组）。在成模12周后，分别用光学显微镜、电子显微镜等方法观察。肾脏形态变化，用免疫组织化学、核酸原位杂交和逆转录PCR方法检测DM大鼠肾髓质集合管AQP-2的表达。结果 （1）实验初DM组与Con组之间血糖、体重差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），但12周时DM组血糖明显升高（P〈0．01），尿量高于Con组（P〈0．01），体重明显低于Con组（P〈0．01），DM组相对。肾重高于Con组（P〈0．01），二组间血肌酐无明显变化（P〉0．05）。（2）DM组尿渗透压低于Con组（P〈0．05），血渗透压高于Con组（P〈0．05）。（3）DM组大鼠血浆加压素水平比Con组明显升高（P〈0．05）。（4）光镜下。肾脏结构未见明显改变，电镜下可见。肾脏髓质集合管亮细胞和暗细胞结构改变。（5）DM大鼠肾脏髓质集合管AQP-2mRNA及蛋白质的表达增加。结论 DM大鼠肾脏髓质AQP-2mRNA及蛋白质的表达增加，并伴有早期。肾脏病理改变。尿AQP-2有望作为糖尿病。肾病早期诊断指标。     

糖尿病患者血清C-反应蛋白水平及其与牙周病的关系

目的探讨糖尿病（DM）患者血清C-反应蛋白（CRP）水平变化及其与牙周病的关系。方法检测60例首诊DM患者血清CRP浓度及牙周状态（DM组）,并以无糖尿病的社区居民60人作对照（对照组）。结果DM组有牙用病者为88．5％,对照组为25．6％,两组比较差异有统计学意叉（P〈0．01）;DM组的CRP水平为（8．48±0．78）mg／L,明显高于对照组（4．62±0．72）mg／L,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;DM伴牙周病患者的血CRP水平比无牙周病者高,分别为（9．87±0．50）mg／L和（4．52±0．32）mg／L,差异有有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;DM患者的茵斑指数、龈沟出血指数、牙周袋探诊深度与对照组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论DM患者常伴有牙周病,检测血CRP可以预测DM发作或复发,定期口腔健康检查对DM的防治有重要意义。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

N-acetyl-L-cysteine combined with mesalamine in the treatment of ulcerative colitis： Randomized,placebo-controlled pilot study

AIM： To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of oral N-acetyl-L-cysteine （NAC） co-administration with mesalamine in ulcerative colitis （UC） patients.
METHODS： Thirty seven patients with mild to moderate UC were randomized to receive a four-wk course of oral mesalamine （2.4 g/d） plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （0.8 g/d） （group A） or mesalamine plus placebo （group B）. Patients were monitored using the Modified Truelove-Witts Severity Index （MTWSI）. The primary endpoint was clinical remission （MTWSI ≤ 2） at 4 wk. Secondary endpoints were clinical response （defined as a reduction from baseline in the MTWSI of ≥ 2 points） and drug safety. The serum TNF-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and MCP-1 were evaluated at baseline and at 4 wk of treatment. RESULTS： Analysis per-protocol criteria showed clinical remission rates of 63% and 50% after 4 wk treatment with mesalamine plus N-acetyl-L-cysteine （group A） and mesalamine plus placebo （group B） respectively （OR = 1.71; 95% CI： 0.46 to 6.36; P = 0.19; NNT = 7.7）. Analysis of variance （ANOVA） of data indicated a significant reduction of MTWSI in group A （P = 0.046） with respect to basal condition without significant changes in the group B （P = 0.735） during treatment. Clinical responses were 66% （group A） vs 44% （group B） after 4 wk of treatment （OR = 2.5; 95% CI： 0.64 to 9.65; P = 0.11; NNT = 4.5）. Clinical improvement in group A correlated with a decrease of IL-8 and MCP-1. Rates of adverse events did not differ significantly between both groups.
CONCLUSION： In group A （oral NAC combined with mesalamine） contrarily to group B （mesalamine alone）, the clinical improvement correlates with a decrease of chemokines such as MCP-1 and IL-8. NAC addition not produced any side effects.     

Delorme's transrectal excision for internal rectal prolapse

Surgical therapy of functional outlet obstruction in patients with internal rectal intussusception may include abdominal, perineal, or transrectal procedures. Because abdominal procedures often result in significant physiologic impact but unrelieved constipation, the authors have elected Delorme's transrectal excision for management of these patients. Since a short-term placebo effect attends many therapies, this report describes results of transrectal excision only after a threeyear postoperative period. Delorme's transrectal excision of internal intussusception accomplished sustained symptomatic relief in over 70 percent of otherwise refractory constipated patients. The association of internal intussusception with other abnormalities underscores the importance of defining both anatomic and functional components when selecting patients whose constipation may require surgical therapy. Critical technical elements, surgical pitfalls, and potential complications of the procedure are discussed.Poster presentation at the meeting of The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Toronto, Canada, June 11 to 16, 1989.     

The oral glucose tolerance test: A comparison of the time points on the basis of limit values,normal dispersion,and reproducibility

Summary Time points in the glucose tolerance test (GTT) are compared on the basis of limit values, dispersion within a reference population, and reproducibility. We suggest using the distance between a limit value and the median reference value as a measure of the magnitude of abnormality. The distance between 140 mg/100 ml and the median fasting plasma glucose value is chosen as a standard distance and limits for other points in the GTT are calculated to equal this standard distance of abnormality. We suggest that the probability of correctly interpreting an inividual result is directly related to the reproducibility of the test and inversely related to the percentage of the total range of values which is dispersed among the normal population. The ratio of reproducibility to percentage normal dispersion is proposed as an index of the probability of correctly interpreting an individual result. According to this index, the probability of correct interpretation varies in order: fasting plasma glucose concentration>3-h>2-h>0.5-h>1-h plasma glucose concentration.