复方美登木片微生物限度检查法的建立

目的：建立复方美登木片的微生物限度检查法。方法：按照《中国药典》2005年版附录微生物限度检查的3种方法对复方美登木片微生物限度检查进行研究和验证,确定适宜的检查方法。结果：平皿法回收率〈70％,培养基稀释法和薄膜过滤法回收率〉80％,大肠埃希菌检查采用常规法可检出试验菌,大肠菌群检查采用培养基稀释法可检出试验菌。结论：本品细菌、霉菌和酵母菌检查可采用培养基稀释法,大肠埃希菌检查可采用常规法,大肠菌群检查可采用培养基稀释法。     

2种中药制剂微生物限度与控制菌方法验证

目的建立六味地黄胶囊与杞菊地黄胶囊微生物限度与控制菌的检查方法。方法采用常规法与培养基稀释法对2种中药制剂进行微生物限度方法验证,采用直接接种法进行控制菌方法验证。结果建立了2种中药制剂的微生物限度与控制菌检查方法。结论六味地黄胶囊采用培养基稀释法(0.5mL/皿)测定细菌数,常规法测定霉菌及酵母菌数;杞菊地黄胶囊采用培养基稀释法(0.2mL/皿)测定细菌数,培养基稀释法(0.5mL/皿)测定霉菌及酵母菌数。采用直接接种法对2种中药制剂进行控制菌(大肠埃希菌与大肠菌群)检测。     

雷贝拉唑钠肠溶片微生物限度检查方法的建立

目的：建立雷贝拉唑钠肠溶片（RBT）的微生物限度检查方法。方法：采用常规法和培养基稀释法（0.5mL/皿）分别检查RBT对5种菌株（大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、白色念珠菌、黑曲霉）的回收率,并对控制菌进行验证试验。结果：常规法中金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌回收率小于70%,其余菌回收率大于70%;培养基稀释法中各菌回收率均大于70%。验证试验表明可采用常规法检查控制菌。结论：RBT的微生物限度检查可采用培养基稀释法进行细菌计数,采用常规法进行霉菌及酵母菌计数和控制菌检查。     

连花清瘟颗粒微生物限度检查方法的研究

目的 建立连花清瘟颗粒微生物限度检查方法。方法 按照《中华人民共和国药典》2010年版一部规定的方法,以5种试验菌的回收率试验验证细菌、霉菌及酵母菌的计数方法,以大肠埃希菌验证大肠埃希菌的检查方法。结果 采用平皿法,金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的回收率均小于70%,而采用培养基稀释法可以使其回收率大于70%。结论 细菌计数采用培养基稀释法,霉菌及酵母菌计数采用平皿法,大肠埃希菌检查用常规法。     

肺炎糖浆微生物限度检查方法的验证

目的 建立肺炎糖浆的微生物限度检查方法,并对方法进行验证.方法 采用培养基稀释法(0.2 mL/皿)进行细菌限度检查,采用常规法进行霉菌及酵母菌限度检查;采用常规法进行控制菌(大肠埃希菌)检查.结果 验证实验中各类菌的回收率均大于70％.结论 肺炎糖浆微生物限度检查的方法有效可行,可用于该品种的微生物限度检查.     

两种不同规格心宁片微生物限度检查方法的验证

目的建立组方和制法相同而规格不同（0.3g与0.63g）的两种心宁片的微生物限度检查方法。方法采用5种人工污染试验菌株测定两种心宁片的菌回收率;不同规格的心宁片均采用培养基稀释法（每皿0.2mL）测定细菌数,采用常规法测定霉菌和酵母菌数,并采用常规法进行控制菌大肠埃希菌和大肠菌群检查。结果两种不同规格的心宁片对枯草芽孢杆菌、白色念珠菌和黑曲霉无抑制作用;培养基稀释法（每皿0.2mL）可消除该药物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌的抑制作用,回收率均可达到70%以上;可用常规法进行控制菌大肠埃希菌和大肠菌群的检查。结论两种不同规格的心宁片微生物限度检查方法无明显差异,采用培养基稀释法可有效消除两种规格药物的抑菌性,所建立的方法准确可靠、重现性好。     

盐酸美沙酮口服溶液微生物限度检查的方法学验证研究

目的建立盐酸美沙酮口服溶液的微生物限度检验方法。方法按中国药典2005年版规定,分别采用常规法、培养基稀释法对样品进行微生物限度检查。根据5株阳性对照菌的回收率结果进行其方法学验证试验研究。结果大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、黑曲霉、白色念珠菌采用常规法回收率为74％以上;枯草芽孢杆菌采用培养基稀释法回收率为81％以上;控制菌（大肠埃希菌）采用常规法可检出。结论经验证．盐酸美沙酮口服溶液擞生物限度采用常规法检查霉菌及酵母菌、控制菌,培养基稀释法检查细菌;方法有效可行。     

活力源片微生物限度检查方法的验证

目的：建立活力源片微生物限度检查法。方法：细菌计数按养基稀释法（0.5ml/皿）进行验证,霉菌及酵母菌按常规法（1ml/皿）进行验证,控制菌按常规法验证。结果：细菌按培养基稀释法（0.5ml/皿）计数,霉菌及酵母菌按常规法（1ml/皿）计数,试验组的回收率均达70%以上;大肠埃希菌及大肠菌群按常规法均能检出。结论：该方法可用于活力源片的微生物限度检查。     

益气去喘汤微生物限度检查方法验证试验

目的通过筛选合理的检查方法,为益气去喘汤提供正确的微生物限度检查标准。方法以据《中国药典》2015年版规定,分别采用常规法、平皿法、培养基稀释法对样品进行微生物限度试验。结果平皿法对大肠埃希菌、白色念珠菌、黑曲霉的回收率均能达到要求;培养基稀释法(0.5mL/皿)对金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的回收率能达到要求;对大肠埃希菌、沙门菌的检查方法可使用常规方法进行检查。结论试验中选择的酵母菌、细菌、霉菌的计数方法,以及控制菌所选用的验证方法适用于益气去喘汤的微生物限度检查,本试验可达到检测目的。     

冠心丹参片微生物限度检查法方法验证

目的建立冠心丹参片的微生物限度检查方法。方法按常规法、培养基稀释法、离心沉淀集菌法、离心稀释法的顺序逐步分析制剂抑菌活性,根据抑菌活性强弱选择适当的检查方法,进行5种菌株的回收率实验和控制菌大肠埃希菌检验方法验证。结果供试品5种试验菌回收率均〉70%,控制菌能正常检出。结论细菌数计数方法采用离心稀释法（0.2mL）,霉菌、酵母菌计数方法及控制菌大肠埃希菌检验采用常规法进行。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.