中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变治疗方法的研究进展

中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变( central serous chorioretinopathy,CSC)是中心视力损失的一项重要原因,它主要好发于中青年男性,以后极部浆液性神经上皮层脱离伴有视网膜色素上皮( retinal pigment epithelium,RPE)水平的渗漏为特征。大多数急性CSC患者会自发吸收,但是对于持续性神经上皮层脱离的慢性CSC患者可能会发展为进展性的视力下降。本文对近年来关于CSC治疗方法的研究进展作简要综述,主要从激光光凝、光动力学疗法( PDT)、玻璃体内抗血管内皮生长因子治疗、醛固酮受体拮抗剂四方面进行阐述。     

Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of chronic central serous chorioretinopathy

BACKGROUND: Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is usually a benign disorder which resolves spontaneously, and requires no treatment. Nevertheless, in cases of chronic or recurrent detachment of the neurosensory retina a durable decrease of the visual acuity may be measured due to lesion of the photoreceptors. To avoid this evolution we performed a pilot study to assess the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in patients with CSC without clinical normalization 6 months after the begin of the symptoms. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We report on 14 eyes in 13 patients presenting a chronic CSC without leaking point accessible for focal laser photocoagulation. The diagnosis was confirmed by fluorescein angiography (FA), and optical coherence tomography (OCT). PDT with verteporfin was performed according to the protocol used for treating choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration. RESULTS: One month after PDT, leakage on FA and detachment of the neurosensory retina on OCT had disappeared, and visual acuity had improved in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanism of action of PDT in chronic CSC is still hypothetical. PDT should decrease the passage of fluid towards the retina by affecting the choroidal blood flow, and allow a better resorption of the subretinal fluid. PDT could be an alternative to treat patients with chronic CSC.     

激光治疗中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变的新进展

中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变（ｃｅｎｔｒａｌｓｅｒｏｕｓｃｈｏｒｉｏｒｅｔｉｎｏｐａｔｈｙ,ＣＳＣ）是一种以后极部视网膜色素上皮功能障碍引起黄斑部视网膜色素上皮层局限性浆液性脱离的黄斑病变,为自限性疾病。多数患者急性发病后４～６个月自行好转,视力多可恢复正常,但也有部分患者病程迁延６个月以上,对视力损害明显。随着对该病病理生理认识的深入,多种治疗方案被应用于临床,但激光治疗被认为是目前治疗ＣＳＣ的主要疗法。激光疗法可以有效降低复发率,并对恢复视力有明显帮助,缩短病程,避免病变迁延不愈造成视力永久性损害。本文就临床使用激光疗法治疗ＣＳＣ的最新进展作一综述。     

Fundus autofluorescence in acute and chronic-recurrent central serous chorioretinopathy

PURPOSE: Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) affects mostly young and middle-aged adults. Typically, a serous retinal detachment occurs with a focal leakage point in fluorescein angiography. Fundus autofluorescence (AF) is related to the lipofuscin within the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). As CSC is thought to be associated with RPE disorders, AF measurements might be able to detect distinct changes within the RPE level. The purpose of this study was to compare AF patterns in acute and chronic-recurrent CSC and to evaluate the potential value of AF as a non-invasive monitoring tool. METHODS: From 85 patients diagnosed with CSC (mean age 43 years), AF images were retrospectively evaluated and compared with angiographic and ophthalmoscopic findings. Fluorescein angiography and AF measurements were performed using a Heidelberg retina angiograph. Autofluorescence was excited at a wavelength of 488 nm and detected above 500 nm. RESULTS: Acute CSC as determined by an acute decrease in visual acuity (VA) within the last 6 weeks, focal point leakage and neurosensory retinal detachment was diagnosed in 39 patients. In 36 of those patients (92%), a significantly decreased AF at the leakage point (72%) and/or decreased AF in the area of neurosensory detachment (77%) were observed. Regarding chronic-recurrent CSC as determined by a decrease in VA for longer than 6 weeks and mottled hyperfluorescent appearance in angiography, abnormalities in AF were observed in 44/46 patients (96%). In those patients, decreased or mottled AF was observed at the leakage point itself (76%), whereas significantly increased AF was seen in the area of residual neurosensory retinal detachment (85%). CONCLUSIONS: In acute CSC, decreased AF is presumably due to a blockage caused by oedema, whereas in chronic-recurrent forms, irregular and increased AF is observed, possibly reflecting reactive RPE changes secondary to RPE defects and neurosensory detachment. If these findings could be systematically underlined by prospective clinical studies, AF might be an interesting non-invasive tool for monitoring RPE changes in CSC and for performing differential diagnosis.     

Indocyanine green angiographic findings in central serous chorioretinopathy

There has been great controversy about the pathogenesis of the focal changes in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) causing detachment of the neurosensory retina in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). This study was performed to evaluate changes in choroidal perfusion in 15 patients with CSC. Fluorescein and indocyanine green (ICG) angiography was performed in patients with acute or chronic recurrent CSC. In all patients delayed arterial filling followed by capillary and/or venous congestion, in some cases adjacent to ischemic areas, was found in the choroid. Leakage from the RPE in fluorescein angiography was only observed in those areas with choroidal capillary and/or venous congestion. The preliminary results suggest that venous congestion possibly in association with ischemia causes hyperpermeability of choroidal vessels already described in the literature.     

A pilot study of intravitreal bevacizumab for the treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy (Case reports)

BACKGROUND: We report the use of intravitreal bevacizumab as a new option in the treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). METHODS: Five eyes with retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) leaks secondary to CSC received intravitreal bevacizumab (2.5 mg/0.1 cc), and underwent best corrected visual acuity, fluorescein angiography and optical coherent tomography before, 1, 3 and 6 months after treatment. RESULTS: All patients showed improvement in visual acuity, fluorescein angiographic leakage, and reduced or resolved neurosensory detachment following treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab was associated with visual improvement and reduced neurosensory detachment without adverse events in patients with CSC. Although these results are promising, further investigations would be helpful to understand this therapy for patients with CSC.     

Severe bilateral central serous chorioretinopathy in a black patient: 16 years follow-up

Purpose To describe the exceptionally severe, bilateral, sight-compromising course of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) in a black patient. Design Observational case report. Methods We reviewed the clinical and angiographic findings of a 50-year-old black male patient with severe bilateral chronic CSC. Results The first attack was recorded 16 years earlier and it was asymmetrical. In OD, only retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) alterations were detected, while in OS there was a large serous retinal detachment with two smaller RPE detachments. Visual acuity (VA) was 1.0 OD and 0.6 OS. Gradually, after multiple remissions and exacerbations, a huge area of atrophy occupied the posterior pole OS, leading to a dramatic decrease of VA (0.02). The lesions also progressed and remained active in OD (VA 0.2). Conclusions CSC can be exceptionally severe, non-benign, sight-compromising, with multiple remissions and exacerbations during the lifetime. Indocyanine-green angiography is useful for the long-term follow-up in severe cases, showing lesions that are not obvious in fluorescein angiography or funduscopy.     

Role of psychological stress and the hypothalamicpituitary -adrenal axis in the pathophysiology of central serous chorioretinopathy

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is characterized by serous detachment of the sensory retina as a consequence of the focal leakage of fluid from the choriocapillaries to subretinal space through a defect of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The exact cause of CSC has not well unknown. Psychological stress is thought to contribute to CSC, but the physiologic mechanisms are unclear. It is hypothesized that psychological stress can induce CSC through the mechanism of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system. Psychological stress can adversely affect HPA axis and causes glucocorticoid levels to elevate. Increased glucocorticoids constrict choroid vessels, which leads to ischemia of choroids and damage vascular endothelial cells, thus causing vasopermeability to increase. RPE dysfunction will occur as a result of abnormalities in the choroidal circulation. The large molecules including protein may enter the subretinal space through the damaged vessels and RPE.     

Multifocal and recurrent (serous) choroidopathy (MARC) syndrome: A new variety of idiopathic central serous choroidopathy

Presented is a group of 110 patients with patches of granular atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium which I believe represents a new subtype of idiopathic central serous choroidopathy (ICSC). It is designated as multifocal and recurrent (serous) choroidopathy (MARC) syndrome. Such patients are the older ICSC patients and they usually have bilateral involvement which may show marked asymmetry. The history is seldom helpful in defining previous episodes of leaking. The fundus changes are thought to represent the sequelae of multiple, recurrent, or chronic choroidopathy in the form of serous detachments of the retinal pigment epithelium and/or neurosensory retina. Such detachments may not be present at the time of a single examination, and thus the fundus picture may be puzzling without an awareness of this syndrome which exhibits a wide spectrum of severity. Difficulties in detecting the low detachments and fluorescein leaking are emphasized. There is often a marked disparity between the ophthalmoscopic and the fluorescein angiographic pictures, and examination by the latter technique is urged. I do not believe this entity progresses to senile disciform disease, but can result in marked visual loss. If extrafoveal leaking is found in the presence of decreased acuity and a macular detachment, and if there is evidence of previous attacks, photocoagulation can effectively flatten the retina. I believe photocoagulation therapy under these conditions is justifiable.     

Central Serous Chorioretinopathy Associated with Topical Latanoprost Therapy

Purpose: To report a case of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) as a possible complication of latanoprost treatment.

Methods: A 65-year-old woman presented with a 1-week history of blurred vision and metamorphopsia in her right eye. She was previously diagnosed with unilateral glaucoma, and treatment was initiated with topical latanoprost 0.005% for the right eye. The symptoms occurred 1 month after initiation of glaucoma treatment.

Results: Visual acuity (VA) of the patient had reduced to 20/50 in right eye. Fluorescein angiography revealed a focal RPE leak near to the fovea with neurosensory detachment due to CSC, which was confirmed by optical coherence tomography. After cessation of the therapy, her clinical and morphological status improved spontaneously. The neurosensory detachment resolved almost completely and VA improved to 20/20 simultaneously.

Conclusions: The authors report the first case of CSC associated with latonoprost therapy. This case demonstrates that topical latanoprost may lead to the development of CSC.     

急性中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变的频域光相干断层扫描特征

目的 观察急性中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变(CSC)频域光相干断层扫描(FD-OCT)的图像特征.方法 对比分析31例单眼急性CSC患者的FD-OCT以及荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)检查资料.观察患眼FFA检查发现的渗漏点视网膜色素上皮(RPE)层、视网膜脱离区域以及对侧无症状眼RPE层的FD-OCT图像特征.结果 31只患眼中,FFA检查共发现荧光渗漏点34个.其中,RPE层面18个,占52.9%.荧光渗漏点在FD-OCT图像中表现为色素上皮脱离(PED)者17只眼,占54.8%;8只眼8个渗漏点表现为RPE层突起,分别占患眼及渗漏点的25.8%、23.5%;4只眼的6个渗漏点表现为RPE层不规则,分别占患眼及渗漏点的12.9%、17.6%;2只眼2个渗漏点表现为RPE层无明显异常,分别占患眼及渗漏点的6.5%、5.9%.其中,7只眼7个渗漏点见RPE层缺损,分别占患眼及渗漏点的22.6%、20.6%.所有患眼均可检测到后极部浆液性视网膜脱离以及光感受器内外节(IS/OS)层强反光带的断裂或消失.24只眼可见外节(0S)层厚度不均,占77.4%;10只眼可见外节层剥脱样改变,占32.3%;8只眼可见视网膜神经上皮外层以及RPE表面的颗粒样强反光点,占25.8%.0S层厚度不均的24只眼中,14只眼可见下垂征.31只无症状对侧眼中,11只眼存在RPE异常,占35.5%.其中,2只眼为PED,占无症状对侧眼的6.5%;1只跟为RPE层突起,占无症状对侧眼的3.2%;8只眼表现为RPE层不规则,占无症状对侧眼的25.8%.结论 急性CSC患眼渗漏点处RPE层的FD-OCT图像特征为PED、RPE层突起、RPE层不规则、RPE层无明显异常.视网膜脱离区域FD-OCT图像特征为浆液性视网膜脱离、IS/OS层断裂或消失、OS层厚度不均、OS层剥脱样改变、视网膜神经上皮外层以及RPE表面颗粒样强反光点.     

Central serous chorioretinopathy and glucocorticoids: an update on evidence for association

Central serous chorioretinopathy is a common idiopathic retinal disease characterized by central vision loss from serous detachment of the neurosensory retina, serous pigment epithelial detachments, and leakage of fluid through the retinal pigment epithelium into the subretinal space. The concept of an association between exogenous glucocorticoid use and central serous chorioretinopathy is widely accepted among ophthalmologists. Here, we review the evidence for and against such an association. This evidence includes 2 large, case-control studies that found strong associations, and a smaller, population-based study that found no association. We conclude that the preponderance of the literature on this topic supports the existence of an association. Both exogenous and endogenous glucocorticoids have been implicated. Although a mechanism and a causal relationship remain to be established, the association deserves broader recognition among physicians who prescribe glucocorticoids.     

Micropulse diode laser photocoagulation for central serous chorio-retinopathy

Purpose:  Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is usually characterized by a localized detachment of the neurosensory retina that is self-limiting. However, some cases may persist or recur leading to degenerative changes of the retinal pigment epithelium and the neurosensory retina resulting in severe visual loss and requiring intervention.
Methods:  This retrospective case series reports the long-term visual outcome of the use of micropulse laser photocoagulation for this condition with a review of literature.
Results:  The mean follow up was 17.1 months. Four of the five patients had complete resolution of symptoms whereas one patient had recurrent CSC from a new leak that failed to resolve after repeat micropulse treatment despite improvement in symptoms.
Discussion:  The outcomes in this case series confirm the long-term efficacy of micropulse laser in the management of CSC. It produces therapeutic effects that appear comparable to those of conventional photocoagulation with no detectable signs of laser-induced iatrogenic damage.     

中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变色素上皮功能状态分析

目的 分析中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变(CSC)视网膜色素上皮(RPE)损害性质.方法 应用海德堡眼底造影系统对67例(67只眼主检)临床确诊CSC患者进行绿色激光眼底照相、荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)、吲哚青绿血管造影(ICGA)检查.对18例适于光凝治疗的患者直接光凝封闭RPE渗漏点,并观察视网膜下液吸收速度.结果 64只眼绿色激光眼底像显示浆液性视网膜脱离(盘脱)同时FFA显示RPE渗漏点,3例绿色激光眼底像显示明显盘脱而FFA未显示RPE渗漏点.所有FFA显示RPE渗漏点相对应的ICGA处均显示脉络膜循环异常.43/64(67.19%)患眼在与RPE渗漏点相对应之外其他部位脉络膜也出现了循环异常.盘脱平均面积为(12.91±8.84)mm2,视网膜下液平均吸收时间为(23.38±9.70)d.结论 CSC患者为弥漫性脉络膜循环异常、弥漫性RPE功能损害,且功能损害先于结构破坏.     

精神压力在中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变病因学中的作用(英文)

中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变,简称中浆,是指由于视网膜色素上皮缺陷导致液体从脉络膜毛细血管局灶性渗出,引起视网膜神经感觉层浆液性脱离的一组疾病。确切的病因还不清楚,虽然眼科学者一直认为精神压力与中浆的发生有着密切的关系,但中浆发生的病理生理学机制还不清楚。在本文中我们提出一种假设,认为精神压力通过下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(HPA)系统诱发中浆的发生。精神压力能增加HPA系统活性,从而引起糖皮质激素水平相应增高。增高的糖皮质激素收缩脉络膜血管,导致脉络膜缺血和血管内皮损伤,血管渗透性增加。视网膜色素上皮血液供应来源于脉络膜,脉络膜血液循环异常也将引起色素上皮功能障碍。血液中大分子蛋白进入视网膜下间隙,导致视网膜下积液,视网膜脱离。     

Central serous chorioretinopathy: an update on pathogenesis and treatment

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a chorioretinal disease, incompletely understood with systemic associations, a multifactorial aetiology, and a complex pathogenesis. Increased permeability from the choriocapillaris leads to focal or diffuse dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium causing a detachment of the neurosensory retina. CSC has been described in patients with endogenously high levels of corticosteroids as well as in patients with hypercortisolism due to the treatment of ocular or systemic diseases. It is therefore the only 'inflammatory' choroiditis, not proven to be associated with infection that is precipitated or worsened by glucocorticoids. Foveal attenuation, chronic macular oedema, and damage of the foveal photoreceptor layer have been reported as causes of visual loss in CSC. Photoreceptor atrophy in the fovea, despite successful retinal reattachment, typically occurs after a duration of symptoms of approximately 4 months. Treatment should therefore be considered after 3 months if there is angiographic evidence of ongoing foveal leakage in recurrent chronic CSC or in a single CSC episode accompanied by signs of chronic CSC alterations. Based on results of trials conducted so far, it appears that photodynamic therapy with verteporfin is effective and safer than argon laser treatment and should be considered as the treatment of choice, whereas micropulse diode laser photocoagulation seems to be an effective alternative. Glucocorticoid inhibitors are an interesting alternative treatment. Clinical trials are ongoing to test their efficacy. In addition, it is important, where possible, to discontinue any corticosteroid treatment. The possible association of CSC with stress should also be discussed with patients.     

Indocyanine green angiography in central serous chorioretinopathy

Purpose. To analyse images obtained by indocyanine green angiography in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). Methods. Ninety patients affected with CSC were examined using indocyanine green angiography. Results. CSC was detected in 127 of the 180 eyes examined. Leakage points were detected in 99 eyes with fluorescein angiography; in 85 of these eyes, they corresponded o hyperfluorescence with indocyanine green angiography, while a hyperfluorescence of the neuroepithelial detachment was seen in 21 eyes. Areas of choriodal hyperpermeability were seen in all 127 eyes with CSC and in 9 fellow eyes. With ICG angiography, the appearance of pigment epithelial detachments was similar to that previously described (early hyperfluorescence and later hypofluorescence), and was seen in 47 eyes. In 103 eyes, hypofluorescence lesions of various sizes, were detected which became more marked in the later stages. These lesions corresponded to retinal pigment epithelium lesions in fluorescein angiography, mainly hyperfluorescence caused by window defect. We were also able to observe RPE atrophic tracts in 31 eyes. These tracts appeared hyperfluorescent in 11 eyes where a minimal amount of RPE atrophy was present and hypofluorescent in 20 eyes in which the tract had marked RPE atrophy. Conclusion. The results obtained confirm the finding of choriodal hyperpermeability and subretinal diffusion of ICG, which indicate involvement of the choroid in CSC. The observation of progressively hypofluorescent lesions corresponding to retinal pigment epithelium alterations suggests that there may be as yet unknown interactions of pigment epithelium and ICG. This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变的光学相干断层扫描与视力的相关性研究

目的探讨中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变浆液性脱离区的光学相干断层扫描与视力的关系。方法对48例(50只眼)经FFA诊断为中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变的患者行OCT检查,对浆液性脱离区进行测量并与视力进行相关分析。结果光学相干断层扫描图像可以清晰显示浆液性脱离性质、部位、高度、宽度。48 例(50只眼)结果分析显示:患者视力与浆液性脱离区的高度、范围、中心凹6．0mm容积有关,与中心凹的厚度无关。结论 OCT能显示中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变患者的病变直观图像并能观察病情程度。对随访病情变化有指导意义。     

全身应用皮质类固醇激素致中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变的临床特征

目的 探讨全身应用皮质类固醇激素致中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变（CSC）的临床特征,指导临床诊断及治疗。方法 回顾性病例研究。分析经眼底检查、荧光素眼底血管造影（FFA）及光学相干断层扫描（OCT）确诊并结合全身疾病诊断为全身应用皮质类固醇激素致CSC 12例患者的临床资料。结果 12例患者均为双眼发病。眼底检查见视网膜后极部均有神经上皮脱离,伴有色素上皮脱离者6眼,伴有视网膜色素上皮多发性萎缩2眼,伴有黄色纤维素样渗出14眼,伴有大泡性视网膜脱离4眼。FFA后极部见单个渗漏点4眼,多个渗漏点20眼;伴有色素上皮萎缩条带2眼,伴有视网膜下大量积液4眼。OCT检查提示24眼存在单发或多发的神经上皮脱离伴/不伴有色素上皮脱离,其中6例患者有神经上皮脱离伴下方高反射信号。12例患者中,肾脏移植术后2例,多发性硬化3例,系统性红斑狼疮2例,肾病综合征2例,脱髓鞘疾病1例,另外2例患者因发热或者其他原因在当地输注过大剂量激素。结论 全身应用皮质类固醇激素致CSC对患者视力的损害极大,其典型的眼底特征可帮助诊断,对此类患者应定期进行眼底检查,便于早期发现,避免出现不可逆的视力损害。     

In vivo micropathology of Best macular dystrophy with optical coherence tomography

Best macular dystrophy (BMD) is an autosomal dominant retinopathy caused by mutations in the VMD2 gene that encodes a chloride channel in the basolateral membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). BMD patients were studied using optical coherence tomography (OCT) to understand the disease process in the macula leading to vision loss. BMD patients (ages 5-61), representing four families with known VMD2 mutations, were included. OCT scans were recorded in the central retina and longitudinal reflectivity profiles were analysed. The central retina in BMD showed different OCT abnormalities at or near the level of the highly reflective deep retinal band termed the outer retina-choroid complex (ORCC). Two types of ORCC change were noted to occur either separately or together: (1) splitting with or without intervening hyporeflective areas; and (2) elevation. Longitudinal study of a BMD patient indicated that such abnormalities were dynamic and changed in type and degree with time. The pathogenetic sequence in BMD may begin with defective fluid transport across the RPE secondary to the channelopathy in the basolateral membrane. In the macula, this leads to an abnormal interface with adjacent structures at both apical and basal surfaces of the RPE. The disease process results in detachments of the neurosensory retina, such as in central serous chorioretinopathy, and sub-RPE pathology resembling some stages of age-related macular degeneration, with eventual loss of photoreceptors, inner retina and central vision.