右美托咪定联合舒芬太尼对经腹子宫全切术后患者自控静脉镇痛的疗效观察

[目的]探讨右美托咪定联合舒芬太尼对经腹子宫全切术后患者自控静脉镇痛(PCIA)的疗效.[方法]采用随机数字表法将本院择期全身麻醉下行腹式子宫切除手术患者68例分为观察组和对照组,每组34例,分别给予不同药物组成的PCIA.观察组术后给予盐酸右美托咪定0.10 μg/(kg·h)、舒芬太尼0.02μg/(kg·h)、托烷司琼5 mg.对照组给予舒芬太尼0.04 μg/(kg·h)、托烷司琼5 mg.对比观察两组术后24h内总按压次数、舒芬太尼用量、不良反应发生情况,并记录术后2、4、6、8、12、24h各时间点的VAS和Ramsay评分.[结果]观察组24h内PCIA总按压次数和舒芬太尼用量明显少于对照组,且差异有显著性(P＜0.05).观察组在术后4、8、12h时间点VAS评分明显低于对照组,而在术后24 h内各时间点Ramsay镇静评分明显高于对照组,且差异均有显著性(P＜0.05).观察组不良反应发生率明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).[结论]右美托咪定联合舒芬太尼减少了舒芬太尼用量,明显提高了镇痛、镇静效果,减少了不良反应,其用于子宫全切术后患者PCIA优于单独应用舒芬太尼.     

不同剂量的右美托咪定复合舒芬太尼在子宫全切术中的镇痛效果研究

【目的】探讨不同剂量的右美托咪定复合舒芬太尼在子宫全切术中的镇痛效果。【方法】选取行择期开腹子宫全切术的患者80例,随机分成四组,每组20例。A组（对照组）用舒芬太尼镇痛,B组（低剂量组）用低剂量右美托咪定复合舒芬太尼镇痛,C组（中剂量组）用中剂量右美托咪定复合舒芬太尼镇痛,D组（高剂量组）用高剂量右美托咪定复合舒芬太尼镇痛,通过观察并记录四组不同时点的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）和呼吸频率（RR）,同时记录四组患者不良反应的情况,比较四组的临床镇痛效果。【结果】右美托咪定复合舒芬太尼比单独使用舒芬太尼有更好的镇痛、镇静效果;中剂量组镇痛效果比低剂量组确切、不良反应比高剂量组少。【结论】中剂量的右美托咪定复合舒芬太尼在子宫全切术中有更好的镇痛效果,值得临床推广。     

右美托咪定复合腰硬联合麻醉对老年全髋关节置换术患者围术期应激反应的影响

目的研究老年全髋关节置换术患者使用右美托咪定复合腰硬联合麻醉对围术期应激反应的影响。方法选择2017年3月至2018年3月老年全髋关节置换术患者122例,按麻醉方案分为对照组和观察组,每组61例。入组后均实施全髋关节置换术,对照组使用常规腰硬联合麻醉,观察组在此基础上加用右美托咪定。记录两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、痛觉消失时间、运动阻滞时间;统计术前(T0)、给予右美托咪定(或生理氯化钠溶液)后(T1)、维持药物停药即刻(T2)、术后24 h(T3)、术后48 h(T4)血浆皮质醇、肾上腺素含量;记录术后24 h内不良反应发生情况。结果观察组手术时间、术中出血量与对照组相当(P0.05);观察组痛觉消失时间、运动阻滞时间均明显低于对照组(P0.05)。两组T1、T2、T3、T4血浆皮质醇、肾上腺素含量均明显高于T0(P0.05),观察组T1、T2、T3、T4血浆皮质醇、肾上腺素低于对照组(P0.05)。观察组术后24 h内躁动发生率低于对照组(P0.05)。结论老年全髋关节置换术患者使用右美托咪定复合腰硬联合麻醉的围术期应激反应较小,同时能降低痛觉消失及运动阻滞时间,减少术后躁动发生率。     

舒芬太尼镇痛复合右美托咪定浅镇静在心脏瓣膜置换术后入住ICU患者中的应用价值

目的探究舒芬太尼镇痛复合右美托咪定浅镇静在心脏瓣膜置换术后入住重症加强护理病房(ICU)患者中的应用价值。方法选取我院2015年5月～2018年5月心脏瓣膜置换术后入住ICU的患者98例,按随机数字表法分为对照组与观察组各49例。对照组患者术后给予舒芬太尼复合咪达唑仑镇痛镇静,观察组患者术后给予舒芬太尼镇痛复合右美托咪定浅镇静。对比两组患者机械通气时间、不良反应发生情况及用药6h、12h、24h的Riker镇静、躁动(SAS)评分及疼痛行为量表(BPS)评分。结果用药6h、12h和24h,两组患者SAS评分比较,无显著性差异(P0.05);用药6h、12h和24h,观察组BPS评分低于对照组(P0.05);观察组机械通气时间低于对照组(P0.05);观察组不良反应发生率12.24%较对照组30.61%低(P0.05)。结论舒芬太尼镇痛复合右美托咪定浅镇静应用于心脏瓣膜置换术后入住ICU患者的镇痛、镇静效果显著,且可缩短机械通气时间,降低不良反应发生率。     

右美托咪定联合舒芬太尼在手指再植术患者自控镇痛中的应用效果评价

目的探讨右美托咪定联合舒芬太尼在手指再植术患者自控镇痛中应用价值。方法选取接受手指再植术治疗的120例患者,根据随机数表法分为对照组、观察组各60例。2组患者均接受高频超声引导臂丛神经阻滞麻醉,对照组采用镇痛泵100 m L生理盐水内加入2μg/kg舒芬太尼镇痛,观察组采用镇痛泵100 m L生理盐水内加入2μg/kg舒芬太尼、200μg右美托咪定镇痛。比较2组患者自控镇痛效果、镇静效果及不良反应发生率。结果观察组患者术后4、12、24 h的VAS评分均显著低于对照组(P0.05);观察组患者术后4、12、24 h的镇静效果均显著优于对照组(P0.05);2组患者不良反应总发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对手指再植术患者而言,右美托咪定联合舒芬太尼能有效提高自控镇痛效果、镇静效果,减少不良反应发生。     

右美托咪定超声引导下行髂筋膜间隙阻滞术对老年股骨颈术后镇痛效果分析

目的探讨右美托咪定超声引导下行髂筋膜间隙阻滞对老年股骨颈术后镇痛的效果及对患者术后康复的影响。方法选择2017年8月～2018年1月于我院行股骨颈手术患者90例,随机分为观察组、对照1组和对照2组各30例。观察组予超声引导下髂筋膜间隙阻滞术后右美托咪定+罗哌卡因定镇痛,对照1组予超声引导下髂筋膜间隙阻滞术后罗哌卡因镇痛,对照2组予患者静脉自控镇痛。对比患者术前和术后VAS评分,术后康复指标及不良反应。结果对照2组术后6h静态VAS评分显著高于观察组(P0.05),对照1组和对照2组术后12h静态VAS评分以及24h、48h的静态和动态VAS评分均显著高于观察组(P0.05);观察组床上活动时间及下床活动时间更早,下肢深静脉血栓形成发生率较小,住院天数明显缩短,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组不良反应发生率显著少于对照1组和对照2组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论右美托咪定超声引导下行髂筋膜间隙阻滞对老年股骨颈手术患者术后镇痛安全有效,有利于促进患者术后康复。     

右美托咪定联合罗哌卡因在小儿腹股沟疝修补术后镇痛的效果观察

目的探讨右美托咪定联合罗哌卡因在小儿腹股沟疝修补术后镇痛的效果。方法选取腹股沟疝修补术患儿80例,随机分为对照组和观察组。对照组患儿给予单纯的罗哌卡因阻滞,观察组给予右美托咪定联合罗哌卡因阻滞。比较2组术后4、8、12、24、48 h的疼痛视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分、镇静(Ramsay)评分。比较2组术后不良反应发生率及患儿的镇痛满意度。结果 2组术后8、12、24、48 h的VAS评分均显著高于同组术后4 h的VAS评分,对照组术后8、12、24、48 h的Ramsay评分均显著低于术后4 h的Ramsay评分,且观察组术后8、12、24、48 h的VAS评分、Ramsay评分均显著优于对照组(P 0.05)。观察组不良反应发生率为10.00%,与对照组的15.00%比较无显著差异(P 0.05)。观察组镇痛总满意度为97.50%,显著高于对照组的80.00%(P 0.05)。结论相比于单纯罗哌卡因阻滞,右美托咪定联合罗哌卡因阻滞的镇痛、镇静效果更好,安全性也较高。     

不同负荷剂量右美托咪定对经尿道前列腺电切术患者血流动力学和应激反应的影响

目的观察术前给予不同负荷剂量右美托咪定对经尿道前列腺电切术(transurethral resection of prostate, TURP)患者血流动力学和应激反应的影响。方法行TURP术患者52例,在腰-硬联合麻醉10 min后,根据右美托咪定负荷剂量分为右美托咪定0.5μg/kg组26例(右美托咪定0.5μg/kg+生理盐水50 mL静脉泵注)和右美托咪定1.0μg/kg组26例(右美托咪定1μg/kg+生理盐水50 mL静脉泵注),并给予右美托咪定维持剂量0.5μg/(kg·h)至手术结束;记录2组入室时(T_0)、腰麻后10 min(T_1)、泵入右美托咪定后10 min(T_2)、手术开始2 h(T_3)时患者平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure, MAP)、心率及术中不良反应发生情况。采用ELISA法检测2组手术开始后2 h血清肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素及术后6、24 h血清C反应蛋白水平。结果 T_1～T_3时,2组MAP、心率均低于T_0时(P0.05),T_3时右美托咪定1.0μg/kg组MAP、心率低于右美托咪定0.5μg/kg组(P0.05);与T_1时比较,2组T_2、T_3时MAP、心率均降低(P0.05),右美托咪定0.5μg/kg组T_2时MAP[(79.65±10.17)mm Hg]、心率[(65.77±7.06)次/min]低于T_3时[(86.96±10.11)mm Hg、(71.77±7.10)次/min](P0.05),右美托咪定1.0μg/kg组T_2时MAP[(74.62±8.94) mm Hg)]、心率[(61.04±8.34)次/min]与T_3时[(79.73±8.07)mm Hg、(64.88±8.31)次/min]比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。2组术中均未发现呼吸抑制,右美托咪定0.5μg/kg组发生窦性心动过缓2例,低血压1例;右美托咪定1.0μg/kg组发生窦性心动过缓3例,低血压2例,右美托咪定0.5μg/kg组不良反应发生率(11.5%)与右美托咪定1.0μg/kg组(19.2%)比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。右美托咪定1.0μg/kg组患者手术开始后2 h血清肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素及术后6、24 h C反应蛋白水平均低于右美托咪定0.5μg/kg组(P0.05)。结论与右美托咪定0.5μg/kg负荷剂量比较,术前给予右美托咪定负荷剂量1.0μg/kg,术中维持剂量0.5μg/(kg·h),对减轻TURP患者应激反应效果更好,有助于稳定血流动力学,安全性好。     

右美托咪定联合舒芬太尼术后PCIA的镇痛效果

目的：观察右美托咪定联合舒芬太尼用于妇科手术患者术后自控静脉镇痛（PCIA）评价其镇痛效果及安全性,为临床选择用药提供参考。方法选择择期全身麻醉下行妇科子宫次全切手术患者60例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,按随机数字表法分为舒芬太尼组（C组30例）,右美托咪定组（D组）。 C组：舒芬太尼2滋g·kg-1,加生理盐水配制至200 mL术后镇痛泵自控镇痛;D组：右美托咪定200滋g＋舒芬太尼2滋g·kg-1,加生理盐水配制至200 mL镇痛泵自控镇痛。分别于术后4、8、16、24 h对患者进行VAS疼痛评分、Ramsay镇静评分并记录术后24 h内不良反应的对比。结果 D组术后各时间点的VAS评分、术后PCIA自控按压次数、舒芬太尼用量均低于C组,其差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;2组术后Ramsay镇静评分差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;D组与C组PCIA期间恶心、呕吐、头晕、皮肤瘙痒等发生率差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,2组均未发生低血压、心动过缓以及呼吸抑制等不良反应。结论右美托咪定联合舒芬太尼行术后PCIA可减少舒芬太尼使用剂量,镇痛效果明显优于单纯应用舒芬太尼,可在妇科手术患者术后PCIA中应用。     

右美托咪定联合瑞芬太尼对ICU患者镇静镇痛效果的研究

目的探讨右美托咪定联合瑞芬太尼对ICU患者镇静镇痛作用的效果。方法选择ICU术后患者60例,按术后镇痛用药不同分为A、B组各30例。A组术后给予瑞芬太尼。B组术后给予右美托咪定联合瑞芬太尼。比较2组患者术后镇静镇痛效果及不良反应。结果 B组术后6、12、24 h镇静镇痛评分显著低于A组(P0.01)。B组患者不良反应发生率为16.7%,显著低于A组的60.0%(P0.05)。结论 ICU患者术后应用右美托咪定联合瑞芬太尼联合疗法镇静镇痛作用效果确切、可靠、安全。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.