自体外周血干细胞采集术的护理干预

[目的]探讨自体外周血干细胞移植病人围采集术期的护理。[方法]术前细致的心理护理、充分的睡眠及其他完善的术前准备;术中密切观察病人的病情变化并及时采取相应的护理措施;术后给予病人营养及生活护理指导。[结果]围采集术期的护理为成功实施自体外周血干细胞移植手术奠定了基础。[结论]正确的围采集术期护理有利于提高自体外周血干细胞移植的疗效,改善病人的生活质量。     

Evaluating the effects of lenalidomide induction therapy on peripheral stem cells collection in patients undergoing autologous stem cell transplant for multiple myeloma

Introduction

Lenalidomide (LEN) is a relatively new and very effective therapy for multiple myeloma (MM). Prior LEN therapy is associated with an increased risk of peripheral blood stem cell collection (PBSC) failure, particularly with filgrastim (G-CSF) alone. We performed a retrospective chart review of 319 consecutive MM patients who underwent apheresis to collect PBSCs for the first autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT).

Results

The median number of PBSCs collected in the LEN (+) group was significantly less than the LEN (?) group (6.34 vs. 7.52?×?10⁶ CD34⁺ cells/kg; p?=?0.0004). In addition, the median number of apheresis sessions required for adequate PBSCs collection were significantly more in the LEN (+) group as compared to LEN (?) group (2 vs. 1 sessions; p?=?0.002). In the LEN (+) group, there was a negative correlation between PBSCs collected and prior number of cycles of LEN (p?=?0.0001). Rate of PBSC collection failure was 9 % in the LEN (+) group and 5 % in the LEN (?) group (p?=?0.16). Only six patients who failed PBSC collection with G-CSF were able to collect adequate PBSCs with G-CSF + plerixafor. LEN exposure had no effect on neutrophil or platelet recovery post-ASCT.

Conclusions

Up to four cycles of LEN exposure have minimal negative impact on PBSC collection. Despite prolong exposure of LEN, PBSC collection was adequate for two ASCTs in the majority of patients and post-ASCT engraftment was not longer than expected; however, clinical relevance (complication rate, quality of life, cost) of prolonged LEN exposure on both PBSC and ASCT, should be evaluated in prospective clinical trials.     

硼替佐米联合自体外周血造血干细胞移植治疗多发性骨髓瘤

本研究探讨硼替佐米联合自体外周血造血干细胞移植(APBSCT)治疗多发性骨髓瘤(MM)的疗效。对5例MM患者行自体外周血造血干细胞移植,在APBSCT前和预处理中以及移植后的维持治疗中均应用硼替佐咪治疗。选择预处理方案为:硼替佐米(bortezomib)+马法兰(melphalan)。输注的外周血单个核细胞(PBMNC)数为4.06×108(4.09×108-4.37×108)/kg,CD34+细胞数为3.98×106(2.49×106-8.2×106)/kg。结果表明:5例患者造血完全重建,中性粒细胞(ANC)大于0.5×109/L中位时间为14(13-25)天,Plt大于50×109/L中位时间为28(21-58)天。无移植相关死亡病例,5例患者均无病生存。结论:硼替佐米联合自体外周血造血干细胞移植是治疗MM的有效方法,移植后给予硼替佐米维持治疗可能是患者延长生存时间、提高生活质量的较好方法。     

Current strategies for the management of autologous peripheral blood stem cell mobilization failures in patients with multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM) is the leading indication of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) worldwide. The collection of PBSCs is the essential step for AHSCT. The limits for minimum and optimum CD34⁺ cells collected have been accepted as 2 × 10⁶/kg and ≥4 × 10⁶/kg for single AHSCT; 4 × 10⁶/kg and ≥8‐10 × 10⁶/kg for double AHSCT. Despite the success of conventional methods for PBSC mobilization in MM, mobilization failure is still a concern depending on patient age, duration of disease, and the type of induction therapy. By definition, “proven poor mobilizer” is the occurrence of mobilization failure (CD34+ cell peak <20/µL peripheral blood) after adequate preparation (after 6 days of G‐CSF 10 µg/kg body weight alone or after 20 days of G‐CSF >5 µg/kg body weight following chemotherapy) or a CD34+ cell yield of <2.0 × 10⁶/kg body weight after three consecutive apheresis. “Predicted poor mobilizer” involves (1) a failure of a previous collection attempt OR (2) a previous history of extensive radiotherapy or full courses of therapy affecting mobilization OR (3) the presence of at least two of the following features: advanced disease (>2 lines of chemotherapy), refractory disease, extensive bone marrow involvement or cellularity of 30% at the time of mobilization or age >65 years. This article aims at discussing the risk factors for mobilization failure in the era of novel antimyeloma drugs, defining the poor mobilizer concept and summarizing the current and future strategies for the prevention and management of mobilization failures in MM.     

Infectious complications in patients receiving mobilization chemotherapy for autologous peripheral blood stem cell collection

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate infectious complications in patients receiving mobilization chemotherapy for stem cell collection prior to autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. An additional goal was to evaluate risk factors associated with the development of infectious complications. At the Medical College of Georgia BMT center, 54 patients were administered mobilization chemotherapy for the purpose of collecting stem cells between June, 1997, and May, 2002. All patients received Filgrastim in addition to chemotherapy, and 50 of 54 patients received prophylactic acyclovir, fluconazole, and ciprofloxacin until neutrophil recovery. The median duration to neutrophil recovery was 11 days. Fourteen of 54 (26%) patients developed fever/infections during the mobilization phase. One patient developed both a catheter-related infection and Clostridium difficile colitis, increasing the total number of infectious episodes to 15. Twelve patients had a documented site of infection whereas 2 patients had neutropenic fever with no identifiable source. Eight of the 15 (55%) infections were Gram-positive catheter infections. All the patients were treated successfully with antibiotics. No systemic fungal infections were identified and none of the patients died from complications related to mobilization chemotherapy. Logistic regression was applied for univariate and multivariate analysis and showed that age, sex, diagnosis, neutrophil recovery, disease status, use of salvage chemotherapy, and mobilization regimen used did not affect the infection rate. In our series of 54 patients, 14 patients developed fever/infections during mobilization. Although there is a substantial risk of infectious complications among patients who receive mobilization chemotherapy, it is not clear that prophylactic antibiotics decrease infectious complications. Because the vast majority of infections are Gram-positive catheter infections, it appears reasonable to employ Gram-positive prophylaxis. Controlled studies should be conducted to define the optimum mobilization regimens as well as the optimum combination of prophylactic antibiotics.     

淋巴瘤自体外周血干细胞采集17例分析

目的总结COBE SPECTRA血细胞分离机在恶性淋巴瘤自体外周血干细胞采集中的情况。方法总结17例48次采用COBE SPECTRA血细胞分离机进行恶性淋巴瘤自体外周血干细胞采集过程,分析血液学参数、不良反应等情况。结果17例共采集48次。其中7例采集2次;6例采集3次;4例采集4次;每次循环血量为74.03～205.56ml/kg,平均139.96 ml/kg;每次采集时间116～241 min,平均191.96 min;采集过程顺利,每例采集的单个核细胞（MNC）均〉3.0×108/kg,CD34＋细胞均〉2×106/kg,全部病例均获造血功能重建,无移植相关死亡。48次采集过程中及结束后出现不良反应8次,男性7次,女性1次,为低血容量反应、枸橼酸盐毒性反应及血小板减少引起的症状;快速回输复苏后的造血干细胞,未见严重不良反应。结论采用COBE SPECTRA血细胞分离机进行自体外周血干细胞采集方法可靠,平均2.82次采集可达到临床治疗要求。     

COAEP联合粒细胞集落刺激因子动员及采集造血干细胞在自体外周血干细胞移植中的应用

目的：探讨COAEP化疗方案联合粒细胞集落刺激因子（G-CSF）治疗对血液病患者外周血干细胞（PBSC）动员的效果。方法：选择恶性血液病患者24例，其中非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）15例，多发性骨髓瘤（MM）6例，霍奇金病（HD）3例？以COAEP方案动员[dl（第1天）：环磷酰胺（CTX）400mg／m^2，长春地辛（VDS）2mg/m^2；dl-5应用阿糖胞苷（Ara—C）60mg／m^2．依托泊甙（VP-16）60mg／m^2，泼尼松（Pred）30mg／m^2]。将患者随机分为试验组和对照组。试验组取患者化疗后白细胞抑制达最低点开始稳定回升（第二次回升）时为节点．予G-CSF（惠尔血）300μg／d；而对照组以动员方案结束后向细胞跌至低谷首次回升时即使用G—CSF300μg/d。2组患者开始使用G—CSF后每日查血常规，当白细胞计数〉10．0×10^9／L和单个核细胞（MNC）计数〉1．0×10^9/L时使用COBE血细胞分离机，以自动单个核细胞分离程序采集PBSC．结果：使用COAEP方案动员后，24例恶性血液病患者平均获得的CD34＋细胞数达每例17．25×10^6/kg。试验组患者平均使用G—CSF的时间为4．17d，采集PBSC次数为1～2次，采集液CD34＋细胞数为每例11．73×10^6/kg（何均值）：对照组患者平均使用G—CSF的时间为5．92d，采集PBSC次数为1～2次，采集液CD34＋细胞数为每例1．79×10^6/kg（几何均值），2组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．0028），结论：COAEP联合化疗可作为血液病患者自体PBSC动员的方案，并能获得良好的干细胞产率：患者白细胞开始稳定回升时使用G—CSF，可显著提高PBSC产率：根据患者外同血白细胞计数及单个核细胞数决定PBSC采集时机有效可行，值得临床推广。     

4例系统性红斑狼疮患者行自体外周血造血干细胞采集的护理

目的为拟行自体外周血造血干细胞移植的患者提供优质护理,采集足够数量的造血干细胞,降低术中及术后不良反应。方法采集前建立术前访视制度,消除患者焦虑情绪,评估患青血管条件,选择合适的血管通路方式;采集中改良抗凝策略,严密观察,预防不良反应的发生;采集后重视术后回访,进行血管通路的护理、饮食发生活指导。结果4例患者采集炉品总量（125±29）mL,CD34＋含量（2．5±13）×100／kg,采集后红细胞比积（HCF）下降5．6％,血小板（PLT）下降25．5％,无1例患者出现不良反应。结论全程优质护理有利于缓解患者焦虑情绪,确保足量造血干细胞的采集,为成功行干细胞移植奠定基础。     

Concurrent comparison of the Cobe Spectra and Fenwal CS3000 for the collection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells for autologous peripheral stem cell transplantation.

Hematopoietic stem cells, collected by leukapheresis from peripheral blood, can be used as an alternative to autologous bone marrow transplantation following high-dose chemotherapy as treatment of several malignancies. We compared the ability of the Cobe Spectra and the Fenwal CS3000 to collect peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC) for autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Ten patients experienced repeated leukapheresis (10 L blood processed per procedure) using both instruments. Procedures were alternated between the two until a total of 7 x 10(8) MNC/kg was collected. Data from 61 Spectra and 50 CS3000 collections were analyzed. The yield (mean per procedure) of nucleated cells (NC) and MNC was higher (P less than .005) with the Spectra (0.77 x 10(10) NC and 0.54 x 10(10) MNC) than with the CS3000 (0.59 x 10(10) NC and 0.40 x 10(10) MNC). However, colony forming units (CFU-GM) were not different (P greater than .05) for Spectra (0.92 x 10(4)) and Fenwal (0.65 x 10(4) collections. Platelet contamination was lower (P less than .001) with the Spectra (2.2 x 10(11)) than the CS3000 (5.0 x 10(11)). This correlated with a higher patient blood platelet count immediately following Spectra collections (117 x 10(9)/L) versus the CS3000 (86 x 10(9)/L). Using the methods described, the Spectra product contained greater yields of NC and MNC with less platelet contamination than did the CS3000.     

Advanced lytic lesion is a poor mobilization factor in peripheral blood stem cell collection in patients with multiple myeloma

This study examined the incidence and predictors of peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) mobilization failure in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Retrospective data for 104 patients who received granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) alone or with cyclophosphamide as mobilization regimens were analyzed. The rates of mobilization failure using two definitions of failure (< 2 × 10⁶ and < 4 × 10⁶ CD34⁺ cells/kg) following the first collection attempt were 16.3 and 33.7%, respectively. Predictors of mobilization failure were evaluated using logistic regression analysis which included age, advanced osteolytic lesions, bone marrow cellularity before mobilization, platelet count, body mass index before mobilization, and mobilization method. Lytic bone lesions were assessed using a conventional skeletal survey, and advanced osteolytic lesions were defined as lytic lesions in more than three skeletal sites regardless of the number of lytic lesions. On multivariate analysis, advanced osteolytic lesions [hazard ratio (HR) = 10.95, P = 0.001] and age ≥60 years (HR = 5.45, P = 0.016) were associated with a PBSC yield < 2 × 10⁶ CD34⁺ cells/kg, and advanced osteolytic lesions (HR = 5.08, P = 0.006), white blood cell count ≤4,000/µL before mobilization (HR = 4.72, P = 0.005), and G‐CSF only mobilization (HR 10.52, P < 0.001) were associated with PBSC yield < 4 × 10⁶ CD34⁺ cells/kg. The data suggest that an advanced osteolytic lesion is a significant predictor of mobilization failure in MM patients. J. Clin. Apheresis 29:305–310 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

自体干细胞移植治疗糖尿病足的干细胞动员和采集

背景：在自体干细胞移植治疗下肢缺血性疾病的干细胞动员期间,国内外大多数研究组均常规应用5～10μg/（kg？d）的粒细胞集落刺激因子动员,5d后采集干细胞进行移植,这是否为最佳的动员时间和采集时机未见相关报道。目的：分析探讨自体干细胞移植最佳动员方案及采集时机,提高该方法的安全性。方法：对备行干细胞移植的18例糖尿病足患者分别采用粒细胞集落刺激因子5,10μg/（kg？d）进行造血干细胞动员,分析粒细胞集落刺激因子动员天数、剂量与外周血白细胞、单个核细胞、CD34＋细胞数的关系,并检测干细胞动员前后、采集前后患者凝血指标、血小板计数的变化,观察患者动员及采集过程的不良反应。结果与结论：随着动员天数的增加,白细胞和单个核细胞、CD34＋细胞数也随之增加,干细胞获得的效率与粒细胞集落刺激因子的剂量、动员时间有关,外周血中CD34＋总数与单个核细胞总数呈正相关。患者的凝血指标在动员和采集前后无显著变化。血小板计数在动员前后无变化,但在采集后有显著下降;18例患者中仅有1例在粒细胞集落刺激因子动员中发生轻度骨头酸痛,1例出现发热,其他患者均无不良反应发生。提示,糖尿病足患者干细胞采集的最佳时机不能单凭动员天数和外周血白细胞数决定,而是由外周血单个核细胞数和CD34＋的数量来决定。且干细胞动员和采集对患者的不良反应小,安全性高。     

自体干细胞移植治疗糖尿病足的干细胞动员和采集

背景:在自体干细胞移植治疗下肢缺血性疾病的干细胞动员期间,国内外大多数研究组均常规应用5~10 μg/(kg?d)的粒细胞集落刺激因子动员,5 d后采集干细胞进行移植,这是否为最佳的动员时间和采集时机未见相关报道.目的:分析探讨自体干细胞移植最佳动员方案及采集时机,提高该方法的安全性.方法:对备行干细胞移植的18例糖尿病足患者分别采用粒细胞集落刺激因子5,10 μg/(kg?d)进行造血干细胞动员,分析粒细胞集落刺激因子动员天数、剂量与外周血白细胞、单个核细胞、CD34+细胞数的关系,并检测干细胞动员前后、采集前后患者凝血指标、血小板计数的变化,观察患者动员及采集过程的不良反应.结果与结论:随着动员天数的增加,白细胞和单个核细胞、CD34+细胞数也随之增加,干细胞获得的效率与粒细胞集落刺激因子的剂量、动员时间有关,外周血中CD34+总数与单个核细胞总数呈正相关.患者的凝血指标在动员和采集前后无显著变化.血小板计数在动员前后无变化,但在采集后有显著下降;18例患者中仅有1例在粒细胞集落刺激因子动员中发生轻度骨头酸痛,1例出现发热,其他患者均无不良反应发生.提示,糖尿病足患者干细胞采集的最佳时机不能单凭动员天数和外周血白细胞数决定,而是由外周血单个核细胞数和CD34+的数量来决定.且干细胞动员和采集对患者的不良反应小,安全性高.     

Optimizing pediatric peripheral blood stem cell collection

IntroductionPediatric PBSC harvests pose specific challenges during apheresis and a knowledge of the same and variables affecting PBSC collection are very important in planning these procedures. In the present study safety profile of pediatric PBSC procedures and variables influencing the successful collection were analyzed.MethodPediatric PBSC harvest data for 3 years was reviewed for donor, procedural and product parameters and any specific challenges faced during the procedures. Successful PBSC collection was defined when CD34 dose obtained was ≥2 × 10⁶ cells/Kg of recipients’ body weight.Results85 PBSC collections performed on 46 children (age range 1.5–15 years) were included. Sixty-two procedures were on autologous donors and 23 on allogenic donors. The median CD34+ cell dose in the PBSC product per procedure was 2.12 × 10⁶ cells/Kg for autologous procedures and 4.6 × 10⁶ cells/Kg for allogenic procedures. Systemic adverse reaction was observed during only one procedure (0.01 %) and was managed conservatively. Successful dose was collected in 52 procedures (61.17 %) and was significantly associated with CD34+ count of more than 19.7/μL, monocyte count of more than 1.65 × 10⁶/μL, allogenic collection and female gender (p = 0.00001, p = 0.011, p = 0.00052, and p = 0.0001, respectively).ConclusionPBSC collection is safe in pediatric age groups and pre-procedure CD34 count of ≥20/μL on the day of collection may result in successful collection of stem cell dose. It is important to identify factors associated with failed collection for appropriate counselling and justifying pre-emptive use of stem cell mobilizing agents.