广州城区托幼园所儿童微量营养素摄入情况分析

目的：对托幼园所进行膳食调查，分析19231名儿童微量营养素摄入情况，以指导托幼园林膳食管理。方法：采用称重法对广州市荔湾区111间托幼园所进行5天的膳食调查，以中国的食物成分表为计算依据，用2000年修订的“中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量（DRIs)”作为评价指标，用中山大学公共卫生学院编制的儿童保健软件进行营养素计算。结果：钙是托幼园所儿童膳食缺乏最明显的营养素，人均摄入量占DRI的50．57％，有72．07％的托幼园所人均摄入量不足DRI的50％；硫胺素摄入量占89．95％DRI，有30．63％的园所人均摄入不足80％DRI；分别有23．42％、20．72％、11．71％、6．30％的托幼园所人均每日摄入锌、抗坏血酸、核黄素、铁不足80％DRIs；视黄醇当量、维生素E、烟酸、硒摄入充足。结论：对钙的缺乏应调整膳食结构或适当使用强化食品加以改善；部分托幼园所应调整膳食结构，保证硫胺素、锌、抗坏血酸、核黄素、铁摄入充足。     

Nutrient Intakes of Pregnant Women and their Associated Factors in Eight Cities of China: A Cross-sectional Study

Background:

During the last 3 decades, China has dramatic changes of the dietary pattern among its citizens, particularly in urban cities. This study aimed to determine the nutrient intake status and factors associated with nutrient intakes of urban Chinese pregnant women now-a-day.

Methods:

The multistage stratified random sampling method was applied in the cross-sectional study. 479 women in three trimesters of pregnancy from eight cities of China were recruited. Nutrient intakes were evaluated with one 24 h dietary recall, and compared with the Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) 2013 for available nutrients.

Results:

Most pregnant women had imbalanced macronutrient distribution with excessive energy derived from fat. Intakes of Vitamin A, B₆, calcium, magnesium, and selenium were below Chinese Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) and Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) in all trimesters. Most pregnant women took more folic acid in the first trimester with a significant decrease in the second and third trimester (P < 0.05). Shortfall in iron intake was found in the third trimester whereas some women may be at the risk of excessive iron intake. Intakes of thiamin met RNI in the first trimester but were below EAR in all trimesters. Trimester phasing was positively associated with most nutrients (P < 0.05). Prepregnancy body mass index was inversely associated with energy, fat, Vitamin C, and calcium intake (P < 0.05). Educational level and household income were positively associated with folic acid intake (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

Current prenatal dietary choices of urban pregnant women in China are imbalanced in the nutrient intake when compared with national DRIs 2013, particularly in intakes of energy derived from fat and micronutrients. Appropriate dietary advice to pregnant women should promote a balanced diet with emphasis on avoidance of foods of high fat content and incorporation of foods that are good sources of the key micronutrients that are usually lacking in a regular pregnancy diet. Further research is needed to understand the eating habits and food patterns that contribute to this imbalanced diet in order to be able to effectively improve prenatal women''s nutrient intake status.     

Marginal vitamin and mineral intake of Costa Rican adolescents

BACKGROUND: Although a great deal of attention is given to macronutrient and energy intake in the diet, elements essential to dietary metabolic balance include important micronutrients. Very little information exists on vitamin and mineral intake during adolescence, especially in developing countries. METHODS: The micronutrient intake of urban and rural adolescents aged 12-19 years from the Costa Rican capital city, San José, was evaluated. Prospective 3-day diet records including 2 weekdays and 1 weekend day were used for dietary data. We evaluated the micronutrient intake to determine the nutrient adequacy ratio. RESULTS: Approximately 30% of adolescents did not meet the 70% level of the daily recommended intake (DRI) for vitamin Bl2. Additionally, 40% of the Costa Rican youngsters presented a vitamin A, E, and iron intake of between 30 and 69% of the DRI or recommended daily dose (RDA) for these nutrients. Likewise, approximately 15% of adolescents did not meet 30% of the DRI or RDA indicators for these nutrients. The micronutrients most at risk for inadequate intake were zinc, calcium, magnesium, and folate: more than 25% of the adolescents did not meet 50% of DRI or RDA indications for these micronutrients. Contrariwise, vitamin C, vitamin B6, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin were the nutrients less at risk for inadequate intake. Fast foods prepared in school cafeterias provided approximately 15-30% of the DRI for vitamins B1, B2, B6, Bl2, and niacin, approximately 18% of the RDA for iron, and over 40% of the RDA for vitamin E. CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional interventions and educational strategies are needed to promote the adoption of healthful eating habits among adolescents.     

Reproducibility and Validity of a Chinese Food Frequency Questionnaire

ObjectiveThis study was design to develop a semi-quantitative Chinese Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and to conduct a validation study for the questionnaire.MethodsBased on the survey experience in recent years, a new Chinese food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with 149 items in 17 food categories was developed. A validation study on this new FFQ was conducted in Jiangsu and Beijing of China between 1999 and 2001. The period of study covered 1 year and the FFQ was validated by comparing with data obtained by a six repeated 24-hour recalls for 3 consecutive days, or a totally 18-day 24-hour recall throughout the year. A total of 271 healthy adult subjects were enrolled in the study.Food and nutrient intakes measured by the 18-day dietary recalls and food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) were computed in the National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, China CDC using the existing nutrition database. The average daily intake of foods and nutrients over the 18-day recall was used to compare with FFQ1 and FFQ2, which was conducted at the beginning and the end of the year, respectively. All statistical analyses were carried out using SAS software version 6.12.ResultsThe reproducibility of FFQ in this study was evaluated at three levels between FFQ1 and FFQ2, i.e. comparison of the mean intake of foods and nutrients; correlation analysis of their intake; and cross-classification and agreement on their corresponding intake. The results showed a high degree of reproducibility for both foods and nutrients. Except for wheat flour and fishes, there were no significant differences in the mean intake of all other foods including rice, other cereals, fresh vegetables, salted vegetables, fresh fruits, nuts, pork, poultry, egg, milk, vegetable oil, soy sauce, salt, and liquor; and this is also true for all nutrients except thiamin. The correlation coefficients ranged from 0.43 to 0.90 for foods and 0.23 to 0.73 for nutrients.Relative validity was tested by comparing the results of food consumption and nutrient intake from both FFQ1 and FFQ2 with those from the average of the 18-day 24-hour recall. The relative validity of FFQ1 was performed in the absence of the possible bias due to a learning effect in FFQ2. This was closer to the real situation where subjects were deprived of any previous experience in quantifying their diet. However, the relative validation of FFQ2 covered the same period as the 24-hour recall.By comparing the mean intake of foods and nutrients between FFQ1 and FFQ2 and the 24-hour recall significant differences were revealed in most foods and nutrients.The crude correlation coefficients between FFQ1 and means of the 24-hour recall ranged from 0.12 to 0.87 for foods and from 0.33 to 0.63 for nutrients. The crude correlation coefficients between FFQ2 and the 24-hour recall ranged from 0.33 to 0.85 for foods and from 0.22 to 0.84 for nutrients. The strongest correlations were found for staple food (rice and wheat flour), pork, poultry and fishes, milk, and liquor. The weakest correlations were found for foods which are not consumed regularly such as potatoes, nuts, legume, and products; and also for fresh vegetables. Adjustment for energy and for attenuation improved correlation for nutrients. The correlation coefficients ranged from 0.27 to 0.86 for FFQ1 and the 24-hour recall and ranged from 0.39 to 0.99 for FFQ2 and the 24-hour recall.DiscussionReproducibility: In conducting a reproducibility evaluation, it is unrealistic to administer the questionnaire at a very short interval, such as in a few days or weeks. When a longer interval of time is used, true changes in dietary intake, as well as variation in response, may lead to reduced reproducibility. This study used one year as an interval between the two interviews which was the most desirable one used in other studies. The reproducibility of FFQ in this study was evaluated in three aspects between FFQ1 and FFQ2, i.e. comparison of the mean intake of foods and nutrients; correlation analysis of their intake; and cross-classification and agreement on their intake A high degree of reproducibility was shown for both food consumption and nutrient intake.Validity: Relative validity was tested by comparing the results of food consumption and nutrient intake from both FFQ1 and FFQ2 with those from the average of the 18-day 24-hour recall. The correlation of FFQ2 with the average of the 18 day 24-hour recalls was generally stronger than that of FFQ1. The relative validity of FFQ1 was performed in the absence of the possible bias due to a learning effect in FFQ2. This was closer to the real situation where subjects were deprived of any previous experience in quantifying their diet. However, the relative validation of FFQ2 covered the same period as the 24-hour recall.Among the available and feasible comparison methods of validating a FFQ, diet records are likely to have the least correlation with FFQ which are due to the restrictions imposed by a fixed list of foods, memory, perception of portion size, and interpretation of questions. These sources of error are minimally shared by diet records because diet records are open-ended, do not depend on memory (foods are recorded on a meal-by-meal basis), and allow direct assessment of portion size. The primary alternative for the use of diet records as a standard of evaluating FFQ is the collection of multiple 24-hour recalls. The results of an evaluation of relative validation depend on several factors which include choice of reference method, the degree of homogeneity of intake values within the population, recall period, and the number of the days recorded. The standard method in our study was a six repeated 24-hour recall for three consecutive days, or a totally 18-day 24-hour recall, over one-year period. Our study subjects were a group of adult residents with a fairly fixed lifestyle. These may partly contribute to stronger correlations obtained in our study.A trend that FFQ overestimates the mean intake for most of the food groups and nutrients included in the study has been observed. There have been few studies to reveal information on over- or under-estimates of both food consumption and nutrient intake by FFQ and the 24-hour recall. The overestimates of both food and nutrient intake in our study may possibly be explained by the fact that the 24-hour recall estimates of food and nutrient intake are derived directly from reports of actual diet of 18 days and that in FFQ the intake comes from summaries or averages of foods consumed during the year and the 18 day 24-hour recall may be not long enough to estimate individual one year diet intake since diet variation exists cross the season and day to day. The results of high degree of reproducibility strongly support the assumption that FFQ could reflect the one year dietary information of the individual.Despite some overestimation of both foods and nutrients by FFQs, agreement on cross-classification is comparable to what other studies have shown, and classification in the same quartile in our study shows a mean of over 45% agreement, while classification in the same and next quartile reveals an mean agreement over 75%.Application: FFQ developed by this study has been applied in several other studies including the Chinese National Nutrition and Health Survey in 2002.ConclusionIn this study, the reproducibility and validity of FFQ were all satisfactory. The results have shown that FFQ can be used to classify study subjects according to their food consumption or nutrient intake over a one-year period. These findings have also confirmed that FFQ is an appropriate instrument to measure the usual food consumption and nutrient intake, as well as to assess the dietary patterns of adult Chinese. It could be used in studies with different purposes, especially in studying the relationship between diet, nutrition and chronic diseases.     

中比两国居民营养状况及膳食结构比较

目的 :比较中比两国居民饮食营养状况的异同及中国人群膳食结构变化趋势。方法 :称重和记帐膳食调查。结果 :两国人均日总热能摄入量相近 ,中国人均蛋白质、维生素A(VitA)、核黄素 (VitB1)、钙 (Ca)等摄入量则明显低于比利时 ;中国人均动物性食品摄入量随经济收入的增高而增多。结论 :中国居民主要营养素摄入能满足机体需要 ,食物结构趋向优化 ,但要进一步促进豆类和乳类食品的生产和消费。     

Mineral Intake in Urban Pregnant Women from Base Diet,Fortified Foods,and Food Supplements:Focus on Calcium,Iron, and Zinc

正In the Chinese national nutrition surveys,fortified foods were not investigated separately from the base diet,and the contribution of fortified foods to micronutrients intake is not very clear.This study investigated the diet,including fortified foods and food supplements,of urban pregnant women and analyzed the intake of calcium,iron,and zinc to assess the corresponding contributions of fortified foods,food supplements,and the base diet.The results demonstrated that the base diet     

孕期营养素摄入与妊娠期糖尿病孕妇血糖控制效果的相关性研究

目的: 探究孕期营养素摄入与妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus, GDM)孕妇血糖控制效果的相关性。方法: 2015年10月至2017年10月之间招募北京某两家三甲医院进行产前检查且完成GDM诊断试验的孕妇(妊娠25~35周)参与队列研究,分别于入组、入组后2周、分娩时进行调查。本研究选取入组后2周的横断面调查数据进行分析,其中采用24 h膳食回顾问卷进行膳食调查,并根据《中国食物成分表》计算能量、宏量营养素及微量营养素的摄入量。利用临床信息系统收集的空腹血糖数据,参考中国《妊娠合并糖尿病诊治指南(2014)》, 将GDM孕妇中空腹血糖≤5.3 mmol/L者划分为血糖控制较好组,>5.3 mmol/L者则划分为血糖控制较差组,并将正常糖耐量孕妇作为正常组。采用二元Logistic回归分析营养素摄入对GDM孕妇血糖控制效果的影响。结果: 共纳入孕妇227例,GDM孕妇104例,正常孕妇123例,其中血糖控制较好组76例(73.1%,76/104),血糖控制较差组28例(26.9%,28/104)。与血糖控制较好组和正常组比较,血糖控制较差组的蛋白质摄入量及其供能比显著较高,碳水化合物供能比则显著较低。微量营养素方面发现血糖控制较好组和血糖控制较差组之间的差异无统计学意义。调整年龄、孕周和体力活动水平后,以血糖控制较好组为对照组,二元Logistic回归模型显示,较高的蛋白质供能比与GDM孕妇血糖控制较差呈正相关(OR=6.12, 95%CI: 1.44~25.98),较高的碳水化合物供能比则与血糖控制较差呈负相关(OR=0.54, 95%CI: 0.32~0.91)。结论: 蛋白质摄入减少、碳水化合物摄入增加与血糖控制较好有关,建议GDM孕妇进一步调整膳食结构以达到良好的血糖控制效果。     

重庆地区人群半定量食物频数问卷的研制

目的 制订适用于对重庆城乡成年人群进行膳食营养概况分析的半定量食物频数问卷(SQFFQ)。方法 采用3日食物称量法对重庆城、乡成年人群进行膳食调查；采用累积百分贡献率(CA)和多元回归(MRA)两种方法分析35种营养素与食物之间关系，分别选出累积百分贡献率达90％以上或累积R^2达0．90以上的食物进入SQFFQ；进一步合并城市和农村的SQFFQ，制订最终能涵盖重庆城乡的SQFFQ。结果 重庆城市和农村地区人群能量、蛋白质、碳水化合物等主要营养素摄入的差异不显著，但农村人群脂肪摄入明显高于城市人群。在选人合并SQFFQ的119种食物中，78种为城乡共有，22种为城市独有，6种为农村独有。最终制订的SQFFQ的营养素覆盖率有33种在城、乡都达到了90%以上。结论 所制订的SQFFQ能较好地覆盖重庆地区人群的营养谱，但需进一步进行效度和信度研究。     

云南地区115例Graves病患者膳食营养状况调查

［摘要］目的　了解云南地区毒性弥漫性甲状腺肿（GD）患者膳食营养状况,探讨GD患者膳食营养摄入水平．方法　采用食物频率法用自行编制的食物频率表对GD患者进行膳食调查;计算GD患者各类食物的每人每日摄入量、各种营养素每人每日摄入量并与中国居民平衡膳食宝塔建议值及膳食营养素参考摄入量（RNIS）相比较;现场测量患者体重、身高和计算体质指数． 结果 （1）膳食结构:云南地区GD患者食物摄入种类齐全,谷类薯类、肉禽类、油脂和坚果类的摄入高;蔬菜菌藻类、水果、蛋类、鱼虾类、奶类及奶制品摄入低;（2）能量和营养素摄入量:脂肪供能比超过推荐值,碳水化合物供能低于推荐值,膳食纤维、维生素A、硫胺素、核黄素、钙和钠摄入低,维生素E、磷和铁摄入高;（3）体格检查:GD患者消瘦率、超重率和肥胖率分别为25.2%、7.0%和1.7%,男性和女性的差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）．结论　云南地区GD患者食物摄入种类齐全,但膳食结构不合理．     

Dietary Exposure to Benzyl Butyl Phthalate in China

Objective Benzyl butyl phthalate(BBP) is a plasticizer used in food contact materials. Dietary exposure to BBP might lead to reproduction and developmental damages to human. The present paper was aimed to assess the health risk of BBP dietary exposure in Chinese population. Methods The BBP contents were detected in 7409 food samples from 25 food categories by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry operated in selected ion monitoring(SIM) mode. The dietary exposures of BBP in different age and sex groups were estimated by combining the content data with food consumption data derived from 2002 China National Nutrient and Health Survey, and evaluated according to the tolerable daily intake(TDI) of BBP established by European Food safety Agency. Results It was found that BBP was undetectable in most samples and the highest level was 1.69 mg/kg detected in a vegetable oil sample. The average dietary exposure of BBP in people aged ≥2 years was 1.03 μg/kg bw per day and the highest average exposure was found in 2-6 years old children(1.98 μg/kg bw per day). The BBP exposure in 7-12 months old children excessed 10% of tolerable daily intake(TDI) in worst scenario. Conclusion The health risk of BBP dietary exposure in Chinese population is low and, considering BBP alone, there is no safety concern.     

北京等四城市妇女膳食结构及营养状况调查与分析

目的 :进一步深入研究不同城市妇女膳食结构及营养状况。方法 :按食物复制法要求被调查对象收集 2 4h摄取的食物 ,以中国的食物成分表为计算依据 ,用 2 0 0 0年修订的“推荐营养素摄入量 (RNI)”作为评价指标。结果 :四城市妇女膳食热量摄入量约占RNI的 80 % ;蛋白质的摄入量以上海市最低 ,仅占RNI的71% ,其它三城市均接近RNI;四城市妇女膳食钙的摄入量约占RNI的 5 0 % ;维生素摄入量除维生素E比较充足外 ,视黄醇当量、维生素B1、维生素B2 和维生素C的摄入量与RNI比较均偏低。结论 :对于钙和各种维生素的缺乏 ,应调整膳食结构加以改善。     

Validation of a computer based system for assessing dietary intake

Dietary intake was assessed in 50 patients in hospital by using a dietary history method and computer based system for data collection and standard food tables to calculate the composition of nutrients. The results were compared with those from a weighed assessment that was calculated by using both food tables and manufacturers' food analyses. The use of the food tables overestimated mean (SEM) individual nutrient intakes by between 2.5% (1.5%) and 15.5% (3.0%). The mean errors associated with the dietary history assessment varied from -23% (7.8%) for fat intake to +21.4% (8.5%) for carbohydrate intake. Overall, 30% of the assessments of total nutrient intakes that were calculated using this method were within -20% to +20% of actual values; 18% were within -10% to +10%. The mean errors associated with the computer based assessment varied from -1.0% (4.3%) for carbohydrate intake to +8.5% (3.4%) for protein intake. Overall, 56% of the assessments of total nutrient intakes were within -20% to +20% of actual intakes; 31% were within -10% to +10%. The computer based system provides an accurate, reproducible, convenient, and inexpensive method for assessing dietary intake.     

沈阳市某建筑工地农民工膳食结构与营养素摄入情况

  目的 了解建筑工地农民工膳食现状,获取其膳食结构及营养素摄入情况,以指导农民工平衡膳食、合理营养。方法 整群抽取380名男性农民工,采用称重记账法,收集农民工就餐食堂连续3 d各种食物消耗量及就餐人数;采用24 h膳食回顾法,补充收集其在调查期间加餐或零食摄入情况。结果 该建筑工地农民工膳食结构的特点是以植物性食物为主,动物性食物种类单一,以猪肉为主;食盐消费量高达18.6 g/d。宏量营养素摄入基本充足,钙、铁、锌、维生素A、核黄素、钙、铁、锌等微量营养素摄入不足,分别占RNI(AI)A2CRN2的57.7%、64.3%、40.1%、72.0%和72.7%;钠摄入严重超标,高达9 012.9 mg。结论 该建筑工地农民工膳食结构不合理,微量营养素摄入不平衡,建议开展对农民工的营养教育,指导农民工合理膳食。     

城市学龄儿童营养状况分析

为了解当前城市学龄儿童的营养状况,为这龄儿童营养状况提供基础数据,按常规营养调查法对昆明市某小学５１７名在校中餐学生进行膳食调查、体格检查及实验室检查。结果：膳食构成以糠谷类为主,动物类及纯热能食品供给偏高,蔬菜及水果供给偏低、热能、蛋白质、铁锌、硒、视黄醇、ＶｉｔＥ,ＶｉｔＣ供给量均已达到 ＲＤＡ;而钙、ＶｉｔＢ１及ＶｉｔＢ２均低于ＲＤＡ的６０％,按身高标准体重评价显示：存在不同程度的营养不良和     

济宁市城乡部分成人不同季节膳食叶酸摄入量分析

目的 估算并分析济宁市城乡部分成人不同季节的膳食叶酸摄入量.方法 利用2005 至2006年山东济宁市城乡部分成人膳食类胡萝卜素研究的膳食资料,结合美国农业部国家营养成分参考标准第25 版中叶酸的成分数据,计算部分成人的膳食叶酸摄入量.结果 农村社区居民膳食叶酸摄入量（275.16 ±159.08）μg/d 分别低于中心社区（P＜ 0.01）和周边社区（P ＜ 0.05）;城市中心社区（361.28 ± 159.54）μg/d 和周边社区（323.58 ± 176.50）μg/d 无统计学差异（P＞ 0.05）.3 个社区膳食叶酸摄入量满足中国成人叶酸推荐摄入量的人数比例不同（P＜ 0.01）,中心社区（36.5% ）最高,农村社区（17.2% ）最低.中心社区膳食叶酸摄入量的季节波动很小（P ＞ 0.05）;而周边社区和农村社区的季节波动均相对较大（ P ＜ 0.01）.3 个社区在春季的摄入量均相对较高;而周边社区冬季的摄入量和农村社区夏季的摄入量均相对偏低.结论 济宁市成人居民的膳食叶酸摄入情况不容乐观.     

Changes in Dietary Patterns and Certain Nutrition—related Diseases in Urban and Rural Residents of Jiangsu Province,China,During the 1990s^1

Objective To investigate into the changes of dietary patterns and their impacts on health of urban and rural residents in Jiangsu Province, China during the 1990s. Methods On the basis of the results of food consumption survey, the calorie intake was calculated according to the balanced diet method and the quality of diet was assessed by scores of desirable dietary pattern (DDP).Results It was found that food consumption and dietary patterns changed remarkably during the 1990s. Grain consumption was decreasing year by year, but the consumption of animal food was markedly increasing. Although the score of desirable dietary pattern (DDP) in urban residents was more than 90, the deducted score due to over-consumption of animal food increased. The mortality from infectious diseases evidently decreased in the whole province, while the death rates of some chronic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, colorectal cancer and breast cancer, were increasing rapidly in urban areas. Conclusions Sufficient attention should be paid to the negative effects of change in dietary patterns on people's health, especially in the urban residents.     

海南省居民膳食结构与膳食营养素摄入状况研究

目的了解海南省居民的膳食结构、营养素摄入现况,为国家制定相关政策、指导居民合理饮食提供依据。方法采用分层多阶段整群随机的方法从家庭抽样为单位,调查包括询问调查和膳食调查等。利用“海南省居民营养与健康状况调查”中的连续3d24h回顾法的食物数据、家庭食物称重法记录的家庭调味品消费量数据和家庭人均年收入数据,应用SAS软件进行统计分析。结果海南省居民动物性食物消费量增加,达人均207．0g／d;奶类、水果消费量低于推荐量;但畜禽肉类、油脂消费过多,分别为人均112．1、41．7g／d;食盐的消费量为6．7g／d,达到推荐量要求;奶类食物偏低,为人均5．8g／d;蔬菜消费不足,为人均235．8g/d。居民能量、蛋白质、脂肪及大多数营养素的摄入量基本充足,但钙、维生素A、B1、B2等仍不足。结论海南省居民膳食状况有较大提高,但膳食结构不尽合理;基本营养素摄入得到满足。但某些营养素依然缺乏。     

孕期奶类摄入与新生儿出生体质量关系的前瞻性研究

  目的  了解西南地区孕妇孕期奶类摄入现况,探讨孕期奶类摄入量与新生儿出生体质量的关系。  方法  采用前瞻性研究,选取成都市某三甲妇幼医疗机构产前门诊孕8～14周单胎健康妇女为研究对象。通过3 d 24小时膳食回顾法分别于孕8～14周、孕24～28周及孕32～36周收集孕早、中、晚期奶及奶制品的摄入信息,计算总奶类摄入量和饮奶率;参照《中国孕期妇女膳食指南（2016）》的奶类推荐量（300 g/d）为标准计算达标率,同时将研究对象分为不饮奶组、饮奶不足组和饮奶适宜组。利用医院信息系统收集分娩孕周、新生儿出生体质量等资料。应用多因素非条件logistic回归模型分析孕期奶类摄入量与新生儿出生体质量的关系。  结果  最终纳入962例有效样本。孕早、中、晚期平均奶类摄入量〔中位数（P₂₅,P₇₅）〕分别为125.0（0,236.1） g/d、208.3（0,284.7） g/d、250.0（150.0,416.7） g/d,达标率分别为12.6%、33.2%和48.4%。平均新生儿出生体质量为（3 225.0±399.8） g,小于胎龄儿发生率为8.3%,大于胎龄儿发生率为3.9%。孕中期饮奶适宜组发生小于胎龄儿的风险较不饮奶组降低〔相对危险度（odds ratio, OR）=0.786,95%置信区间（confidence interval, CI）:0.385～0.976〕。孕晚期饮奶不足组和饮奶适宜组发生小于胎龄儿的风险较不饮奶组降低（分别为OR=0.672,95%CI:0.477～0.821和OR=0.497,95%CI:0.116～0.807）。未观察到孕早期奶类摄入量与新生儿出生体质量和孕中、晚期奶类摄入量与大于胎龄儿发生风险有关。  结论  西南地区孕妇各孕期奶类摄入不足问题突出,亟待改善。孕期奶类摄入与新生儿出生体质量有关,孕中、晚期奶类摄入量增加可能降低小于胎龄儿发生的风险。     

海军某院校学员膳食营养调查与评价

目的 了解军校学员食物与营养素摄入情况、体格发育状况、能量消耗情况和体能素质等,评估学员膳食营养状况,为提高学员营养和健康水平提供依据。方法 选取海军某院校预防医学专业全体本科学员作为调查对象,通过膳食调查、体格测量、能量消耗调查、问卷调查及体能测试等方式,对学员热能、营养素摄入及体质情况进行调查。结果 粮食类、蔬菜类、水果类、水产类、奶类、菌藻类食物摄入缺乏,畜肉、禽肉类食物与调味品类摄入过多;碳水化合物供能比不足,脂肪供能比超标,蛋白质摄入达到标准;磷、钠、铁的摄入量超标,维生素A摄入不足;能量摄入远大于能量消耗;体型超重者、体能测试不及格者均占较大比例;问卷调查中营养知识平均得分较低。结论 学员膳食结构不尽合理,三大产能营养素配比不平衡,微量营养素摄入不均衡,超重者比例偏高。建议减少畜肉、禽肉类食物摄入,减少调味品用量,增加粮食、蔬菜、水果摄入,增加水产类、奶类食物供应,并加强合理膳食科普宣传教育。     

Food Frequency Questionnaire for Chinese Children Aged 12-17 Years: Validity and Reliability

Objective The primary objective of this study was to examine the validity and reliability of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire(FFQ) among Chinese children aged 12-17 years. Methods A semi-quantitative 72-food item FFQ was developed for children aged 12-17 years. The reliability and validity of this FFQ were evaluated against 24-h dietary recalls(24 h DRs) to measure the consumption of foods and nutrients. We administered two FFQs and three DRs to children(N = 160) over a period of 1 month to evaluate the reliability and validity. Reliability was examined by quartile agreement and intraclass correlation coefficients(ICCs), and validity was examined by quartile agreement, Bland-Altman plots and correlation with DRs. Results For reliability, the ICCs between the two FFQs ranged from 0.21 to 0.76 for foods and nutrients, and the quartile agreement ranged from 70.0% to 95.0% in the same or adjacent quartiles. Spearman's correlation coefficients of foods and nutrients between the second FFQ and the 24 h DRs ranged from-0.04 to 0.59. The Bland-Altman plots demonstrated good agreement across the range of intakes among nutrients. The quartile agreement ranged from 50.0% to 100.0%, with infrequent misclassification. Conclusion The FFQ assessment of dietary intakes demonstrated acceptable relative validity and high reproducibility for Chinese children aged 12-17 years.