过睑板下缘连续缝合内固定联合眶隔整复治疗下睑赘皮

目的 评价应用皮肤、眼轮匝肌部分切除＋过睑板下缘连续缝合内固定术,或联合眶隔整复术治疗下睑赘皮的疗效,并分析相关的解剖结构特点.方法 回顾性病例系列研究.回顾分析2006年4月至2010年4月于我院诊断为下睑赘皮并行皮肤、眼轮匝肌部分切除＋过睑板下缘连续缝合内固定术,或联合眶隔整复术的14例患者的临床资料,患者年龄为13～30岁,均为双眼发病.所有患者均采用这种改良术式,其中8例还同时行眶隔整复术.术后随访4个月～4年,平均随访13个月.观察手术疗效：下睑赘皮及倒睫是否完全矫正,症状是否缓解,有无并发症出现及是否复发等.结果 所有患者均行皮肤、眼轮匝肌部分切除＋过睑板下缘连续缝合内固定术,其中8例（57%）术中发现眶隔附着点较高,同时行眶隔整复术.术中发现解剖特点为：所有患者均有下睑皮肤、皮下组织、眼轮匝肌向睑缘部堆积,10例睑缘部眼轮匝肌肥厚,8例眶隔附着点较高.术后27眼（96%）完全矫正,1眼（4%）残留轻度下睑赘皮.所有患者术后均无复发及并发症.结论 皮肤、眼轮匝肌部分切除＋过睑板下缘连续缝合内固定术是治疗下睑赘皮的有效方法,对于眶隔附着点较高者,需同时行眶隔整复术.     

Age-related medial ectropion of the lower eyelid

Background : A simplified procedure is proposed for the repair of medial lower eyelid age-related ectropion. Methods : A posterior horizontal incision is made in the medial half of the lower eyelid at the inferior border of tarsus. The lower eyelid retractors are exposed and then plicated to the tarsus without excision of posterior lamellae or the use of everting sutures. The lid is then shortened horizontally with excision of a pentagonal section or lateral tarsal strip procedure. Results : The procedure was performed in six patients successfully without complication. Conclusions : This is an effective method for repair of lower lid medial age-related ectropion.     

Surgical correction for lower lid epiblepharon in Asians

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Epiblepharon is a congenital lid anomaly in which a fold of skin and underlying orbicularis muscle push the lashes against the eyeball. It is important to get a good lash eversion effect without forming a prominent lid crease in Asian patients. The surgical effect of this rotating suture technique was evaluated. METHODS: Surgical correction for epiblepharon was performed on 197 patients and the results analysed in 169 patients who had been followed for 1 month or more. After subciliary incision, several buried 8-0 nylon sutures were placed to allow adhesion between the tarsal plate and the subcutaneous tissue of the upper skin flap with minimal resection of pretarsal orbicularis and redundant skin. RESULTS: 156 patients (92.3%) showed satisfactory results during 7.1 months of average follow up. Reoperation was performed only on two patients out of 13 because of mildness of symptoms and signs. Complications were minimal including suture abscesses in four patients and wound dehiscence in one. CONCLUSION: The rotating suture technique was very effective in repairing epiblepharon without forming a prominent lower eyelid crease.     

Surgical correction of recurrent epiblepharon in Chinese children using modified skin re-draping epicanthoplasty

AIM:To evaluate the clinical efficacy of the modified skin re-draping epicanthoplasty procedure for correction of recurrent lower lid epiblepharon in Chinese children.METHODS:From 2016 to 2018,18 children(10 males and 8 females,average age 6.2±1.7 y;30 eyes)with recurrent epiblepharon who attended Beijing Children’s Hospital were included in the study.All the children had undergone lower eyelid surgery for epiblepharon.Surgical design included using an additional incision along the upper palpebral margin,to avoid vertical scarring on the upper lid.The re-draping method was used to correct recurrent epiblepharon.Follow-up ranged from 3 to 24 mo.Postoperative surgical outcomes,complications,and subjective satisfaction were evaluated.RESULTS:Complete correction of cilia touching the cornea was observed in all patients during an average follow-up of 7.1 mo.No"dog ears"or obvious scars were formed after surgery.All parents were satisfied with the cosmetic results and none complained.Mean astigmatism decreased from 2.39±0.79 diopter(D)preoperatively to 2.19±0.79 D at 6 mo after surgery;however,the difference was not significant.Best-corrected visual acuity improved,although the change in mean visual acuity was not significant.No recurrence occurred during the follow-up period.CONCLUSION:This surgical modified skin re-draping technique is effective and highly satisfactory for correction of recurrent epiblepharon.The approach is characterized by a simple design,a straightforward procedure,inconspicuous scarring,and good postoperative appearance.     

Lower Eyelid Epiblepharon Associated with Lower Eyelid Retraction

Purpose

To describe a series of patients with lower eyelid epiblepharon associated with lower eyelid retraction.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who underwent surgery for lower eyelid retraction, epiblepharon, or thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) between October 1999 and March 2007. Patients with both lower eyelid retraction and epiblepharon on preoperative examination were included in this study.

Results

Twenty-seven eyelids of 20 patients with both lower eyelid retraction and epiblepharon were enrolled. The underlying causes of lower eyelid retraction included congenital retraction (seven eyelids), congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles (CFEOM; seven eyelids), TAO (seven eyelids), post-operative cicatricial retraction (five eyelids), and facial nerve palsy (one eyelid). Eight of 27 eyelids were successfully corrected after the repair of retraction without the repair of epiblepharon, regardless of the cause of lower eyelid retraction. Another four eyelids with epiblepharon associated with TAO resolved after only orbital decompression. Cilia-everting sutures were additionally applied for epiblepharon in another 14 eyelids, 12 of which did not require the excision of a skin fold or the orbicularis muscles. Only one eyelid with mild retraction and epiblepharon underwent simple epiblepharon repair. Recurrence of retraction or epiblepharon developed in three eyelids during follow-up.

Conclusions

In cases with both lower eyelid retraction and epiblepharon, the retraction should be repaired first, and then the epiblepharon can be corrected selectively according to the severity of the case.     

Epiblepharon of the lower eyelid: technique of surgical repair and quantification of excision according to the skin fold height

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To describe our excisional technique for lower eyelid epiblepharon to reduce a medial undercorrection and to provide a guide for the excision amount using a classification system of epiblepharon according to the skin fold height. PATIENTS AND METHODS: After classification, an elliptical excision of skin and orbicularis muscle, including that below the lower canaliculus after tarsal suturing of the upper edge of the incised skin, was consecutively performed for 111 eyelids of 58 patients. The widest width of the excisional ellipse was measured. RESULTS: The results were successful in 108 eyelids. The mean widest width of the excisional ellipse was 1.1, 1.7, 2.5, and 3.0 mm in Class I, II, III, and IV epiblepharons, respectively. CONCLUSION: This surgical technique is effective for the correction of epiblepharon, and it is easy to determine the amount of excision. Using this technique, a 1 mm to 3 mm width of excision is sufficient.     

采用180°旋转皮瓣修复眼睑肿物切除术后眼睑皮肤缺损的临床研究

目的　探讨采用180°旋转皮瓣修复眼睑肿物切除术后眼睑皮肤缺损的安全性和有效性。方法　回顾性分析29例38眼采用180°旋转皮瓣修复眼睑肿物切除术后造成的眼睑皮肤缺损患者。术中按照标记线切除肿物后,在肿物一侧或两侧标记松弛的上睑或下睑皮肤量,按照重睑或眼袋延长线切开皮肤,在靠近皮肤缺损区的上方或下方留5 mm左右宽的蒂,分离皮瓣,并带有少量的眼轮匝肌,然后将皮瓣旋转180°,修剪皮瓣后间断缝合,再连续缝合供皮区皮肤切口。术后加压包扎48 h。对术后外观和皮瓣的存活情况进行连续性观察。结果　所有180°旋转皮瓣均在眼睑缺损区良好存活,不需要打包加压,而且皮瓣收缩量低,术后手术瘢痕相对隐蔽。2眼皮瓣在术后早期出现皮瓣尖端发黑;多数皮瓣蒂部早期存在轻度猫耳现象,术后3个月猫耳逐渐平复,除1眼术后6个月因上睑皮肤松弛和猫耳现象而行上睑成形术外,其余患者均无需二次手术。结论　180°旋转皮瓣手术操作相对简单,可避免发生眼睑外翻、变形等并发症,是眼睑前层缺损修复的备选方法。     

Eyelid retractor surgery as an adjunct to cicatricial ectropion repair

Purpose : To evaluate the effectiveness of eyelid retractor repair in cicatricial ectropion of the lower eyelid. Methods : The study design was a prospective case series. One hundred and twenty eight eyelids were operated on in 100 consecutive patients with cicatricial ectropion. All patients underwent lower eyelid retractor repair via a conjunctival approach combined with skin replacement to the anterior lamella with or without a horizontal lid tightening procedure. When only medial ectropion was present, a medial‐based transpositional skin flap was used to repair the anterior lamella (26 eyelids). The remaining eyelids with ectropion involving all or most of the eyelid underwent upper‐to‐lower eyelid lateral‐based transpositional skin flap repair (92 eyelids), or full thickness free skin grafting (10 eyelids). Horizontal lid tightening was performed by lateral canthoplasty in 123 eyelids. Results : Relief of cicatricial ectropion symptoms was reported in 90% of patients overall. A normal punctum position was achieved in 70% of eyelids, overall, and was highest (88%) with a medial‐based transpositional skin flap. Conclusions : Eyelid retractor repair combined with skin replacement and horizontal lid shortening is an effective procedure for cicatricial ectropion.     

Histopathologic proof for the origin of ectopic cilia of the eyelid skin

Background

The origin of congenitally displaced cilia of the eyelid margin remains a controversial subject.

Methods

Case report with literature review. The clinical, surgical, and histopathologic findings of the current and published cases were used to determine the location of the generative hair bulbs of ectopic cilia.

Results

A 36 year-old man underwent complete excision of a congenital papule containing approximately 25 cilia located in the left lateral upper eyelid. These cilia were separated by 3 mm superior from the normal cilia where there was a miniscule gap. The hair bulbs were located in dense fibrous tissue at the level of the lower dermis but above the orbicularis striated muscle, which during surgery was not defective or colobomatous.

Conclusions

This case supplies additional evidence that ectopic eyelid cilia arise in the eyelid skin and not as has been postulated within metaplastic Meibomian glands of the tarsus.     

Treatment of upper eyelid entropion. Lid split surgery and fibrin sealing of free skin transplants

The repair of severe upper eyelid entropion with trichiasis was reported early in ophthalmological literature; a historical review of the main operative techniques is provided. The aim of treatment is to bring the eyelashes away from the lid margin. Recent procedures use an upward transposition of the anterior lamella, which is performed by a lid split technique. The free anterior tarsal surface must be covered by a free, autologous skin graft or mucous-membrane graft to stabilize the free lid margin and to prevent the tarsal plate from shrinking. A fibrin-sealing method is used for the fixation of the graft on the tarsus, thus making sutures unnecessary. The anterior tarsal surface is covered by the fibrin-glued transplant, which prevents the posterior lamella from shrinking and does not allow the lashes to descend to the lid margin again. The results of using this new method on seven patients are presented.     

下睑缩肌后徙与切断手术治疗轻度下睑退缩

目的探讨下睑缩肌后徙或切断手术治疗轻度下睑退缩的临床效果。方法手术多在局麻下进行，采用经典的下睑袋皮肤切口。打开下眶隔，将眶脂肪向下推，暴露下睑缩肌的前表面，沿下睑板下缘处分离下睑缩肌，将下睑缩肌完全分离至下穹隆。于穹隆水平处切断或将其后徙缝合于下穹隆处结膜面。患者取坐位观察下睑位置，以下睑位于下方角膜缘上0．5mm为宜。术后1周、1月及6月测量下睑位置，观察其变化情况。结果11例（14眼），随访6—20月，平均7．3月，获良好效果。12眼在双眼平视时下睑位于角膜下缘，2眼仍残存下睑退缩约0．5mm。全部病例下睑退缩较术前有极大的改善，手术效果良好。结论下睑缩肌后徙或切断手术治疗轻度下睑退缩可获得较好的功能和美容效果。对于轻度下睑退缩的治疗是一种较理想的方法。     

下睑成形改良术治疗不同类型睑袋的疗效

目的：探讨改进后的下睑成形术治疗不同类型睑袋的疗效。
　　方法：选取2010-05/2015-05间我院实施下睑成形术的患者67例67眼,按照睑袋情况进行分型,并采取不同改进术式：A组：单纯脂肪膨出型12眼采用经结膜切口入路法;B组：皮肤或(和)轮匝肌松弛型19眼,采用经皮肤入路法,需在手术过程中切除下睑皮肤、眼轮匝肌;C组：皮肤肌层松弛合并眶脂膨出型13眼,采用经皮肤入路法,术中切除眶隔脂肪、皮肤及眼轮匝肌;D组：混合型23眼,采用经皮肤入路法,需在手术中切除眶隔脂肪、皮肤及眼轮匝肌。
　　结果：术后5 d拆线,术后随访3~6 lo。四组患者手术效果优良率分别为100%、95%、100%及96%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。患者下睑外观平坦,眶脂膨出消退,有1眼出现轻度睑外翻,2眼眶下缘凹陷以及4眼切口对合欠佳,术后2 lo均自行恢复。未出现斜视复视、下睑退缩等严重并发症。四组患者术后并发症发生率分别为8%、11%、8%及13%,差异无统计学意义( P>0.05)。
　　结论：改进后的下睑成形术治疗不同类型睑袋术后效果满意。     

“Sandwich Block” for Eyelid Reconstruction

Purpose: To report on a one-stage technique for eyelid reconstruction with preservation of the eyelid margin.

Design: Prospective study.

Methods: Five patients with small-to-intermediate full-thickness lower eyelid defects (n?=?3) and upper eyelid defects (n?=?2) after tumor excision. Defect size ranged from 5 to 7?mm vertically and from 7 to 12?mm horizontally. For eyelid reconstruction, a full-thickness pentagonal graft from the opposite lid was sutured into the full-thickness defect after removal of the orbicularis oculi muscle from the graft. The orbicularis muscle flap from the recipient eyelid was mobilized and brought in for vascular supply between tarsus and skin of the graft. The outcome after surgery was assessed using a subjective scoring system with 4 subsequent grades.

Results: At 1 week postoperatively, adequate viability of the grafts was noted in all patients. After a mean follow-up of 13 months (range 3–33 months) the cosmetic and functional outcome was adequate in 1 case, good in 2 cases, and excellent in 2 cases.

Conclusion: Reconstruction of small to intermediate full-thickness defects of both lower and upper eyelid with the “sandwich block”-technique is associated with a good functional and cosmetic outcome.     

Surgical treatment of entropium senile (author's transl)]

The authors report on a modification of the entropion surgery of Celsus-Hotz which was successfully carried out in 87 patients with entropion senile from 1969 to 1976. After excision of an about 5 mm wide crescentshaped dermal tissue of the lower eyelid about 3 mm down the margin the muscle fibres of the M. orbicularis near the margin are resected. Before suturing the skin 3-6 stitches of Hotz are done to reduce the tarsus. The advantages of this technique are the safe therapeutical effect, the cosmetical effect and the easy correction of this operation in case of a failure.     

Orbicularis oculi muscle stripping and tarsal fixation for recurrent entropion

This prospective study highlights the result of a new technique for correction of recurrent lower lid entropion. The technique was designed to address the aetiological factors involved based on the pre- and per-operative findings. MATERIAL AND METHODS. 37 eyelids of 31 consecutive patients with recurrent entropion were enrolled. Under local anaesthesia, a horizontal incision was made at the lower border of the tarsus, involving the total width of the lower eyelid. Anterior lamellar (skin and orbicularis oculi muscle - OOM) inferior to the incision was dissected towards the orbital rim. An ellipse of the excess overriding OOM and overlying skin inferior to the incision was excised. The OOM was fixed to the lower border of the tarsus with three to four 6/0 Vicryl subcutaneous sutures. Skin was repaired with 6/0 silk sutures, which were removed five days post-operatively. Five cases underwent horizontal lid shortening and 15 had preaponeurosis fat sculpting in addition. RESULTS. 37 procedures were performed on 31 patients (23 M & 8 F). The mean age was 76.5 yrs. (range 63-90). The patients had had one to four (mean = 1.7) previous surgeries. All patients had OOM override. Fifteen had significant preaponeurosis fat prolapse. Lower lid laxity was not identified in all cases, in some due to previous lid surgery. There was no evidence of lower lid retractor laxity in the majority of cases. After a mean follow-up time of 18 months (5-36) there were three recurrences. One underwent further tarsal fixation and the other two had horizontal lid shortening with a favourable outcome. CONCLUSIONS. Excision of overriding OOM and tarsal fixation for recurrent entropion is simple and effective. Its success is due to direct tackling of the aetiological factors.     

No histological evidence of orbicularis oculi muscle hypertrophy in congenital epiblepharon

Background: To analyse the microscopic anatomy of the orbicularis oculi muscle in patients with congenital epiblepharon and to determine whether hypertrophy of the orbicularis oculi muscle, which is considered as a possible cause of this eyelid malposition, exists. Methods: Sixty‐seven eyelids with congenital epiblepharon of 41 Japanese patients, as well as 30 control eyelids of 24 Japanese patients with other eyelid pathologies (upper eyelid: fourteen blepharoptosis, one trichiasis and two retractions; lower eyelid: five involutional entropions, one trichiasis and seven retractions) were analysed. These controls contained no orbicularis pathology such as cicatrization or orbitopathy. The muscle specimens were obtained from the central part of the pretarsal orbicularis oculi muscle during surgery. The specimens were stained with haematoxylin & eosin. Only specimens with cross‐sectional areas that included large muscle fibres were selected. In each section, 10 muscle fibres were measured across their smallest diameter, thereby avoiding inaccurate measurements of muscle kinking occurring during the processing or by any obliquity of the plane of section. Measurements of the muscle fibre diameter were made with a digital measure. Results: There were no significant differences in the average diameter of the muscle fibres between the patients with congenital epiblepharon and the control group. Conclusions: There was no evidence of orbicularis oculi muscle hypertrophy in congenital epiblepharon.     

A method to correct the contracted socket.

In four patients, rotation of the inferior tarsus around the tarsal-tendon horizontal axis caused a contracted socket with loss of lower fornix and the inability to retain an artificial eye. Exposure of the lower border of the inferior tarsus through a skin incision, separating the tarsus from the overlying orbicularis oculi muscle, and suturing its lower margin to the skin corrected the abnormality.     

先天性眼睑缺损修复术

目的：探讨利用皮肤旋转滑行皮瓣及异体巩膜分层修复先天性巨大眼睑缺损的效果。方法：设计分层修复巨大眼睑缺损的方法，采用局部转移结膜瓣修复睑结膜面，利用异体巩膜代替睑板，皮肤层面采用缺损区延长切口及鼻侧旋转滑行皮瓣修复，达到一期修复全层眼睑缺损的目的。结果：6例先天眼睑缺损再造术，术后随访6月以上，外观满意，睑裂闭合良好，眼睑瞬目功能正常，角膜透明。结论：皮肤及结膜旋转滑行瓣及异体巩膜代替睑板是一期修复先天性巨大眼睑缺损的简便有效方法。     

Medial canthal tendon repair for moderate to severe tendon laxity

Background: Medial canthal tendon laxity is a common cause of epiphora and ocular irritation. It is difficult to treat due to the proximity of the lower canaliculus and punctum to the tendon. Methods: The results of a prospective series of patients with involutional medial canthal tendon laxity between 1997 and 2002 were reviewed. Symptoms and measured laxity were recorded before and after medial canthal tendon repair. The medial canthal tendon was routinely repaired through a cut along the lid margin extending from the punctum medially. This avoids a vertical cut onto the anterior lamella of the eyelid, which is useful if a skin graft is required. Results: Twenty lower eyelid medial canthal tendon repairs were performed on 17 patients. Preoperatively, the lower punctum in all patients was able to be distracted to the medial limbus or further and in 50% of cases, the lower lid punctum was able to be distracted to the pupil midline or further. Postoperatively all patients had reduction of their medial canthal tendon laxity. Postoperatively in 85% of cases the lower punctum was not able to be distracted beyond the medial limbus; however, 15% of cases still had significant residual laxity. Eighty‐five per cent of patients reported improvement in symptoms. Conclusions: This is an effective procedure in the majority of patients with moderate to severe medial canthal tendon laxity; however, residual lower lid laxity persisted in some patients.     

Medical ectropion repair. A new procedure

The lazy-T procedure described by Smith corrects medial ectropion of the lower lid by combining a horizontal full-thickness shortening of the lid with excision of conjunctiva and tarsus inferior to the punctum to invert the lid. However, some cases of senile medial ectropion involve an element of vertical traction on the skin as well as horizontal lid laxity. A new procedure is described that makes use of skin gained from horizontal lower lid shortening in the form of a medially based transposition flap to produce vertical skin lengthening. It is useful to treat medial ectropions that have horizontal laxity along with cicatricial components and has successfully relieved this condition in eight patients.