口腔(咽)癌局部化疗栓塞和动脉内化疗输注后的临床及组织病理学对比研究

目的：对口腔（咽）鳞状细胞癌患动脉内化疗栓塞（iaCE）和动脉内化疗输注（iaCP）后的临床及组织病理学结果行回顾性对照分析。方法：289例口腔（咽）鳞状细胞癌患（平均年龄60岁，68％的患为男性，WHO分级为Ⅰ～Ⅳ级），103例患接受使用顺铂晶体悬浮液（150mg／m^2，每5mg顺铂加1ml生理盐水稀释，总剂量约为40～60ml）的iaCE方法治疗，186例患接受使用大剂量顺铂灌注（150mg／m^2，每1mg顺铂加1ml生理盐水稀释，总剂量约为400～500m1）的iaCP方法治疗。根据肿瘤的部位和供血血管的情况个体化决定iaCE或iaCP的选择。局部化疗后4周，根据WHO标准和切除术后组织病理学TNM分级来评估治疗效果。结果：iaCE和iaCP总的治疗有效率分别为72．5％和47％（P〈0.001），     

肝癌肝动脉灌注化疗与静脉输注硫代硫酸钠的“双路”疗法18例报告

我院从1990年8月～1991年12月对18例有完整病史记录的,已无手术指征的晚期肝癌进行肝动脉灌注化疗及栓塞术,以中剂量顺铂为主,静脉给其解救剂硫代硫酸钠(STS)的双路疗法,其中原发性肝癌11例,转移性肝癌7例。     

支气管动脉灌注化疗治疗非小细胞肺癌的组织学疗效(附63例分析)

目的评价非小细胞肺癌对支气管动脉灌注以顺铂为主的联合化疗药物的敏感性。材料与方法回顾性分析术前经支气管动脉灌注化疗的63例非小细胞肺癌的病理组织学疗效,分析组织学疗效与细胞类型和临床分期的关系。结果63例中Ⅲ级反应8例(鳞癌7例、腺癌1例),Ⅱ级反应10例(鳞癌9例、其它癌1例),Ⅰ级反应23例(鳞癌15例、腺癌7例、其它1例),0级反应22例(鳞癌11例、腺癌11例)。结论支气管动脉灌注以顺铂为主的联合化疗药物是有效治疗非小细胞肺癌的方案,其中对鳞癌比腺癌敏感,不同临床分期间的化疗敏感性无显著性差异。     

外生性肝癌的血供特点及介入治疗

目的探讨外生性肝癌血供特点及经肿瘤供血动脉化疗栓塞术的疗效。方法5例外生性肝癌经股动脉插管,肿瘤供血动脉造影、化疗栓塞治疗,用榄香烯350 mg肿瘤血管内热灌注化疗和顺铂60～80 mg加碘油8～15 ml乳剂及明胶海绵化疗栓塞。结果5例患者共行10次经血管途径的化疗栓塞术。造影显示肿瘤供血动脉以肝外血管为主,肝动脉部分参与供血。5例患者术后瘤体缩小30%～50%,4例AFP下降。结论外生性肝癌有不同于肝内肝癌的血供特点,经肿瘤供血动脉化疗栓塞术对外生性肝癌同样有效,是可供选择的治疗方法之一。     

髂内动脉灌注抗癌药物治疗晚期妇科恶性肿瘤

本文报道经病理证实的24例晚期妇科恶性肿瘤髂内动脉造影表现及灌注治疗的结果。24例中卵巢癌5例,宫颈癌18例,宫体绒癌1例。治疗前常规行双侧髂血管造影,抗癌药物用顺铂(50～80mg/m~2)和丝裂霉素(8～10mg/m~2),每2～3周灌注一次,3～5次为一个疗程。治疗结果为盆腔肿块和局部病灶缩小50％以上者19例,缩小但不足50％者4例,病灶无明显变化者1例。作者认为,盆腔动脉造影对妇科恶性肿瘤的诊断具有重要意义,髂内动脉灌注对晚期妇科肿瘤是一种有效的治疗措施,并能减轻化疗副作用。     

经导管动脉灌注化疗治疗膀胱癌的研究

目的：总结大剂量顺铂＋阿霉素方案经髂内动脉灌注治疗膀胱癌的近期疗效。方法：对７６例经病理证实且肾功能正常的膀胱癌患者行大剂量顺铂＋阿霉素髂内动脉灌注化疗。药物剂量：顺铂：１００ｍｇ／ｍ２,阿霉素：３０ｍｇ／ｍ２。化疗进行两次后,对比观察治疗前后肿瘤病理及超微结构的变化,并对该方案的近期疗效及副作用进行评价。结果：经两个疗程治疗,７６名患者中,安全缓解（ＣＲ）１１例（１４．４７％）,部分缓解（ＰＲ）４５例（５９．２１％）,无效者２０例（２６．３２％）,总反应率７３．６８％。化疗后,有病理学资料的４２例患者中,８例（１９．０５％）移行细胞癌肿瘤分级有所降低,６例（１４．２９％）病理学检查肿瘤细胞消失。肿瘤细胞超微结构的改变明显。结论：大剂量顺铂＋阿霉素方案对于膀胱癌疗效明显,值得推广,但肾功能异常者应慎用该方案。为了提高疗效,减少副作用,动脉灌注时应行双侧髂内动脉造影,合理分配化疗药物。     

内乳动脉插管介入治疗胸部病变

目的 探讨内乳动脉在胸部疾病中的血管造影表现及其在介人治疗中的价值。方法 应用seldinger法，对3l例病灶为内乳动脉供血或参与主要供血的胸部疾病患者进行了内乳动脉造影及介人治疗。结果3l例患者中，20例肺癌患者进行单纯内乳动脉或与其他供血动脉共同灌注化疗，部分行明胶海绵颗粒栓塞治疗，疗效满意。4例中、晚期乳癌灌注化疗后肿块明显缩小。1例低度侵袭性胸腺瘤灌注化疗后明显缩小转放疗。6例大咯血经内乳动脉和其他出血动脉灌注止血药物及明胶海绵栓塞后完全止血。结论 内乳动脉在一些胸部疾病中为主要供血动脉，经该动脉进行介入治疗有重要价值。     

以顺铂为基础的髂内动脉灌注化疗在宫颈癌治疗中的作用

目的:探讨以顺铂为基础的髂内动脉灌注化疗在宫颈癌治疗中的作用。方法:112例中晚期宫颈癌患者,双侧髂内动脉插管,以DDP为基础,辅以BLM、MMC和PYM等灌注化疗,最后以明胶海绵颗粒栓塞。结果:本组病例临床症状均有改善;Ⅰb2~Ⅱb 27例化疗后行手术治疗,完整切除病灶;巨块型癌80.4%(41/51)肿块缩小超过50%,3~4周后92.2%(47/51)宫颈外形可见;颈管型缩小超过50%病例占66.7%(10/15);97.8%(45/46)溃疡型癌合并出血治疗后出血即刻停止;盆腔疼痛缓解率100%,下肢水肿缓解率100%。结论:以顺铂为基础的髂内动脉灌注化疗对中晚期宫颈癌有非常好的近期疗效,可作为提高治愈率和长期缓解率的常规治疗手段。     

78例原发性支气管肺癌插管化疗的分析

为了提高晚期原发性支气管肺癌的疗效,我们采用了支气管动脉插管灌注顺铂进行治疗,取得良好的效果,并作了报道,本文对78例原发性支气管肺癌插管化疗进行分析,着重介绍插管技术、肺癌的血供及支气管动脉的X线解剖,探讨影响插管成功及疗效的一些因素。     

肝动脉高灌注在肝细胞癌伴门静脉癌栓介入治疗中的意义

目的：分析肝细胞癌（HCC）合并门静脉主干癌栓致肝动脉高灌注异常表现,探讨其在判断癌灶的范围、肝脏血流动力学异常、从而选择正确的介入治疗方案中的意义。方法：搜集因HCC合并门静脉左支、右支或/和主干癌栓首次行肝动脉灌注化疗栓塞术（TACE）的病例共69例,根据肝动脉DSA动脉期、实质期癌变和非癌变肝组织境界及血供对比,分为无、轻度、重度肝动脉高灌注,并据此判定癌变和非癌变组织血供状况而选择不同的介入治疗方案。所有病例随访1年以上,大部分病例行2～7次介入治疗。结果：无肝动脉高灌注30例,给予常规TACE术;轻度肝动脉高灌注28例,行肿瘤供血动脉节段性碘油乳剂栓塞;重度肝动脉高灌注11例,仅行肝固有动脉内灌注化疗术。三组病例3、6、12个月生存率分别为100%,96.67%,66.67%;92.86%,71.43%,32.14%;81.82%,36.36%,0%,三组间差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：肝动脉高灌注征在判定HCC并门静脉癌栓患者门静脉血供受侵程度、指导介入方案的选择、介入栓塞治疗预后方面有着重要的临床意义。     

动脉化疗治疗头颈部恶性肿瘤的临床研究

目的研究超选择性动脉介入灌注化疗和栓塞治疗头颈部恶性肿瘤的价值。方法31例头颈部恶性肿瘤患者根据肿瘤部位分别行超选择性舌动脉、颌内动脉、面动脉介入灌注化疗,其中明胶海绵颗粒栓塞11例。化疗药物采用顺铂(CDDP)、5-FU、甲氨碟呤(MTX)、表阿霉素(EPI)等2～3种联合应用。结果31例头颈部恶性肿瘤选择性动脉插管化疗和栓塞,半月后肿瘤体积缩小21例(占67.8%);肿瘤溃疡面缩小8例(占25.8%);未见明显变化2例。组织学疗效:19例介入治疗后接受手术,10例栓塞后的手术标本均为显效,栓塞标本近栓塞的血管处坏死程度重;9例未栓塞标本为有效。19例手术标本病理观察有效率94%。术中见肿瘤缩小,边界清楚,出血减少。19例术后目前仍生存15例(占78.9%),存活时间1～7.5年。结论术前超选择性动脉插管化疗栓塞对头颈部恶性肿瘤有较好的临床应用价值。     

An organ-preserving selective arterial chemotherapy strategy for head and neck cancer.

PURPOSESquamous cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract is a disheartening disease. Despite our best efforts, the long-term survival rate remains only 15% to 40%, and surgical cures often decrease the quality of life owing to the loss of swallowing and speech organs. A better understanding of tumor dynamics and the discovery that thiosulfate can neutralize cisplatin led us to develop a treatment plan that combines a rapid superselective high-dose intraarterial delivery of cisplatin (CDDP), simultaneous intravenous infusion of its antagonist, thiosulfate, and radiation therapy.METHODSPatients with advanced head and neck squamous cancer were entered into the protocol after a multidisciplinary evaluation that included CT or MR imaging. Forty-two patients constituted the first cohort. After baseline angiography, an arterial acceptance test determined the maximum infusion rate that the tumor''s nutrient artery would accept. CDDP was then infused at that rate, usually within 3 to 5 minutes, while the antagonist thiosulfate was given intravenously. In the second cohort of 85 patients with stage 3 or 4 previously untreated and unresectable disease, local radiation was added to the treatment plan. The radiation dose (180-200 cGy/d x 35) was delivered regionally on the basis of the known radiosensitizing effect of CDDP.RESULTSCohort 1 allowed us to develop the infusion technique and to establish a dose quantity and delivery frequency. When 150 mg/m2 was administered weekly for 4 weeks, no severe toxicity was found. In cohort 2, 72 (92%) of the remaining 78 patients had complete disappearance of their tumor. Seventeen severe toxic events were associated with 323 femoral catheterizations. One patient died of pulmonary embolus, precluding follow-up evaluation. Six patients had neurologic sequelae, three with transient and three with permanent strokes.CONCLUSIONRapid superselective chemotherapy with CDDP combined with a circulatory systemic antagonist allowed delivery of an antitumoral drug directly into the lesion while protecting the kidneys and bone marrow from the agent''s systemic effects. Use of a dose regimen of 150 mg CDDP/m2 per week for 4 weeks resulted in the disappearance of a large percentage of advanced squamous cancers.     

Intra-arterial cis-platinum infusion with sodium thiosulfate protection and angiotensin II induced hypertension for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

Cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II (CDDP; 52-169 mg/m2) mixed with angiotensin II (1.5-10 micrograms/min) was infused into the hepatic artery in 33 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Simultaneously, sodium thiosulfate (10-50 g) was administered intravenously in order to reduce the systemic toxicity of CDDP. Over 50 per cent reduction in tumor size was obtained in 18 patients (55%). Complete response was achieved in 4 patients (12%). Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels decreased by more than 75 per cent in 10 of 18 patients in whom the previous AFP level was more than 200 ng/ml. The one year survival rate was estimated at 61 per cent by the Kaplan-Meier method. Alimentary symptoms (nausea, vomiting) were mild or non-existent in nearly 90 per cent of treatments. Peptic ulcer and abdominal pain were manifested in small numbers. Severe changes in the laboratory data were not observed. High dosage arterial infusion of CDDP and angiotensin II and intravenous injection of sodium thiosulfate was well tolerated and gave effective therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma.     

贲门癌术前胃左动脉药物灌注化疗

目的　探讨贲门癌术前经胃左动脉药物灌注化疗的价值。方法　收集了 5 6例经胃左动脉插管药物灌注后手术切除的贲门癌病例总结分析。结果　DSA造影贲门癌多数为血管丰富性肿瘤。经胃左动脉灌注后临床症状缓解明显。钡餐检查贲门部肿块缩小 5 0 %者有 32例。术后 1年生存率 98% ,2年生存率 78.6 % ,3年生存率 5 3.6 %。灌注后胃出血是主要并发症 ,占 32 %。结论　贲门癌术前经胃动脉药物灌注化疗是一种行之有效的方法 ,该方法增加了贲门癌手术切除的机率。     

Complications associated with selective high-dose intraarterial cisplatin and concomitant radiation therapy for advanced head and neck cancer

PURPOSE: To describe the incidence and severity of complications associated with intraarterial cisplatin and concomitant radiation therapy for advanced head and neck cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred five patients treated between June 1993 and March 1998 were studied. Forty-seven (44%) had T4 lesions and 40 (37%) had bulky (N2/3) nodal disease. Three hundred eighty-five procedures were performed. All patients were treated with selective intraarterial tumor-directed cisplatin (150 mg/m(2) weekly x 4), simultaneous intravenous thiosulfate (9 g/m(2)) for systemic neutralization of cisplatin, and conventional external-beam radiation to the primary tumor and nodal disease (total dose of 66-74 Gy). RESULTS: One hundred five patients were evaluated for complications. Twenty-two (5.7%) groin hematomas occurred, none of which needed therapy. Two asymptomatic common carotid artery dissections were reported. Two patients experienced acute occlusion of the external iliac artery requiring a femorofemoral bypass. Overall, there were 41 grade III/IV chemotoxic events related to treatment. Chemotoxic events included 29 mucosal events, nine hematologic events, two otologic events, and one gastrointestinal event. No renal events occurred. There were three permanent and three transient neurologic events. CONCLUSION: Selective high-dose intraarterial cisplatin and concomitant radiation therapy for advanced head and neck cancer can be performed safely with a relatively low complication rate compared to standard intravenous chemotherapy treatment protocols.     

成人股骨头缺血性坏死合并骨髓水肿的介入治疗

目的探讨成人股骨头缺血性坏死合并骨髓水肿的介入治疗及其疗效观察。方法选择临床症状突出,经磁共振成像（MRI）检查证实的成人股骨头缺血性坏死合并骨髓水肿的患者20例,24髋,经对侧股动脉插管,分别超选择至患侧旋股内、外动脉,闭孔动脉开口,造影确定导管位置后,灌注溶栓剂、解痉剂及血管扩张剂等。结果①经2次或3次介入灌注术后与灌注前造影片对比,股骨头颈部血管增多、增粗、股骨头染色变深16例22髋,2例2髋改变不明显。②本组20例中有19例患者疼痛消失、明显减轻或缓解,总有效率占95％。③24个髋关节介入治疗前后活动范围均有不同程度改善。④16髋介入治疗后MRI对比,骨髓水肿明显减轻。结论介入灌注术治疗股骨头缺血性坏死合并骨髓水肿疗效确切。     

Perfusion CT of head and neck cancer

We aim to review the technique and clinical applications of perfusion CT (PCT) of head and neck cancer. The clinical value of PCT in the head and neck includes detection of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) as it allows differentiation of HNSCC from normal muscles, demarcation of tumor boundaries and tumor local extension, evaluation of metastatic cervical lymph nodes as well as determination of the viable tumor portions as target for imaging-guided biopsy. PCT has been used for prediction of treatment outcome, differentiation between post-therapeutic changes and tumor recurrence as well as monitoring patient after radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. PCT has a role in cervical lymphoma as it may help in detection of response to chemotherapy and early diagnosis of relapsing tumors.     

Reirradiation for recurrent head and neck carcinoma using high-dose-rate brachytherapy: A multi-institutional study

AIMThis study presents multi-institutional individual data of reirradiation (ReRT) for head and neck cancer using brachytherapy (ReRT-BT) collected by national surveillance in Japan.METHODS AND MATERIALSWe distributed an e-mail-based questionnaire to 153 institutions equipped with high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy facilities and received responses from 76 institutions (49.7%). Of these 76 institutions, only four (5.2%) performed ReRT-BT for head and neck cancers, and three provided individual patient's data.RESULTSSix ReRT-BT cases of patients with recurrent head and neck cancer, treated with HDR brachytherapy in seven ReRT sessions, were identified from three institutions. Three patients (two cases of lips and one case of gingiva) who underwent curative-intent treatment achieved complete response at the treated area. Three patients who received palliative treatment (one case of tongue and two cases of maxillary sinus) had sustained tumor growth at the treated site, but with improvement in symptoms. No grade ≥3 toxicity was found after HDR ReRT-BT.CONCLUSIONSReRT-BT for head and neck cancer using HDR brachytherapy is a safe and useful approach to treat recurrent cancer after initial radiotherapy with curative and palliative intent. However, the scarce availability of ReRT-BT is a barrier to the wider utility of this effective procedure.     

Surveillance CT and the prompt use of CT-guided fine-needle aspiration in patients with head and neck cancer who have undergone surgery

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of prompt CT-guided fine-needle aspiration in the evaluation of suspected tumor recurrence seen on surveillance images of patients who had undergone surgery for head and neck cancer. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We reviewed 32 patients who had undergone CT-guided fine-needle aspiration after surgery for head and neck cancer. CT-guided fine-needle aspiration was performed with a 22-gauge spinal needle and a cytopathologist was present to assess the adequacy of the biopsy sample. As many as five needle passes were made. RESULTS: Of the 32 cases, pathologic findings revealed squamous cell carcinoma (n = 27), mucoepidermoid carcinoma (n = 2), neuroendocrine carcinoma (n = 1), papillary thyroid carcinoma (n = 1), and adenocarcinoma (n = 1). In 20 cases (62.5%) the results of CT-guided fine-needle aspiration were positive for tumor recurrence, whereas in 11 cases (34.4%) the results were negative. In one case (3.1%) the results were nondiagnostic. Of the 11 patients with negative findings on CT-guided fine-needle aspiration, two patients had a subsequent recurrence that was not at the biopsy site. There were no complications from the procedure. CONCLUSION: When a radiologist who is trained in head and neck imaging identifies with CT a possible early recurrence of tumor, the prompt use of CT-guided fine-needle aspiration is an effective way to diagnose these tumors so that appropriate treatment can be initiated.     

CT-guided radiofrequency ablation in the palliative treatment of recurrent advanced head and neck malignancies

PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of computed tomography (CT)-guided radiofrequency (RF) ablation in the palliative treatment of recurrent advanced head and neck cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From November 2002 to January 2005, the authors identified 14 patients (median age, 61 years) with 14 recurrent advanced primary head and neck malignancies who underwent 27 CT-guided RF ablation applications during 20 sessions at their institution. RF ablation was performed in all patients with the intent of palliative therapy. Radiologic tumor response was assessed by using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. Patients were assessed clinically by means of University of Washington Head and Neck Quality of Life questionnaires. RESULTS: Technical success in tumor targeting and electrode deployment was 100%. University of Washington quality of life surveys completed by six of 14 patients (43%) showed an index increase by a median of 3.1 percentage points, with four of six patients (67%) demonstrating improvement. Three major complications (in 27 applications, 11%) occurred 7 days to 2 weeks after the procedure. These included stroke, carotid blowout leading to death, and threatened carotid blowout with subsequent stroke. Retrospective analysis of intraprocedural CT scans revealed that the retractable electrodes were within 1 cm of the carotid artery during ablation in these cases. CONCLUSIONS: RF ablation in patients with advanced head and neck malignancies is feasible and effective for palliation. CT-guidance provides accurate probe placement and electrode deployment. The energy level used and proximity of the ablation sphere to the carotid artery may predispose to vascular complications.