动静脉鞘膜切开治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞

目的观察动静脉鞘膜切开术治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞的临床效果.方法对3例(3只眼)视力低于0.1的视网膜分支静脉阻塞患者进行平坦部玻璃体切割术和动静脉鞘膜切开术.结果 3只眼术后玻璃体清亮,视力均有不同程度的提高,视网膜内出血和黄斑水肿明显减轻,无手术并发症发生.结论动静脉鞘膜切开术是治疗视力较差的视网膜分支静脉阻塞的有效方法.     

视网膜分支静脉阻塞的临床分析

目的 为了了解视网膜分支静脉阻塞患者的合并症发生的情况。 方法 回顾性地分析本院1995年10月到1999年10月277例（277只眼）视网膜分支静脉阻塞的病例。 结果 70%以上的病例发病年龄均在55岁以上，81.58%的分支静脉阻塞发生于颞上及颞下象限。分支静脉阻塞合并症的发生率与阻塞的位置密切相关，愈大的分支静脉阻塞，其无灌注区及新生血管的发生率也就愈高。 结论 视网膜分支静脉阻塞黄斑水肿发生在发病的早期，无灌注区的出现多在7～12个月，而新生血管的出现，多半在一年以后，因此对这些患者应当有更长期的追踪观察。 （中华眼底病杂志，2002，18：17-19）     

视网膜分支静脉阻塞伴视网膜脱离16例的手术治疗

目的：分析视网膜分支静脉阻塞伴视网膜脱离患的手术治疗效果及影响因素。方法：回顾性分析视网膜分支静脉阻塞伴视网膜脱离患16例16眼的手术治疗效果及影响因素，随访6～18mo，观察视力、眼底及视网膜复位情况。结果：视网膜分支静脉阻塞以颞侧分支静脉为主；视网膜裂孔为圆形及马蹄形，均位于牵引点附近，沿血管分布。随访结束后，所有患视网膜均复位，14眼(88％)视力明显改善，2眼(12％)视力保持不变。视力预后与视网膜裂孔种类、玻璃体后脱离、视网膜新生血管及黄斑部是否脱离密切相关。结论：及时进行视网膜脱离复位及激光光凝术是治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞伴视网膜脱离的有效方法。     

Oxygen saturation in branch retinal vein occlusion

Purpose: The aim of this study was to test whether oxygen saturation in retinal blood vessels is affected by branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). Methods: The spectrophotometric retinal oximeter is based on a fundus camera. It simultaneously captures images of the retina at 586 and 605 nm and calculates optical density (absorbance) of retinal vessels at both wavelengths. The ratio of the two optical densities is approximately linearly related to haemoglobin oxygen saturation. Relative oxygen saturation was measured in retinal blood vessels in 24 patients with BRVO. Friedman’s test and Dunn’s post test were used for statistical analyses. Results: Oxygen saturation in occluded venules ranged from 12% to 93%. The median oxygen saturation was 59% (range 12–93%, n = 22) in affected retinal venules, 63% (23–80%) in unaffected venules in the BRVO eye and 55% (39–80%) in venules in the fellow eye (p = 0.66). Corresponding values for arterioles were 101% (89–115%, n = 18), 95% (85–104%) (p < 0.05) and 98% (84–109%). Conclusions: Venular saturation in BRVO is highly variable between patients. Hypoxia is seen in some eyes but not in others. This may reflect variable severity of disease, degree of occlusion, recanalization, collateral circulation, tissue atrophy, arteriovenous diffusion or vitreal transport of oxygen.     

Peripheral retinal non-perfusion and treatment response in branch retinal vein occlusion

AIM: To evaluate the association between the size of peripheral retinal non-perfusion and the number of intravitreal ranibizumab injections in patients with treatment-naive branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) and macular edema. METHODS: A total of 53 patients with treatment-naive BRVO and macular edema were included. Each patient underwent a full ophthalmologic examination including optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging and ultra wide-field fluorescein angiography (UWFA). Monthly intravitreal ranibizumab injections were applied according to the recommendations of the German Ophthalmological Society. Two independent, masked graders quantified the areas of peripheral retinal non-perfusion. RESULTS: Intravitreal injections improved best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) significantly from 22.23±16.33 Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) letters to 36.23±15.19 letters (P<0.001), and mean central subfield thickness significantly reduced from 387±115 µm to 321±115 µm (P=0.01). Mean number of intravitreal ranibizumab injections was 3.61±1.56. The size of retinal non-perfusion correlated significantly with the number of intravitreal ranibizumab injections (R=0.724, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Peripheral retinal non-perfusion in patients with BRVO associates significantly with intravitreal ranibizumab injections in patients with BRVO and macular edema.     

黄斑分支静脉阻塞患者中心凹无血管区面积改变

目的分析视网膜黄斑分支静脉阻塞患者的黄斑区中心凹无血管区(FAZ)平均面积的变化特点。方法收集黄斑分支静脉阻塞患者23例,视网膜分支静脉阻塞患者26例的眼底荧光血管造影图片,分别测定两组患者患眼和健眼的FAZ平均面积,应用差数t检验、成组t检验和卡方检验进行统计比较,并与其视力进行相关性分析。结果黄斑分支静脉阻塞患者患眼FAZ平均面积为083±048mm2,健眼为036±006mm2,经统计学比较表明患眼FAZ平均面积大于健眼(t=453,P<001)。视网膜分支静脉阻塞患者患眼FAZ平均面积为052±014mm2,健眼为039±007mm2,经统计学比较表明患眼FAZ平均面积大于健眼(t=467,P<001)。两组患者患眼的FAZ平均面积有显著性差异(t=315,P<001),表明黄斑分支静脉阻塞患者患眼FAZ平均面积大于视网膜分支静脉阻塞患者的患眼FAZ平均面积;两组患者健眼的FAZ平均面积比较无显著性差异(t=053,P>005)。黄斑分支静脉阻塞患者的患眼视力与FAZ面积呈负相关(r=-0683),而视网膜分支静脉阻塞患者的患眼视力与FAZ面积无相关。结论视网膜黄斑分支静脉阻塞患者的FAZ平均面积较健眼扩大,也大于视网膜分支静脉阻塞患者的患眼FAZ平均面积。     

Late complications in branch retinal vein occlusion

Neovascularization in branch retinal vein occlusion usually develops 6–12 months after the onset of the disease, although some cases have been reported in which neovascularization and subsequent vitreous haemorrhage developed 2–3 years later.This is a report of nine cases of late appearance of vitreous haemorrhage due to branch retinal vein occlusion, which occurred 3–6 years after the initial onset of the disease. In two of these nine cases the vitreous haemorrhage was very profound and had to be managed by vitrectomy. We have studied the remaining seven cases, which had retinal ischaemia and optic disc or retinal neovascularization documented by fluorescein angiographic examination. Laser coagulation was applied in these seven cases, which resulted in considerable regression of the neovascularization and absorption of the vitreous haemorrhage. In one out of the seven cases recurrent vitreous haemorrhages appeared and it was finally treated by vitrectomy. Visual acuity improved in six of the seven cases. The follow-up period ranged from 12 to 48 months.The late appearance of the ischaemic type of branch retinal vein occlusion with neovascularization can be attributed to the change in character of the initially mild oedematous form of the disease. Partial posterior vitreous detachment and traction exerted at some later stage upon the neovascularization could be additional factors of the late appearance of vitreous haemorrhage.Patients with branch retinal vein occlusion should be followed up regularly over a long period of time in order to avoid late complications of the disease, such as vitreous haemorrhage following optic disc or retinal neovascularization.     

视网膜分支静脉阻塞视网膜微血管改变的定量研究

【摘要】 目的 研究视网膜分支静脉阻塞（BRVO）患者视网膜微血管改变的特点。设计 病例对照研究。研究对象 河北省邯郸市眼科医院连续的BRVO患者58例,对照组为“邯郸眼病研究”中按匹配原则抽取的非BRVO者200例。方法 对被研究者的眼底彩色照片定性判读视网膜微血管局部改变;利用计算机辅助软件（IVAN software, Australia）定量测量视网膜微血管管径,比较两组间的差异。主要指标 视网膜微血管局部改变包括局部视网膜动脉缩窄（FAN）、视网膜动静脉交叉压迫征（AVN）和动脉反光增强（OPAC）。定量测量指标为视网膜中央动脉直径（CRAE）、视网膜中央静脉直径（CRVE）和视网膜动静脉比值（AVR）。结果 CRAE、CRVE、AVR在BRVO组和非BRVO组分别为（136.0±20.7） μm Vs. （152.0±19.3） μm（P=0.000）;（207.2±23.1） μm Vs. （235.3±29.7） μm（P=0.000）;（0.66±0.13） Vs. （0.65±0.06）（P=0.019）。经多因素校正后视网膜血管局部改变FAN、AVN和OPAC在两组间比较的相对危险度分别为5.65（95%CI=1.77~18.03）、3.42（95%CI=1.48~7.89）和3.44（95%CI=1.44~8.24）（P均<0.05）。结论 视网膜动、静脉直径在BRVO者比非BRVO者均变窄,视网膜血管的局部改变在BRVO者比非BRVO者显著,因此视网膜血管的定量、定性分析可作为BRVO的观察指标。（眼科,2012,21：239-243）     

Ischemic retinal vein occlusion: characterizing the more severe spectrum of retinal vein occlusion

Retinal vein occlusion (RVO)-including central RVO, branch RVO, and hemicentral and hemispheric RVO—is the second most common vascular cause of visual loss, surpassed only by diabetic retinopathy. The presence and extent of retinal ischemia in RVO is associated with a worse prognosis. On this basis, most previously conducted studies considered ischemic retinal vein occlusion (iRVO) and non-iRVO as separate entities based on set thresholds of existing retinal ischemia as determined by fundus fluorescein angiography. Other diagnostic technologies have been used specifically in the differentiation of ischemic central retinal vein occlusion and nonischemic central retinal vein occlusion. To date, there is no fully accepted definition for iRVO. Some clinicians and researchers may favor establishing a clear differentiation between these forms of RVO; others may prefer not to consider iRVO as a separate entity. Whatever the case, retinal ischemia in RVO confers a higher risk of visual loss and neovascular complications; thus, it should be determined as accurately as possible in patients with this disease and be considered in clinical and experimental studies. Most recently conducted clinical trials evaluating new treatments for macular edema secondary to RVO included none or only few patients with iRVO based on previous definitions (i.e., few patients with sizeable areas of retinal ischemia were recruited in these trials), and thus it is unclear whether the results observed in recruited patients could be extrapolated to those with retinal ischemia. There has been scant research aiming at developing and/or testing treatments for retinal ischemia, as well as to prevent new vessel formation as a result of RVO. We provide a detailed review of the knowledge gathered over the years on iRVO, from controversies on its definition and diagnosis to the understanding of its epidemiology, risk factors and pathogenesis, the structural and functional effects of this disease in the eye and its complications, natural history, and outcomes after treatment. In each section, the definition of iRVO used is given so, independently of whether iRVO is considered a separate clinical entity or a more severe end of the spectrum of RVO, the information will be useful to clinicians to determine patient's risk, guide therapeutic decisions, and counsel patients and for researchers to design future studies.     

Adult Coats' disease in branch retinal vein occlusion

We report a case of adult Coats disease secondary to a branch retinal vein occlusion. Angiograms show the relationship of the peripheral telangiectasis, aneurysm formation and vascular incompetence to the peripheral retinal ischaemia. The possible role of vascular remodelling in the pathogenesis of this uncommon complication of a common condition is discussed.     

Decreased inner retinal activity in branch retinal vein occlusion

The electroretinogram, electro-oculogram and electroretinogram oscillatory potential all reflect the mass activity of the retina. The electroretinogram usually remains normal after branch retinal vein occlusion, whereas the electro-oculogram and oscillatory potential often show abnormalities. These tests thus have a differential sensitivity to branch retinal vein occlusion. However, whether the inner layer of the retina is affected in branch retinal vein occlusion has not been determined. In this study, conventional electroretinographic and oscillatory potential data were compared in 34 patients with branch retinal vein occlusion, while electroretinographic and electro-oculographic data were compared in 30 patients with branch retinal vein occlusion, in an attempt to determine whether the inner retina was affected in this disorder. None of the conventional electroretinographic variables showed any significant difference between the eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion and the fellow eyes. In the oscillatory potential test, however, the sum of the amplitudes of O₁, O₂, O₃ and O₄ showed a significant difference (p < 0.02).=" in=" addition,=" the=" light=" peak-dark=" trough=" ratio=" and=" the=" light=" peak=" showed=" a=" significant=" difference=" in=" the=" electro-oculogram=" (p=">< 0.05=" and=" p=">< 0.05,=" respectively).=" since=" the=" oscillatory=" potential=" and=" the=" electro-oculogram=" light=" rise=" potential=" reflect=" the=" activity=" of=" the=" inner=" retina,=" our=" data=" suggest=" that=" the=" inner=" retina=" was=" affected=" by=" branch=" retinal=" vein=" occlusion=" and=" that=" these=" variables=" are=" more=" sensitive=" indicators=" than=" the=">     

无早期症状的视网膜分支静脉阻塞临床特点

目的观察视网膜分支静脉阻塞(BRVO)中,因不参与引流黄斑区血液,而阻塞早期无症状病例的临床及荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)特点。方法回顾性分析BRVO病例中因合并玻璃体积血就诊及FFA检查时偶然发现的66例(70只眼)临床资料。结果 66例BRVO病例中,右眼26例,左眼36例,双眼4例。颞上周边支阻塞45只眼,占68.18%;颞下周边支5只眼,占7.58%;鼻上支8只眼,占12.12%;鼻下支12只眼,占18.18%。FFA检查时偶然发现17例,占25.76%;继发玻璃体积血49例,占74.24%。70只眼均发现大小、数量不等的视网膜新生血管。伴增生膜5只眼,占7.58%。合并视盘新生血管3只眼,占4.55%。黄斑前膜4只眼,占6.06%;视网膜裂孔、并继发视网膜脱离6只眼,占8.57%。结论无早期症状BRVO病例,均为BRVO后期并发症,与其它类型BRVO有所不同。     

视网膜血管鞘膜切开治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞

目的探讨玻璃体切除联合视网膜血管鞘膜切开术对视网膜分支静脉阻塞的疗效。方法对39例（39眼）视网膜分支静脉阻塞行标准的三通道玻璃体切除手术。切除后玻璃体,升高眼压以减少出血。利用一弯头的MVR刀切开内界膜,在动静脉交叉点外远端100～200μm处切开视网膜内层,然后将动脉和神经纤维行钝性分离。最后,利用MVR刀将动静脉交叉处的血管外膜切开,当动脉与其后的静脉分离,并可被挑起,表明分离成功。气一液交换后注入惰性气体0．8mL于玻璃体腔。在术后1、2．3、6、12个月进行视力、荧光素眼底血管造影、视野及黄斑部光学相干断层扫描等检查。结果39例中,有32例分支阻塞的血管获得完全再通,3例部分再通,4例血管仍然阻塞;其中视力提高者28例,视力保持不变者9例,2例因发生视网膜脱离视力下降。视野及囊样黄斑水肿较术前改善的有18例。结论玻璃体切除联合视网膜血管鞘膜切开治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞是一种安全有效的方法。     

Relation between platelet indices and branch retinal vein occlusion in hypertensive patients

Backgroud:

Branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) is the second most common retinal vascular disease after diabetic retinopathy. To date, the studies were unable to elucidate the mechanism of the thrombosis leading to the entity; particularly the relation between thrombocyte aggregation and retinal vein occlusion is still unclear. Mean platelet volume (MPV) is a determinant of rate of platelet production and activation, both of which are indices of function of platelets. The relation between MPV and BRVO has not been studied before. The aim was to evaluate MPV in BRVO.

Materials and Methods:

Forty patients were included in the study. Forty six age and sex matched hypertensive volunteers were recruited as the control group.

Results:

MPV values were significantly higher in BRVO patients compared with the control subjects (8.01 ± 0.79vs 7.52 ± 0.32fL, respectively; P < 0.001). Conclusion: MPV is significantly higher in patients hypertensive BRVO patients and further investigations regarding its potentially use as a prognostic biomarker in patients with BRVO are needed.     

Horseshoe-like macular tear following recurrent branch retinal vein occlusion

Background A macular hole can develop as a late complication secondary to a branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). We report about an atypical horseshoe-like tear occurring in the fovea after recurrent BRVO. Methods An interventional case report. Results In 1997, a 53-year-old man was seen with an occlusion of macular part of inferior temporal vein of the retina on the left eye. After experiencing several recurrent BRVO in this eye, 6 years later he presented with a horseshoe-like tear in the fovea. Visual acuity was 20/200. The patient underwent standard three-port vitrectomy and installation of C3F8 16%. Intraoperatively, massive traction of the vitreous was detected on the edges of the tear. Six months after the operation, the tear remained attached. The visual acuity was 20/200. Conclusions The uniqueness of the presented case is the occurrence of a macular tear following recurrent BRVO, its horseshoe-like shape and foveal location. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on a horseshoe-like tear seen in the fovea secondary to BRVO. We assume that chronic macular edema and retinal ischemia following BRVO were additional factors beside the vitreous traction, contributing to the formation of the macular tear. Anatomical closure of the tear and stabilisation of visual acuity can be achieved by vitreoretinal surgery. There is no financial interest to declare. No grant has been received in relation to this case. Presented as a poster at the 102nd meeting of the German Ophthalmologic Society, 2004 Berlin.     

多波长氪激光治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞的疗效分析

目的:通过分析142例多波长激光治疗视网膜分支静脉阻塞(branch retinal vein occlusion,BRVO)的效果,讨论多波长激光在治疗BRVO中的重要意义。方法:通过对142例142眼BRVO患者应用美国科医人公司生产的多波长氪激光仪进行光凝治疗,在3mo后进行视力、眼压、裂隙灯、眼底镜及FFA检查,总结分析视力变化、视网膜出血吸收情况、黄斑水肿吸收情况。结果:经激光光凝治疗后3mo,出血吸收原面积的1/2以上者51眼(35.9%),吸收1/2～3/4者62眼(43.7%),吸收3/4至完全吸收者29眼(20.4%),同时,黄斑水肿完全吸收33眼(23.2%),黄斑水肿明显吸收96眼(67.6%),黄斑水肿轻度吸收或无变化13眼(9.2%)。治疗3mo后复查FFA,发现新生血管完全消退占有新生血管患者的71.2%,部分消退者占28.6%,无变化或加重仅占0.2%。结论:不失时机的应用多波长氪激光光凝治疗BRVO能明显提高视力,促进视网膜出血和黄斑水肿的吸收,同时可预防严重并发症的产生。     

Pseudoexfoliation and glaucoma in eyes with retinal vein occlusion

Purpose: To evaluate pseudoexfoliation (PE) and pre-existent glaucoma in eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) and central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). Methods: Consecutive eyes with a diagnosis of BRVO (73 eyes of 70 patients) and CRVO (53 eyes of 49 patients) examined between July and December 1998 comprised the study eyes. Age-matched control group consisted of 384 eyes of 192 outpatients. The prevalence of PE and glaucoma were determined and appropriate statistical tests were performed. Results: PE was present in six of 73 eyes with BRVO (8.2%), 11 of 53 eyes with CRVO (20.8%) and 20 of 384 control eyes (5.2%). Two of 73 eyes with BRVO (2.7%) and 10 of 53 eyes with CRVO (18.9%) had glaucoma. Compared with the control eyes, PE was significantly more common in eyes with CRVO and coexistent glaucoma was significantly more common both in eyes with CRVO and in eyes with BRVO. Conclusion: While glaucoma seems to be a risk factor both for BRVO and CRVO, PE is a likely risk factor for CRVO.     

Arteriovenous crossing sheathotomy versus intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection for treatment of macular edema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion

PURPOSE: To compare the functional and anatomical outcomes of arteriovenous (AV) sheathotomy and intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) injection in the treatment of macular edema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). METHODS: Forty eyes of 40 patients with macular edema secondary to BRVO were randomized into two treatment groups. A total of 20 patients received AV sheathotomy (sheathotomy group), and the second group of 20 patients was treated with IVTA (IVTA group). Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) visual acuity (VA) score, total macular volume measured, and foveal thickness by 3rd generation optical coherence tomography (OCT3) were evaluated as main outcome measurements. RESULTS: The average changes in ETDRS scores, total macular volumes, and foveal thicknesses compared to baseline values, were significant 3 months and 6 months after treatment in both groups (P < 0.05, paired t-test), but only the IVTA group showed significant improvements 1 month after treatment. The between-group differences in average ETDRS score, total macular volume, and foveal thickness changes were significantly better at 1 month after treatment in the ITVA group (P = 0.026, P < 0.001, P = 0.001, respectively, Student's t-test), at which time IVTA patients had better vision and anatomical outcomes than did those in the sheathotomy group. CONCLUSIONS: After either AV sheathotomy or IVTA treatment, patients with macular edema secondary to BRVO showed similar functional and anatomical outcomes 6 months later. When the cost and the risks of vitreoretinal surgery are considered, IVTA treatment may be a better treatment option, as the drug yields better short-term outcomes.     

玻璃体手术治疗继发于视网膜分支静脉阻塞的视网膜脱离

目的 探讨继发于视网膜分支静脉阻塞（BRVO）的视网膜脱离（RD）的临床特点和玻璃体手术的治疗效果。方法 回顾分析45例（45眼）继发于BRVO的RD的临床特点、治疗方法和预后。结果 45眼RD患者术前和术中检查发现，合并视网膜裂孔25眼，完全玻璃体后脱离（PVD）16眼。44眼均完成玻璃体手术，术后随访6—84个月。视力提高28眼（63．64％），稳定11眼（25．00％），下降5眼（11．36％）。手术后视力与手术前视力比较，差别有显著统计学意义（χ^2=4．04，P〈0．01）；完全PVD组与无或仅部分PVD组的手术后视力比较，差别有显著统计学意义（χ^2=2．97，P〈0．01）。第1次手术后视网膜成功复位39／45眼（88．64％），最终视网膜成功复位44／45眼（97．78％）。结论 继发于BRVO的RD有其独特的临床表现。玻璃体手术能有效地治疗继发于BRVO的RD，术后绝大多数患者视力改善，视网膜成功复位。     

激光光凝治疗非典型缺血型视网膜静脉阻塞178例

目的：观察非典型性缺血型视网膜静脉阻塞(ischemic retinal vein occlusion，IRVO)激光光凝治疗的临床效果。方法：我院眼底病组门诊及住院的患经日产TRC-50VT相机眼底荧光血管造影(fundus fluorescein angiograph，FFA)确诊的非典型性IRVO患178例178眼。采用美国HGM激光器绿蓝混合光，光斑200～500μm，时间0．1～0．5s，功率0．3～1．0W，Ⅱ～Ⅲ级轻度反应，光凝覆盖全部无灌注区，并发黄斑水肿的69例采用格栅样光凝，光斑100μm，时间0．1～0．15s，功率0．2～0．4W，Ⅰ～Ⅱ级反应。随访6～30mo，在光凝术后8，12wk行FFA复查，如有新的或光凝不全的无灌注区进行补充光凝，0.5a后行枪眼镜及FFA观察。结果：激光光凝治疗178眼中，光凝后12眼产生了新生血管(6．7%)，发生≥2PD新的视网膜无灌注区23眼(12．9％)，无灌注区光凝斑覆盖充分，无血管荧光素渗漏112眼(62．9%)，无灌注区光凝斑稀疏，其内仍有血管荧光素渗漏31眼(17．3%)，有效率80．3％；伴有黄斑囊样水肿69例格栅样光凝后水肿基本消退52眼(75．4％)，水肿减轻17眼(24．6％)。结论：激光对非典型IRVO无灌注区光凝能降低新生血管的发生，光凝范围、反应级别、光斑密度的标准化是有效治疗的关键，对控制IRVO无灌注区的扩大和明显减轻视网膜水肿有积极作用。