小儿膀胱结石经皮膀胱穿刺输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗的围手术期护理

目的探讨小儿膀胱结石经皮膀胱穿刺输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗的围手术期护理。方法选取本院2013年3月-2016年3月本院行经皮膀胱穿刺输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗的患儿140例,随机分为对照组和干预组各70例。对照组采用常规护理方法,干预组在对照组基础上,使用围术期护理方法。比较分析两组手术效果及并发症发生情况。结果干预组并发症发生率低于对照组,手术时间、结石排尽时间短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论完善的围术期护理在小儿泌尿系结石经皮膀胱穿刺输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗中十分重要,能有效缩短手术时间,提高手术效果,降低并发症的发生率,促进患者恢复。     

经皮膀胱微穿刺造瘘气压弹道碎石治疗小儿膀胱结石

目的 探讨经皮膀胱微穿刺造瘘输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术在小儿膀胱结石中的应用.方法 对23例小儿膀胱结石患者的临床治疗效果进行回顾总结.结果 经皮膀胱微穿刺造瘘输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术在治疗小儿膀胱结石中成功率达到91.3%.结论 经皮膀胱穿刺造瘘气压弹道碎石是治疗经尿道气压弹道碎石入路有困难的小儿膀胱结石一种安全、高效、简便、并发痘少的方法.值得推荐.     

输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术治疗肾下盏结石的护理体会

总结了输尿管软镜碎石术(钬激光)治疗45例肾下盏结石的围手术期护理经验。39例患者一次碎石成功,单次手术碎石总成功率达到86.67%(39/45),4例经输尿管软镜治疗失败者改体外冲击波碎石成功,2例改经皮肾镜钬激光碎石成功。经过围手术期积极护理配合治疗,本组患者未出现肾周感染、输尿管穿孔、发热、脓肾、输尿管撕脱等并发症。认为经尿道输尿管软镜碎石术(钬激光)治疗肾下盏结石具有操作简便、创伤小、并发症少和碎石高效等特点,可作为肾下盏结石一线治疗方案推荐临床应用。良好的围手术期护理配合,可减少术后并发症,有利于患者术后康复。     

输尿管镜下钬激光治疗儿童膀胱结石

目的 总结输尿管镜下钬激光碎石治疗儿童膀胱结石.方法 对15例儿童膀胱结石行输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术疗效进行分析.结果 所有病例均一次性治愈.结论 根据不同儿童年龄段选择经尿道或耻骨上膀胱造口行输尿管镜下膀胱钬激光碎石,是一种创伤小、恢复快、治愈率高的方法.     

输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗儿童膀胱结石18例

传统治疗膀胱结石的方法有膀胱切开取石、大力碎石钳碎石。由于膀胱切开取石创伤较大，术后住院时间较长。儿童膀胱结石因患儿尿道周径小，经尿道膀胱镜下行钳夹碎石术受到限制，过去通常采用开放手术。随着现代输尿管镜技术的发展和不断提高，目前应用输尿管镜治疗小儿尿路结石已较为常见。本次研究采用输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗小儿膀胱结石18例，效果满意。现报道如下。     

输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石256例围术期护理

目的:探讨输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石围术期的护理方法.方法:对256例输尿管结石患者行输尿管镜下钬激光碎石治疗,同时加强围术期护理.结果:采用输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石成功率高达96.9%(248/256),同时对256例患者随访1～10个月,全部患者在1个月内排净结石.结论:输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石,做好患者输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术的围术期护理是成功的重要因素之一.     

输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石256例围术期护理

目的：探讨输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石围术期的护理方法。方法：对256例输尿管结石患者行输尿管镜下钬激光碎石治疗,同时加强围术期护理。结果：采用输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石成功率高达96.9%（248/256）,同时对256例患者随访1～10个月,全部患者在1个月内排净结石。结论：输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石,做好患者输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术的围术期护理是成功的重要因素之一。     

经膀胱造瘘输尿管镜下钬激光治疗后尿道瓣膜症

目的 探讨经膀胱造瘘输尿管镜钬激光在治疗小儿后尿道瓣膜症中的应用效果.方法 对12例后尿道瓣膜症患儿采用经膀胱造瘘榆尿管镜下钬激光后尿道瓣膜切除术,并随访观察疗效.结果 12例患儿均1次治愈,无明显并发症,术后复查尿流率较术前有明显提高,随访6个月～2年,无复发.结论 经膀胱造瘘输尿管镜钬激光是一种安全、高效、微刨的治疗儿童后尿道瓣膜症的手术方法.     

不同入路气压弹道碎石术治疗膀胱结石

目的 探讨不同入路气压弹道碎石术治疗膀胱结石的方法及疗效。方法 采用气压弹道碎石术经尿道输尿管镜、经耻骨上膀胱造瘘、经尿道普通膀胱镜、经膀胱镜鞘输尿管镜等4种入路共治疗膀胱结石28例。结果 手术一次性成功率89．3％。1例结石残留，1例结石无法固定改开放手术，1例结石核心为异物改开放性手术。手术时间15～60min。结论 气压弹道碎石术安全可靠，损伤轻微。以经膀胱镜鞘输尿管镜入路最佳，其次为经尿道普通膀胱镜入路，经尿道输尿管入路适用于尿道狭窄者，经耻骨上膀胱造瘘入路不主张使用。     

经皮肾造瘘输尿管镜钬激光碎石的术中配合

目的 探讨经皮肾造瘘输尿管镜钬激光碎石手术过程中的护理经验.方法 对26例经皮肾穿刺置人造瘘通道患者采用输尿管镜下钬激光超声碎石治疗肾结石.结果 26例患者均穿刺和碎石成功,其中结石一次性清除有24例,14 d后结石再次清除有2例.结论 充分做好术前准备,安排专人应用仪器及医护人员熟练地配合是手术成功的关键.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.