超声心动图定位技术应用于婴幼儿PICC的效果分析

目的探讨超声心动图定位技术应用于婴幼儿PICC置管中的效果。方法选择2014年7月—2017年12月江苏省无锡市儿童医院儿科收治的需进行PICC置管的婴幼儿80例作为研究对象。采用随机数字表法分为观察组(n=40)、对照组(n=40)。对照组按照常规方法行PICC置管,固定导管后行X线摄片观察导管头端位置,并根据结果调整导管直至PICC导管头端位于上腔静脉内。观察组采用常规方法置管,并在置管过程中采用超声心动图进行导管头端定位,使导管末端达到最佳位置(导管头端均位于上腔静脉中下1/3),置管结束后行X线摄片确定导管头端位置。比较两组婴幼儿PICC的1次置管到位率、置管操作时间、操作满意度及置管后2个月内并发症的发生率。结果观察组患儿1次置管到位率高于对照组(P0.05),置管时间少于对照组(P0.05),患儿家长满意度高于对照组(P0.05),PICC留置2个月内导管异位、穿刺点渗血、静脉炎及导管堵塞的发生率均低于对照组(P0.05)。结论超声心动图定位技术应用于婴幼儿PICC置管,能提高1次置管到位率,缩短置管时间,减少置管后相关并发症的发生,减轻患儿的痛苦,提高患儿家长的满意度,值得推广应用。     

超声监测辅助心电图引导经外周静脉穿刺置入中心静脉导管头端定位的价值

目的探讨超声监测辅助心电图引导经外周静脉穿刺置入中心静脉导管(PICC)头端定位的价值。方法选取PICC置管治疗的恶性肿瘤患者120例,随机分为观察组与对照组,每组60例。对照组采用常规胸部X线片定位PICC头端位置的方式进行置管,观察组采用腔内心电图技术和超声监测技术对患者PICC管进行头端定位。比较2组患者头端到位情况、术后并发症发生情况以及对于PICC置管术的满意情况。结果观察组患者头端到位率达到93. 3%,显著高于对照组患者的71. 7%(P 0. 05)。观察组并发症发生率只有5. 0%,显著低于对照组的31. 7%(P 0. 05)。观察组患者对于PICC置管术及后期护理的满意率达到91. 7%,显著高于对照组的65. 0%(P 0. 05)。结论采用超声监测技术辅助腔内心电图引导PICC置管术,能够较为精准地对PICC管进行头端定位,降低术后并发症发生率。     

心电监护下P波改变对PICC头端定位的临床研究

目的:探讨采用单腔4Fr的耐高压PICC导管通过心电监护下P波的改变进行PICC导管头端定位的临床应用效果。方法:将200例接受PICC置管的成年患者,随机等分为观察组和对照组。观察组采用超声引导下微插管鞘技术行PICC导管置入,依据心电监护下P波改变对PICC导管头端进行定位;对照组采用超声引导下微插管鞘技术行PICC导管置入后直接进行X线定位。比较两组导管头端位于上腔静脉下段及右心房入口的到位率及并发症的发生率。结果:观察组PICC导管头端位于上腔静脉下段及右心房入口的到位率高于对照组(P0.05),并发症发生率低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:心电监护下依据P波的改变对PICC导管头端定位技术具有较高的准确性及安全性。     

B超引导下心电监护定位在新生儿PICC置管中的应用

目的:探讨B超引导下心电监护定位在新生儿PICC置管中的应用效果。方法:将110例行PICC置管的患儿,随机分为观察组和对照组各55例。对照组患儿在B超引导下行PICC置管,观察组患儿在B超引导下联合心电监护定位行PICC置管。通过超声探查和特征性P波的变化确定导管的位置。2组患儿在PICC置管后均行X线片,以检测导管尖端位置。记录并比较2组患儿置管一次性到位率、置管时间及出血量等情况。并以X线片尖端定位作为判定金标准,评估心电图特征性P波预测的准确度。结果:观察组患儿PICC置管一次性到位率(96.36%)高于对照组(83.63%),χ~2=4.946,P0.05)。观察组置管时间短于对照组出血量少于对照组(P0.05)。观察组患儿特征性P波预测到位准确度为90.91%,其与X线检测到位情况一致性程度高(Kappa=0.548,P0.001)。结论 :B超引导下心电监护定位可明显提高PICC置管成功率,并能提高一次性到位率,缩短置管时间,减少出血量。特征性P波预测到位情况与X线检测到位情况一致性程度高。     

超声心动图引导婴幼儿PICC头端定位的效果分析

目的 探讨超声心动图用于婴幼儿PICC头端定位的应用效果。方法 在80例需PICC置管的婴幼儿,根据是否采用超声心动图定位分为两组;对照组(40例)予以常规方法行PICC置管,固定导管后行X线摄片观察导管头端位置,并根据结果调整导管直至PICC导管头端位于上腔静脉内。观察组(40例)采用常规方法置管,并在置管过程中依据超声心动图用于导管头端定位,使导管末端达到最佳位置(导管头端均位于上腔静脉中下1/3),置管结束后行X线摄片确定导管头端位置,分析比较两组的置管效果。结果 两组比较观察组置管最佳长度的一次成功率高于对照组(P<0.05),置管时间观察组明显低于对照组(P<0.05),家长满意度高于对照组(P<0.05),观察组留置PICC导管期间导管异位率、并发症如机械性静脉炎、导管堵塞、穿刺点渗血等并发症的发生率均明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 超声心动图能有效引导婴幼儿PICC导管头端定位,提高一次置管成功率,缩短置管时间,减少置管后相关并发症的发生,减轻患儿的痛苦,提高患儿家长的满意度,值得推广应用。     

心电引导法在早产儿PICC置管尖端定位中的效果研究

目的探讨心电引导技术在早产儿PICC置管尖端定位中的应用效果,以提高穿刺到位率,减少并发症发生。方法选择2016年1月~9月我科收治的实施PICC置管早产儿75例,按不同方法分为对照组35例和观察组40例。对照组采用传统的定位法。观察组采用心电引导定位法。比较两组穿刺到位率。结果观察组、对照组穿刺到位率分别为92.5%、71.4%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论心电引导技术辅助早产儿PICC置管到位率高,可有效监测PICC导管深度的变化,此方法简单易行,可应用于临床。     

PICC置管中运用心脏超声技术定位导管头端的研究

[目的]探讨在PICC置管中运用心脏超声技术进行导管头端定位,使导管头端置于最佳位置的可行性、方法及其优势。[方法]选择90例需行PICC置管治疗的肿瘤病人,随机分为观察组、对照组,每组45例,观察组采用心脏超声技术定位,对照组采用常规X线摄片定位,比较两组病人导管异位发生率、导管头端未达合适位置发生率、从置管到定位所用时间。[结果]观察组病人导管头端未达合适位置发生率低于对照组(P0.01);观察组从置管到定位所用时间少于对照组(P0.01)。[结论]在PICC置管中运用心脏超声技术进行导管头端定位,可减少从置管到定位所用时间,可准确定位,提高导管头端到达合适位置的概率。     

心电技术精准定位结合超声引导头皮针穿刺技术在极低体重儿PICC置管中应用

目的探讨心电P波变化结合超声引导下头皮钢针穿刺技术判断极低体重儿PICC置管尖端定位的安全性、精准性和一次穿刺成功率。方法选择2017年10月至2019年3月行PICC置管的极低体重患儿60例为研究对象,随机等分为对照组和观察组,对照组采用常规穿刺方法置管,观察组采用超声引导下头皮针穿刺结合心电定位技术进行实时监控,根据心电图P波形态变化调整PICC导管置入深度,观察穿刺及送管一次成功率及导管尖端到位精准率。结果观察组患儿一次穿刺成功率、导管到位率均高于对照组(P<0.05),置管操作时间短于对照组(P<0.05),并发症发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论心电技术精准定位结合超声引导头皮针穿刺技术在极低体重儿PICC导管置入过程中应用,可提高一次穿刺成功率和送管成功率,降低导管异位风险,P波形态变化对导管尖端定位精准、安全可行。     

心电定位在新生儿PICC导管尖端定位中的研究

目的 探究心电定位在新生儿 PICC 导管尖端定位中的效果。方法 我院 2019 年 5 月至 2020 年 8 月收治的 60 例新生儿 PICC 导管尖端定位患者,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组各 30 例。对照组采用 X 线胸片定位,观察组给予心电定位。比较两 组的置管效果、置管过程指标和并发症。结果 观察组的整体置管效果、置管时间、置管次数、出血量均显著少于对照组（P<0.05）。 观察组的置管并发症发生率显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。观察组的治疗满意度显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 采用心电定位 法与新生儿 PICC 导管尖端定位,可提高导管尖端一次性到位率,缩短置管时间,减少置管次数和置管并发症。     

腔内心电图技术在乳腺癌化疗患者PICC置管头端定位中的应用

目的探讨通过腔内心电图技术,引导PICC导管头端定位于最佳位置。方法选取符合入组标准的乳腺癌化疗患者96例,应用腔内心电图技术置入PICC导管,置管过程中观察心电图特征性P波,确定导管头端最佳位置,置管后通过胸部X线摄片评价导管头端位置。结果腔内心电图特征性P波判断PICC导管头端进入上腔静脉的灵敏度91.7%,特异度为100%。结论腔内心电图特征性P波的出现能有效指导PICC导管头端定位于最佳位置。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.