外周带前列腺癌与正常组织的广延指数和单指数模型扩散加权成像的比较

目的:比较前列腺外周带癌与正常组织的广延指数和单指数模型弥散加权成像(diffusionweighted imaging,DWI)参数的差异。方法:25例外周带前列腺癌确诊患者行DWI检查,b值为0、500、1 000、2 000 s/mm2。通过单指数模型计算前列腺癌和正常组织的表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC),广延指数模型计算分布扩散系数(distributed diffusion coefficient,DDC)和校正系数α值。比较癌组织与正常组织之间ADC值、DDC值和α值(范围0~1)的差异,评价各组织中ADC值与DDC值的差异和相关性,并比较前列腺癌与正常组织之间A D C值和D D C值标准化差值。结果:共3 0个前列腺癌病灶、3 4个正常外周带组织纳入研究。前列腺癌组织ADC值[(0.73±0.14)×10~(-3)mm~2/s]、DDC值[(0.62±0.20)×10~(-3)mm~2/s]和α值(0.65±0.10)均显著低于正常外周带[(1.43±0.25)×10~(-3)mm~2/s、(1.49±0.20)×10~(-3)mm~2/s、0.86±0.09;均P0.05)]。前列腺癌组织的ADC值明显高于DDC值,正常外周带组织的ADC值低于DDC值(均P0.05)。在前列腺癌及正常组织中,ADC值与DDC值均密切相关(R2=0.98、0.98,均P0.05),前列腺癌组织的ADC值和DDC值的标准化差值明显高于正常组织。结论:广延指数模型DWI为鉴别前列腺癌与正常组织提供了更多信息,有助于提高前列腺癌的诊断率。     

单指数、双指数、拉伸指数模型DWI在胶质瘤术前分级中的应用

目的探讨单指数、双指数、拉伸指数模型扩散加权成像(diffusion weightedimaging,DWI)对胶质瘤术前分级的诊断性能,评价灌注参数与血流量(cerebral bloodflow,CBF)的相关性。材料与方法收集经手术病理证实为脑胶质瘤的病例34例,包括低级别17例,高级别17例。受试者术前均行常规扫描、3D动脉自旋标记成像(threedemensional arterial spin labeling,3D ASL)及多b值DWI序列扫描,利用FUNCTIONTOOL后处理软件中的单指数模型计算得到表观扩散系数(apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC),利用双指数模型得到D、D*、f值,利用拉伸指数模型得到分布扩散系数(distribute diffusion coefficient,DDC)、水分子各向异性(alpha,α),利用3D ASL后处理软件得到CBF值。所得各参数利用SAS9.4统计软件进行分析。结果高级别胶质瘤ADC、D、f、DDC、ɑ值低于低级别胶质瘤,D*值高于低级别胶质瘤,P值均<0.05;全部胶质瘤D*与CBF呈正相关(r=0.51,P<0.05);受试者工作特性(receiver operatingcharactsteristic,ROC)曲线分析得出:ɑ、D、DDC、ADC值的曲线下面积(area undercurve,AUC)分别为0.969、0.965、0.961、0.957,其诊断阈值分别为0.88×10^-3mm^2/s、0.86×10^-3mm^2/s、1.10×10^-3mm^2/s、1.11×10^-3mm^2/s。结论单指数、双指数、拉伸指数模型DWI为胶质瘤术前提供更多诊断信息,ɑ、D、DDC、ADC值在鉴别高、低级别胶质瘤均有较高价值,且灌注参数D*与CBF呈正相关。     

磁共振ADC值定量鉴别前列腺良恶性病变的效果评价

目的:评价磁共振ADC值定量鉴别前列腺良恶性病变的效果。方法:选择2022年01月至2022年10月间山西省中西医结合医院收治的131例前列腺病变患者,另取35例健康志愿者作为对照,均进行常规MRI、扩散加权成像(DWI)检查,并且测定前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)值,以病理穿刺活检结果为金标准,对比各种病变类型的表观扩散系数(ADC)值和PSA值。结果:前列腺各种良恶性病变的DWI图、ADC图表现不同。健康志愿者组的ADC值为(2.11±0.18)×10^-3mm²/s、腺体增生组为(1.91±0.16)×10^-3mm²/s、前列腺炎组为(1.89±0.15)×10^-3mm²/s、间质增生组为(1.37±0.10)×10^-3mm²/s、前列腺癌组为(1.18±0.08)×10^-3mm²/s, 5组的ADC值有显著差异(P<0.05);任意两组的ADC值对比,除去前列腺...     

磁共振扩散加权成像对前列腺癌患者盆腔淋巴结诊断价值的初步研究

目的初步评价扩散加权成像(DWI)对前列腺癌及良性前列腺增生患者淋巴结的鉴别诊断价值.方法回顾性分析15例前列腺癌患者(58个淋巴结)及15例良性前列腺增生患者(30个淋巴结)的DWI表现(b=300 s/mm2),分别测量这些淋巴结的表观扩散系数(ADC),将癌与增生患者的淋巴结ADC值进行比较.结果良性前列腺增生患者淋巴结的平均ADC值[(2.282±0.573)×10-3 mm2/s]明显大于前列腺癌患者[(1.607±0.256)×10-3 mm2/s](P=0.000).前列腺癌患者短径＜1.0 cm的淋巴结[(1.602±0.267)×10-3 mm2/s]与≥1.0 cm淋巴结的ADC值[(1.610±0.254)×10-3mm2/s]无显著性统计学差异(P=0.459).前列腺患者短径＜1.0 cm的淋巴结ADC值[(1.602±0.267)×10-3 mm2/s]小于前列腺增生患者淋巴结的ADC值[(2.282±0.573)×10-3 mm2/s](P=0.003).前列腺癌患者短径/长径＜0.7的淋巴结ADC值[(1.631±0.205)×10-3 mm2/s)比短径/长径≥0.7的[(1.594±0.283)×10-3 mm2/s]要高(P=0.039).结论DWI有可能用于前列腺癌淋巴结转移的检出.     

磁共振扩散加权成像在前列腺癌检出和鉴别诊断中的价值

目的评价磁共振扩散加权成像（DWI）序列在前列腺癌检出和鉴别诊断中的价值。方法本研究包括87例患者,41例为前列腺癌,46例为良性前列腺增生。所有病例在3.0TMRI系统接受常规T2WI、动态增强T1WI（DCE-MRI）和DWI扫描（b值取0和1000s/mm2）。在前列腺癌组,分别在肿瘤和无肿瘤区设置兴趣区并测量ADC值。在增生组,分别在前列腺中央区和外周带测量ADC值。结果肿瘤组良、恶性前列腺组织的平均ADC值分别为（0.97±0.25）×10-3mm2/s和（1.34±0.16）×10-3mm2/s。在增生组,中央区和外周带的ADC值分别为（1.37±0.24）×10-3mm2/s和（1.43±0.31）×10-3mm2/s。恶性前列腺组织的平均ADC值显著低于肿瘤组和增生组中良性前列腺组织（P〈0.001）;肿瘤组中良性组织与增生组之间的ADC值无显著性差异。结论 DWI检查和ADC值有助于发现前列腺癌,尤其是发生于前列腺尖部和中央区的早期前列腺癌。T2WI结合DWI可提高前列腺癌的检出率。     

中央带前列腺癌的MR扩散加权成像诊断价值

目的 分析中央带前列腺癌的MR扩散加权成像（DWI）和ADC图表现,探讨其鉴别前列腺癌与前列腺增生的价值.方法 包括15例中央带前列腺癌及20例前列腺增生.所有病例行MR DWI扫描,b值为800 s/mm2.分析各病例的DWI和ADC图表现,并分别测量癌区、前列腺增生组织的ADC值,统计分析两组间是否存在差异.结果 15例中央带前列腺癌在DWI图像上均呈明显高信号,相应ADC图呈低信号,能直观显示肿瘤的范围.其中6例肿瘤局限在中央带,常规MRI诊断为前列腺增生.前列腺癌组织的平均ADC值为（0.93 ± 0.13）×10-3 mm2/s,前列腺增生组织的平均ADC值为（1.53 ± 0.12）×10-3 mm2/s,两者之间差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 DWI信号特点以及ADC值对中央带前列腺癌与前列腺增生具有较高的鉴别诊断价值,可提高前列腺癌的诊断符合率.     

MR弥散加权成像在前列腺良恶性病变诊断中的价值初探

目的探讨MR弥散加权成像(DWI)表观弥散系数(ADCs)在前列腺病变诊断中的价值.方法对良性前列腺增生(BPH)42例、前列腺癌(PCa)15例进行MR弥散加权成像,测算病灶表观弥散系数(ADCs).结果 BPH组前列腺中央带增生结节与外周带的平均ADC值分别为:(1.783±0.282)×10-3mm2/ s和(2.025±0.358)×10-3mm2/ s;前列腺癌组前列腺中央带与外周带癌灶平均ADC值分别为:(1.632±0.082)×10-3mm2/ s和(0.267±0.07)×10-3mm2/ s (P<0.05).结论 DWI对于BPH、PCa可提供定量诊断信息,反映其病理变化;ADC值是鉴别BPH与PCa的一个很有价值的参数.     

MRI联合应用DWI与MRS对前列腺癌的诊断价值

目的 探讨MRI联合DWI及MRS对前列腺癌的诊断价值.方法 收集经病理及临床证实的前列腺癌12例,前列腺增生19例及前列腺炎5例,分析其DWI信号强度和表观扩散系数(ADC)值,MRS的(Cho+ Cr)/Cit的比值.结果 前列腺增生、前列腺癌及前列腺炎的ADC值分别为(1.25±0.49)×10-3 mm2/s、(0.72±0.19)×10-3 mm2/s及(1.13±0.21)×10-3 mm2/s,MRS的(Cho+Cr)/Cit比值分别为0.69±0.37、2.83±1.79及0.62±0.31.结论 MRI、DWI和MRS均可有效诊断前列腺癌,联合应用可提高诊断的准确性.     

MR扩散加权成像鉴别前列腺中央腺体偶发癌与良性前列腺增生

目的 运用MR扩散加权成像(DWI)对前列腺中央腺体偶发癌和良性前列腺增生的表观扩散系数(ADC)值进行定量分析并比较.方法 回顾性分析93例接受尿道前列腺切除术(TURP)的前列腺中央腺体偶发癌(8例)和良性前列腺增生患者(85例)的MRI资料,计算并比较中央腺体偶发癌与良性前列腺增生患者的中央腺体ADC值及最小ADC值.结果 ①中央腺体ADC值:前列腺中央腺体偶发癌组[(1.48±0.18)×10-3 mm2/s]与良性前列腺增生组[(1.50±0.14)×10-3 mm2/s]差异无统计学意义 (t=-0.312,P=0.756).②最小ADC值:中央腺体偶发癌组[(1.15±0.10)×10-3 mm2/s]与良性前列腺增生组[(1.15±0.11)×10-3 mm2/s]差异亦无统计学意义(t=0.132,P=0.895).结论 DWI不能鉴别前列腺中央腺体偶发癌与良性前列腺增生.     

扩散加权成像对前列腺外周带癌的诊断

目的探讨扩散加权成像（DWI）在前列腺外周带癌诊断中的价值。方法分别对21例前列腺癌患者、28例前列腺增生（BPH）患者和15名健康志愿者进行前列腺DWI扫描,分析三者的DWI图、表观扩散系数（ADC）图的信号表现,测量癌灶、前列腺增生、正常前列腺外周带的ADC值。所有前列腺癌及前列腺增生病例均以手术或穿刺活检病理诊断为标准。结果DWI上前列腺癌灶表现为高信号影,前列腺增生结节呈稍高信号且信号较混杂,正常前列腺外周带呈稍低信号。前列腺癌灶平均ADC值0．98×10^-3mm^2／s,前列腺增生结节平均ADC值1．32×10^-3mm^2／s;志愿者前列腺外周带平均ADC值2．14×10^-3mm^2／s。结论前列腺癌灶、前列腺增生结节、正常前列腺外周带在DWI图像上信号有较大差别,前列腺癌灶信号较高。前列腺癌灶的ADC值低于正常前列腺外周带及前列腺增生结节。DWI是诊断前列腺外周带癌的依据之一。     

护理模式与医学模式的比较研究

[目的]探讨现在的护理模式是否体现了护理的特色和价值,为护理模式的完善提供参考依据。[方法]应用文献资料法、历史法和比较研究法,从历史的角度将不同阶段的护理模式与医学模式进行比较。[结果]两者构建发展的出发点和终结点、包含内容形式、影响其形成及实践的宏观因素相同,在模式形成时间、产生的背景、产生及转变的动因、模式实践程度、意义和影响方面不同。[结论]护理模式体现了护理的特色,但未充分显现其价值,可借鉴美国的护理发展模式探索出适合我国国情的护理发展之路。     

Test of the health promotion model as a causal model of construction workers' use of hearing protection

The health promotion model (HPM) was tested as a causal model of construction workers' use of hearing protection (N = 359). Theoretical and exploratory models fit well, with the theoretical model accounting for 36.3% of variance and the exploratory model accounting for 50.6% of variance in hearing protection use. Value of use (benefits of using hearing protection), barriers to use, and self-efficacy were significant predictors in both the theoretical and exploratory models, but perceived health status was a predictor only in the theoretical model. In the exploratory model, where modifying factors were allowed direct relationships with use of hearing protection, two modifying factors—noise exposure and interpersonal influences-modeling—were significant predictors. Results of this test of the HPM are consistent with the revised HPM (Pender, 1996). There were significant direct paths from modifying factors to behavior. Use of hearing protection was best predicted by behavior-specific predictors, such as perceived barriers to use of hearing protection. Results support the use of the HPM to predict use of hearing protection. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 20: 183–194, 1997     

Construction and application of tuberculosis medical and nursing integration cooperation model

Objective

To explore the clinical effect of the tuberculosis (TB) doctor–nurse integration management model

Methods

This study is a retrospective historical cohort study. The clinical data of 180 patients with TB in our hospital from 2019 to 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. In a control group, 90 cases were treated with the traditional medical care model. An observation group of 90 cases received clinical diagnoses, treatments, and nursing under a doctor–nurse integration management model. Comparative analyses between the two groups were conducted on various aspects, including the awareness level of TB prevention and control, medication compliance and patient satisfaction. Comparisons between the two groups were evaluated using independent-sample t-tests or Chi-squared tests

Results

Compared with the control group, the knowledge awareness levels of TB prevention and medication compliance in the observation group were significantly higher (p < .05). The appointment waiting times and hospitalization times in the observation group were significantly lower than in the control group (p < .05). The total average satisfaction score of the patients in the observation group was significantly higher than in the control group (p < .05). Compared with the control group, the patients in the observation group were significantly more satisfied with their nursing methods, operating techniques, psychological techniques, service attitudes, and ward management (p < .05). In addition, in the observation group, medical–nursing relationships and doctor–patient communication were better than in the control group; additionally, the satisfaction of doctors with nursing work was also higher than in the control group, which was a statistically significant difference (p < .05)

Conclusion

The implementation of an integrated medical–nursing cooperation model for TB will help increase the awareness of health knowledge in patients with TB, improve patient medication compliance and enhance patient satisfaction.     

Scopolamine model of dementia: electroencephalogram findings and cognitive performance

Background

Memory and cognitive functions are known to decline with advancing age. Studies have suggested that this may be due to a decrease in cholinergic function in the brains of elderly people. This review aims to assess studies documented in the literature dealing with the ‘scopolamine model’ of dementia.

Methods

Sources included MedLine searches from the last 10 years (search for ‘scopolamine model’, ‘dementia’, ‘electroencephalogram’, ‘cognition’) and references from original and review articles. The aim was to include human and animal studies occupying the cholinergic hypothesis in cognitive dysfunction. Electroencephalographic (EEG) and cognition findings were considered.

Results

Scopolamine influences delta, theta, alpha and beta activity in EEG and partially mimics the EEG changes found in patients with senile dementia or dementia of the Alzheimer type. Effects on different cognitive functions have been extensively documented.

Conclusion

Scopolamine produces similar memory deficits seen in the elderly, but the drug cannot induce the full range of deficits seen in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Various aspects of memory were unaffected by scopolamine administration. Memory improvements in elderly subjects can be achieved after cholinergic stimulation.

     

坏死性小肠结肠炎简易高效动物模型的建立

目的 研究坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)动物模型的简易制作方法.方法 新生大鼠称重后随机分为三组,分别予0.9％氯化钠注射液(NS)、150 mmol/L乙酸(AA)、300 mmol/L AA灌肠,观察其症状表现,24 h后称重,然后断颈处死;取出近端结肠用以组织病理学评分,并留取血清标本做髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性检测和白细胞介素6(IL-6)浓度检测.结果 300 mmol/L AA组与NS组比较,MPO活性、IL-6浓度、组织病理学评分各方面明显增加,差异均有统计学意义(t分别=3.56、6.34,x2=30.50,P均＜0.05);试验前后24 h体重增长明显减少,差异有统计学意义(t=3.75,P＜0.05).150 mmol/L AA组与NS组比较,试验前后24 h体重变化、MPO活性、IL-6浓度、组织病理学评分各方面,差异均无统计学意义(t分别=1.41、0.94、2.16,x2=5.30,P均＞0.05).结论 这种简单易行的方法能成功地建立NEC动物模型,且具有可重复性好、成功率高、建模周期短等特点,可应用于NEC的相关研究.     

Prediction of smallpox outbreak and evaluation of control-measure policy in Japan, using a mathematical model

Since the September 1 terrorist attacks and moreover, since the anthrax exposure events in 2001 in the United States, bioterrorism attacks seem to be a real threat. Of course, the public health authorities in Japan have started to prepare control measures for such events. We report here our attempts, using a mathematical model, to estimate outbreak size and to examine the most effective measures; comparing ring vaccination (contact tracing, isolation, and vaccination among contacts) and mass vaccination of the susceptible population in the area. The basic framework of the mathematical model follows a model used in previous research. The initial susceptible population is assumed to be 30 million persons. Concerning the important parameters, such as the number of initial-exposure cases, R ₀ (infectious power, or natural history) and, the starting day of intervention after the initial exposure, we checked the robustness of our conclusions by sensitivity analysis. We found that mass vaccination is preferable to ring vaccination when the values for the initial-exposure cases and R ₀ are high and when the start of intervention by public health authorities is delayed. In the base-case situation, the mass vaccination strategy needs almost 30 million vaccine doses. On the other hand, though ring vaccination needs fewer doses, it needs fewer than 50000 doses in the worst-case scenario, that with larger first exposure, higher R ₀, or later start of public health authority intervention. This mathematical model can measure the prevalence of an infectious disease and can evaluate control measures for it before an outbreak. Especially, it is useful for the planning of the outbreaks of emerging diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or for bioterrorism attacks involving such diseases as smallpox. In further research, we will have to take into account the population people vaccinated of for smallpox, who account for about 70% of the total population in Japan.     

The medical model and other constructions of self-neglect

Nurses frequently encounter patients who neglect their personal hygiene and household cleanliness. Self-neglect is usually understood within the parameters of the medical model, with its need to objectify and categorize. The medicalization of self-neglect obscures the fact that patients and professionals may have different ideas about what self-neglect is and what it is not. This paper explores how the medical construction of self-neglect has come to dominate the self-neglect discourse and will also explore other possible ways of understanding self-neglect.     

Rethinking disability: the social model of disability and chronic disease

Disability is commonly viewed as a problem that exists in a person’s body and requires medical treatment. The social model of disability, by contrast, distinguishes between impairment and disability, identifying the latter as a disadvantage that stems from a lack of fit between a body and its social environment. This paper describes the social model of disability and then considers how it might deal with chronic disease or impairment and why medical professionals should learn about disability perspectives to improve their practice.     

服务质量差距模型和感知绩效模型在门急诊输液室管理中的应用

目的探讨服务质量差距模型和感知绩效模型在门急诊输液室管理中的应用与效果。方法应用服务质量差距模型和感知绩效模型,从了解患者及护士需求、制订护理服务规范、人力资源合理配置和延伸护理服务内容等方面着手,缩小输液患者感知服务质量与需求间的差距。结果门急诊输液患者护理投诉和护理差错减少（P〈0．01）,护士不良事件上报率提高（P〈0．05）,患者满意度达96．70％。结论应用服务质量差距模型和感知绩效模型能够增强护士工作主动性,提高门急诊输液的护理服务质量。