谷胱甘肽硫转移酶pi基因型在隐源性癫(癎)患者中的分布特征及其与脑电图的相关性

目的 探讨谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)-pi基因3个位点(lle105Val、Ala114Val、Asp147Tyr)的单核苷酸多态性(SNP)与癫(癎)及难治性癫(癎)易息性的相关性.方法 采用等位基因特异性引物PCR技术检测GST-pi SNP,分析其在隐源性癫(癎)患者中的频率分布特征及其相关性.结果 在非难治性癫(癎)组中GST-pi基因变异的SNP在3个位点分布频率分别为59.62%、55.32%、50.94%,在难治性癫(癎)组中为58.33%、51.19%、45.92%.两组中GST-pi的3个位点变异基因型及变异等位基因分布频率均较健康对照组高(P<0.01).典型癫(癎)波脑电图组与不典型的异常脑电图组的基因型频率分布比较差异有统计学意义(F=0.0294、8.867×10-6、1.366×10-5,P<0.05).结论 GST-pi基因任一位点突变与癫(癎)易患性均具有相关性,且脑电图呈典型癫(癎)波,但与癫(癎)是否发展为难治性癫(癎)无关.     

匹罗卡品癫癎幼鼠模型B1与B2激肽受体表达研究

目的 检测B1及B2激肽受体在匹罗卡品癫(癎)幼鼠模型中表达的变化并探讨其作用机制.方法 健康、雄性幼年(3周)SD大鼠35只,随机分为空白对照组5只;癫(癎)模型组15只,采用匹罗卡品法制作癫(癎)模型,分为急性期组、静止期组、慢性期组3亚组,每亚组5只;生理盐水对照组(盐水组)15只,与匹罗卡品实验组大鼠相同时间点给予腹腔注射盐水,分为与实验癫(癎)组各时间点相对应的盐水6h组、盐水5d组、盐水60d组3个亚组,每亚组5只.各组于相应时间点处死动物取海马标本,应用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法 检测脑组织海马区的B1及B2激肽受体的表达变化,并相互比较.结果 与盐水6h组、盐水5d组比较,急性期组、静止期组的B1激肽受体mRNA表达显著上调,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),慢性期与生理盐水60d组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);与盐水60d组比较,在实验癫(癎)模型各亚组B2激肽受体mRNA表达均显著上调,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);盐水各亚组与空白对照组相比,B1、B2激肽受体mRNA表达差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 B1与B2激肽受体mRNA表达失衡在癫(癎)的发生、发展过程中起重要作用.     

难治性癫癎患者外周血中MDR1基因的表达及临床意义

目的 研究难治性癫癎患者外周血中多药耐药1(MDR1)基因的表达以及抗癫癎药物和癎性发作在难治性癫癎多药耐药发生中的作用.方法 采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)半定量检测120例研究对象外周血中MDR1基因mRNA的表达.根据析因设计分癎性发作和抗癫癎药物两个因素,共分为A组(难治性癫癎组)、B组(癫癎治疗有效组)、C组(癎性发作未用药组)和D组(健康正常对照组),各30例.结果 4组的外周血中MDR1基因的表达水平明显不同(F=4.456,P=0.005),其中癎性发作引起MDR1mRNA的表达明显增高(F=10.005,P=0.002),抗癫癎药物的作用则不明显(F=0.919,P=0.340),抗癫癎药物与癎性发作两者之间没有交互作用(F=2.445,P=0.121).结论 难治性癫癎患者外周血中MDR1基因mRNA的表达上调是癎性发作而非使用抗癫癎药物的结果,外周血中MDR1基因mRNA表达水平的监测可以作为评价癫癎耐药的一项指标.     

ABCB1基因多态性与抗癫(癎)药物疗效的相关性研究

目的 观察多药耐药基因ABCB1多态性在癫(癎)患者中的分布特点,并探讨其与癫(癎)耐药的相关性.方法 采用流行病学方法收集正规服用抗癫(癎)药(AEDs)且依从性好的癫(癎)患者852例(癫(癎)组),分析其临床特点;同期选取相同地区的非癫(癎)者1 003例为对照(对照组).癫(癎)组再分为耐药亚组(671例,服用3种或3种以上AEDs,癫(癎)发作次数在随访前1年仍≥1次)和控制亚组(181例,AEDs治疗,随访前1年无癫(癎)发作).利用MassARRAY时间飞行质谱技术检测癫(癎)组和对照组ABCB1基因C3435T、G2677T/A和C1236T位点的单核苷酸多态性(SNPs).应用分子流行病学方法,与对照组比较,分析ABCB1基因多态性在癫(癎)患者中的分布特点及对AEDs疗效的关系.结果 对耐药亚组、控制亚组和对照组进行ABCB1基因多态性检测发现3组的SNPs均服从Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡.癫(癎)组与对照组ABCB1基因C3435T、G2677T/A和C1236T位点的SNPs基因型分布差异无显著性(P＞0.05);耐药亚组和控制亚组3个位点SNPs基因型分布差异无显著性(P＞0.05).单体型分析显示癫(癎)组和对照组、耐药亚组和控制亚组3个位点SNPs组成的常见单体型分布差异无显著性(P＞0.05).耐药相关的多因素Logistic回归分析未发现ABCB1基因C3435T、G2677T/A和C1236T位点SNPs与耐药有统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 未发现ABCB1基因C3435T,G2677T/A和C1236T位点多态性与AEDs耐药有相关性.     

脑磁图对难治性癫(癎)致(癎)区定位价值

目的 探讨脑磁图癫(癎)定位技术对难治性癫(癎)致(癎)区定位的价值.方法 回顾性分析难治性癫(癎)病人58例,术前行视频头皮脑电图、磁共振、脑磁图、颅内埋藏电极皮层脑电图等检查,综合评估确定致(癎)灶的位置.根据综合评估致(癎)区制定手术方案并实施,随访并判定疗效.根据脑磁图癫(癎)定位和综合评估致癎区吻合度分为3组,Ⅰ a组:完全吻合-两区域中心位置在1 cm以内,Ⅰ b组:基本吻合-两区域中心位置在1～3 cm;Ⅱ组:不吻合-两区域中心位置在3 cm以外或其他.统计分析各组间疗效的差异.结果 本组总有效率为77.6%(45/58),其中癫(癎)完全消失18例;Ⅰ a、Ⅰ b组手术疗效无明显差异,但Ⅰ组手术疗效明显优于Ⅱ组.结论 脑磁图癫(癎)定位是难治性癫(癎)术前评估的重要方法之一,当脑磁图癫(癎)定位和术前综合评估致(癎)区基本一致时,手术疗效相对较好.     

左乙拉西坦添加治疗难治性部分陛癫癎的疗效及其与多药耐药基因的相关性研究:随机双盲安慰剂对照临床试验

目的 探讨左乙拉西坦添加治疗难治性部分性癫痢的临床疗效及其与多药耐药基因1(MDRI)的相关性.方法 30例诊断明确的难治性部分性癫癎患者按照随机双盲安慰剂对照研究方法,分别予抗癫癎药物左乙拉西坦添加治疗和安慰剂治疗,初始剂最1 g(2次/d),2周后增至2 g(2次/d),再2周后增至3 g(2次/d),维持治疗12周后逐渐减量,进入减量/开放期.评价患者治疗期(16周)每周癫癎发作频率与回顾性基线期比较降低的百分比及发作频率减少50%的有效率.聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性检测患者基因型.结果 30例患者中27例完成临床试验.基因型检测共检出CC基因型16例,左乙拉西坦添加治疗组(治疗组)9例(完全控制1例、显效3例、有效2例,发作频率减少50%的有效率为66.67%),安慰剂组7例(仅1例有效,发作频率减少50%的有效率为14.29%),组间比较差异具有统计学意义(Z=-2.013,P=0.042);CT+TT基因型11例,治疗组9例(完全控制1例、显效2例、有效4例,发作频率减少50%的有效率为77.78%),安慰剂组2例.治疗组CC基因型与CT+TT基因型患者疗效比较,差异无统计学意义(Z=-0.193,P=0.888).结论 左乙拉两坦作为难治性部分性癫癎患者的添加治疗药物临床效果良好,其主要药理学机制可能与左乙拉西坦是非多药耐药基因1编码的P-糖蛋白底物有关.     

癫(癎)术后抗癫(癎)药物的治疗模式

目的 探讨癫(癎)术后抗癫(癎)药物的应用方法及影响因素.方法 2002-2005年在我院接受了手术治疗的170例癫(癎)患者,根据不同手术时段分为3组,A组:2002年至2003年10月的病例;B组:2003年11月至2004年10月药师与临床医生一起对癫(癎)手术患者进行用药教育的病例;C组:2004年11月至2005年10月接受全程化药学服务的病例.对随访1年后各组之间的疗效、用药安全性、抗癫(癎)药应用依从性等指标进行了比较,初步探讨术后应用抗癫(癎)药的规律.结果 B组和C组在疗效(71%、81%)、用药安全性、抗癫(癎)药用药依从性等指标上均优于A组(46%),差异均有统计学意义(X2=7.08、15.50,P<0.05).结论 神经内外科医生、药师合作的个体化癫(癎)术后全程化服务是一种较新的、有效的癫(癎)术后管理模式.     

加巴喷丁添加治疗难治性癫(癎)局灶性发作的疗效以及对记忆功能的影响

目的 探讨加巴喷丁(GBP)添加治疗对难治性癫(癎)局灶性发作的疗效以及对记忆功能的影响.方法 96例难治性局灶性发作癫(癎)患者随机分为两组,在原用药物基础上,GBP组给予GBP添加治疗,托吡酯(TPM)组给予TPM添加治疗;添加治疗前后应用临床记忆量表(CMS)对入组者进行记忆功能评估及疗效评估.结果 添加治疗20周GBP组总有效率(75.0%)与TPM组(72.9%)相比差异无统计学意义;与添加治疗前比较,添加治疗后GBP组CMS评分差异无统计学意义;TPM组无意义图形再认、自由图像回忆、人像特点回忆和记忆商显著下降(均P<0.05).结论 GBP作为添加药物治疗难治性癫(癎)局灶性发作有效,对患者记忆功能无明显不良影响.     

拉莫三嗪对癫(癎)患者血清甲状腺激素水平的影响

目的 观察拉莫三嗪对癫(癎)患者血清甲状腺激素水平的影响.方法 用化学发光分析法检测51例癫(癎)患者(癫(癎)组)拉莫三嗪治疗前及治疗后3个月、6个月、12个月的血清甲状腺激素水平,并与43名正常对照者进行比较.结果 癫(癎)组患者治疗前血清甲状腺激素水平与正常对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义;拉莫三嗪治疗后3个月、6个月、12个月的甲状腺激素水平与治疗前及正常对照组比较,差异亦均无统计学意义.结论 拉莫三嗪对癫(癎)患者的甲状腺激素水平没有明显影响,安全性好.     

脑卒中与癫(癎)的临床分析

目的 探讨卒中后癫(癎)的临床表现、特点及发病机制.方法 对1060例脑卒中病例中102例继发性癫(癎)患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析研究.结果 卒中后癫(癎)发生率为10%,早期癫(癎)发作6.04%,晚期癫(癎)发作3.96%.卒中后癫(癎)的发生率与病灶部位(皮质下/皮质)差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),与卒中类型无明显差异.结论 脑卒中是癫(癎)发作的重要病因,皮质病变更易导致癫(癎)发作.积极控制发作可改善预后.     

Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+): clinical spectrum in seven Italian families unrelated to SCN1A, SCN1B, and GABRG2 gene mutations

PURPOSE: We describe seven Italian families with generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+), in which mutations of SCN1A, SCN1B, and GABRG2 genes were excluded and compare their clinical spectrum with that of previously reported GEFS+ with known mutations. METHODS: We performed a clinical study of seven families (167 individuals). The molecular study included analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragments of SCN1A and SCN1B exons by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) and direct sequencing of GABRG2 in all families. We excluded SCN1A, SCN1B, and GABRG2 genes with linkage analysis in a large pedigree and directly sequenced SCN2A in a family with neonatal-infantile seizures onset. We compared the epilepsy phenotypes observed in our families with those of GEFS+ families harboring mutations of SCN1A, SCN1B, and GABRG2 and estimated the percentage of mutations of these genes among GEFS+ cases by reviewing all published studies. RESULTS: Inheritance was autosomal dominant with 69% penetrance. Forty-one individuals had epilepsy: 29 had a phenotype consistent with GEFS+; seven had idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE); in three, the epilepsy type could not be classified; and two were considered phenocopies. Clinical phenotypes included FS+ (29.2%), FS (29.2%), IGE (18.2%), FS+ with focal seizures (13%) or absence seizures (2.6%), and FS with absence seizures (2.6%). Molecular study of SCN1A, SCN2A, SCN1B, and GABRG2 did not reveal any mutation. Results of our study and literature review indicate that mutations of SCN1A, SCN2A, SCN1B, and GABRG2 in patients with GEFS+ are rare. CONCLUSIONS: The most frequently observed phenotypes matched those reported in families with mutations of the SCN1A, SCN1B, and GABRG2 genes. IGE and GEFS+ may overlap in some families, suggesting a shared genetic mechanism. The observation that 13% of affected individuals had focal epilepsy confirms previously reported rates and should prompt a reformulation of the "GEFS+" concept to include focal epileptogenesis.     

单胺氧化酶B基因多态与早发帕金森病的相关性

目的 探讨单胺氧化酶B(MAO-B)基因型和等位基因与早发帕金森病(early-onset Parkinson's disease,EOPD)的关系.方法 采取聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)的方法,研究65例EOPD患者(<50岁)、60例晚发PD(late-onset Parkinson's disease,LOPD)患者(≥60岁)和66名健康对照者(<50岁)的基因型频率和等位基因频率的分布差异.结果 EOPD组的AA基因型频率(49/65,75.4%)高于健康对照组(34/66,51.5%),差异有统计学意义(x2=8.075,P=0.018);LOPD组分别与EOPD组、健康对照组的从基因型频率比较,差异无统计学意义;男性EOPD组分别与男性健康对照组、男性LOPD组,女性EOPD组分别与女性健康对照组、女性LOPD组的AA基因型频率比较,差异无统计学意义;男性LOPD组与男性健康对照组、女性LOPD组与女性健康对照组的AA基因型频率比较,差异无统计学意义.EOPD组的A等位基因频率(107/130,82.3%)高于健康对照组(87/132,65.9%),差异有统计学意义(X2=9.165,P=0.002);LOPD组分别与EOPD组、健康对照组的A等位基因频率比较,差异无统计学意义;男性EOPD组的A等位基因频率(60/70,85.7%)高于男性健康对照组(51/72,70.8%),差异有统计学意义(x2=4.606,P=0.032);女性EOPD组的A等位基因频率(47/60,78.3%)高于女性健康对照组(36/60,60.0%),差异有统计学意义(x2=4.728,P=0.030);男性LOPD组分别与男性EOPD组、男性健康对照组,女性LOPD组分别与女性EOPD组、女性健康对照组的A等位基因频率比较,差异均无统计学意义.结论 MAO-B的从基因型频率增高是EOPD组发病的危险因素;MAO-B的A等位基因频率增高是EOPD组、男性EOPD组及女性EOPD组发病的危险因素.     

Phenotypes and genotypes in epilepsy with febrile seizures plus

In the last several years, mutations of sodium channel genes, SCN1A, SCN2A, and SCN1B, and GABA(A) receptor gene, GABRG2 were identified as causes of some febrile seizures related epilepsies. In 19 unrelated Japanese families whose probands had febrile seizures plus or epilepsy following febrile seizures plus, we identified 2 missense mutations of SCN1A to be responsible for the seizure phenotypes in two FS+ families and another mutation of SCN2A in one family. The combined frequency of SCN1A, SCN2A, SCN1B, SCN2B, and GABRG2 mutations in Japanese patients with FS+ was 15.8%. One family, which had R188W mutation in SCN2A, showed digenic inheritance, and another modifier gene was thought to take part in the seizure phenotype. The phenotypes of probands were FS+ in 5, FS+ and partial epilepsy in 10, FS+ and generalized epilepsy in 3, and FS+ and unclassified epilepsy in 1. We proposed the term epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (EFS+), because autosomal-dominant inheritance in EFS+ might be rare, and most of EFS+ display a complex pattern of inheritance, even when it appears to be an autosomal-dominant inheritance. There is a possibility of simultaneous involvement of multiple genes for seizure phenotypes.     

SCN2A基因突变所致癫痫的遗传和表型特点

目的 探讨SCN2A(Sodium channel,voltage-gated,type II,alpha)基因突变所致癫痫的遗传及表型特点。方法 收集广东三九脑科医院癫痫中心2016年8至2021年4月收治的癫痫患儿,应用全外显捕获高通量测序技术发现SCN2A基因突变者,回顾性总结分析患儿临床及遗传资料。结果 共收集14例SCN2A基因突变阳性患儿,其中男7例,女7例,起病年龄1 d～6岁,其中3月龄内起病者8例(57.1%),3月龄后起病者6例(42.9%)。共发现13种突变,均为杂合错义突变。2例携带相同母源SCN2A突变,均为良性家族性癫痫; 3例携带父源突变,其中2例发作缓解(66.7%); 9例为新发突变,4例发作缓解(44.4%)。14例SCN2A突变癫痫患儿存在多种发作类型,以局灶性发作(64.3%)、痉挛发作(42.9%)、强直发作(35.7%)为主,其他发作类型较为少见; 8例患者有丛集性发作(57.1%)。14例患儿脑电图可见多种放电模式,以局灶性放电8例(57.1%)、弥漫性放电6例(42.9%)、多灶性放电5例(35.7%)多见。头部磁共振成像(Magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)以大脑发育不良(白质发育不良、白质变性、脑室发育不良、胼胝体发育不良、弥漫性脑萎缩)多见(42.9%)。除2例良性家族性癫痫患儿外,12例发育性/癫痫性脑病患儿,2例大田原综合征,3例韦斯特综合征,3例发育性脑病,3例发育性癫痫性脑病,1例婴儿游走性部分性发作,发育均呈中重度发育迟缓; 其中3月龄前起病者(早发SCN2A相关癫痫)10例,5例发作缓解; 3月龄后起病者(晚发SCN2A相关癫痫)2例,1例发作缓解。14例患儿抗癫痫治疗方案有较大个体差异,2例良性家族性癫痫对德巴金效果佳; 12例发育性/癫痫性脑病患儿中10例早发SCN2A相关癫痫患儿有6例尝试奥卡西平,4例有效(66.7%); 3例晚发患儿,1例应用且无效,但无加重发作。结论 SCN2A基因突变以错义突变为主,新发错义突变较遗传性突变预后差。SCN2A突变导致电压门控钠离子通道(Voltage-gated Na channel,VGNC或Na_v)的Ⅱ型Na_v1.2两种功能改变:获得功能和丧失功能,早发型(起病年龄<3月龄)Na_v1.2以获得功能为主,对钠离子通道阻滞剂(Sodium channel blockers,SCBs)效果佳; 晚发型(起病年龄≥3月龄)Na_v1.2以丧失功能为主,对SCBs效果差,甚至可能加重发作。SCBs首选适量苯妥英钠治疗。其他治疗如奥卡西平、生酮饮食、促肾上腺皮质激素(Adrenocorticotropic horme,ACTH)、氨己烯酸亦可尝试,且应个体化调整治疗方案。     

Voltage-gated Na+ channel β1B: a secreted cell adhesion molecule involved in human epilepsy

Scn1b-null mice have a severe neurological and cardiac phenotype. Human mutations in SCN1B result in epilepsy and cardiac arrhythmia. SCN1B is expressed as two developmentally regulated splice variants, β1 and β1B, that are each expressed in brain and heart in rodents and humans. Here, we studied the structure and function of β1B and investigated a novel human SCN1B epilepsy-related mutation (p.G257R) unique to β1B. We show that wild-type β1B is not a transmembrane protein, but a soluble protein expressed predominantly during embryonic development that promotes neurite outgrowth. Association of β1B with voltage-gated Na+ channels Na(v)1.1 or Na(v)1.3 is not detectable by immunoprecipitation and β1B does not affect Na(v)1.3 cell surface expression as measured by [(3)H]saxitoxin binding. However, β1B coexpression results in subtle alteration of Na(v)1.3 currents in transfected cells, suggesting that β1B may modulate Na+ current in brain. Similar to the previously characterized p.R125C mutation, p.G257R results in intracellular retention of β1B, generating a functional null allele. In contrast, two other SCN1B mutations associated with epilepsy, p.C121W and p.R85H, are expressed at the cell surface. We propose that β1B p.G257R may contribute to epilepsy through a mechanism that includes intracellular retention resulting in aberrant neuronal pathfinding.     

Tourette综合征疗效与血清脑源性神经营养因子表达水平相关性对照研究

目的 比较难治性图雷特综合征（Tourette syndrome,TS）与非难治性TS血清脑源性神经营养因子（Brain derived Neurotrophic Factor,BDNF）浓度,探讨难治性TS的相关生物学因素.方法 使用ELISA方法测定28例难治性TS患者、32例非难治性TS患者及28例健康对照者的血清BDNF浓度.结果 3组受试者血清BDNF浓度比较,差异有统计学意义（P=0.000）,且两两比较显示非难治性TS组与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义（F=1.590,P=0.212）,而难治性TS组与对照组比较（F=22.298,P=0.000）,难治性TS组与非难治性TS组比较（F=12.562,P=0.001）,差异均有统计学意义.结论 血清BDNF浓度可作为TS疗效的一个预测指标,较低的血清BDNF浓度可能预示疗效不佳.     

Idiopathic epilepsies with seizures precipitated by fever and SCN1A abnormalities

PURPOSE: SCN1A is the most clinically relevant epilepsy gene, most mutations lead to severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy (SMEI) and generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+). We studied 132 patients with epilepsy syndromes with seizures precipitated by fever, and performed phenotype-genotype correlations with SCN1A alterations. METHODS: We included patients with SMEI including borderline SMEI (SMEB), GEFS+, febrile seizures (FS), or other seizure types precipitated by fever. We performed a clinical and genetic study focusing on SCN1A, using dHPLC, gene sequencing, and MLPA to detect genomic deletions/duplications on SMEI/SMEB patients. RESULTS: We classified patients as: SMEI/SMEB = 55; GEFS+= 26; and other phenotypes = 51. SCN1A analysis by dHPLC/sequencing revealed 40 mutations in 37 SMEI/SMEB (67%) and 3 GEFS+ (11.5%) probands. MLPA showed genomic deletions in 2 of 18 SMEI/SMEB. Most mutations were de novo (82%). SMEB patients carrying mutations (8) were more likely to have missense mutations (62.5%), conversely SMEI patients (31) had more truncating, splice site or genomic alterations (64.5%). SMEI/SMEB with truncating, splice site or genomic alterations had a significantly earlier age of onset of FS compared to those with missense mutations and without mutations (p = 0.00007, ANOVA test). None of the remaining patients with seizures precipitated by fever carried SCN1A mutations. CONCLUSION: We obtained a frequency of 71%SCN1A abnormalities in SMEI/SMEB and of 11.5% in GEFS+ probands. MLPA complements DNA sequencing of SCN1A increasing the mutation detection rate. SMEI/SMEB with truncating, splice site or genomic alterations had a significantly earlier age of onset of FS. This study confirms the high sensitivity of SCN1A for SMEI/SMEB phenotypes.     

Dravet syndrome: Seizure control and gait in adults with different SCN1A mutations

Purpose: Dravet syndrome (DS) is an aggressive epileptic encephalopathy. Pharmacoresistant seizures of several types plague most patients with DS throughout their lives. Gait difficulties are a common, but inconsistent finding. The majority of cases are caused by mutations in the SCN1A gene, but little information is available about how particular mutations influence the adult phenotype. The purpose of this study is to correlate different types of SCN1A mutations and (1) seizure control, (2) occurrence of convulsive status epilepticus (cSE), and (3) the presence of crouch gait in adult patients. Methods: In a cohort of 10 adult patients with DS caused by SCN1A mutations, we investigated seizure frequency, history of cSE, and gait. All patients were identified in the epilepsy clinic between 2009 and 2011. SCN1A mutations were divided into four different groups based on location or effect of the mutation. Retrospective chart review and recent physical examination were completed in all cases. Key Findings: All patients had a pathogenic mutation in the SCN1A gene. Four SCN1A mutations have not been described previously. Greater than 90% seizure reduction was observed (compared to childhood frequency) in six of seven patients with missense mutations in the pore‐forming region (PFR) of the Na_v1.1 protein (group A) and nonsense mutations (group B). One patient with a splice‐site mutation (group C) and another with a mutation outside the PFR (group D) became free of all types of seizures. cSE after the age of 19 years was observed in only one patient. Crouch gait, without spasticity, is identified as an element of the adult DS phenotype. However, only one half of our adult DS cohort demonstrated crouch gait. This feature was observed in five of seven patients from groups A and B. Significance: This study shows that seizure control improves and cSE become less frequent in DS as patients age, independent of their SCN1A mutation type. Complete seizure freedom was seen in two patients (groups C and D). Finally, this study shows that in DS, crouch gait can be observed in up to 50% of adults with SCN1A mutation. Although no definite statistical correlations could be made due to the small number of patients, it is interesting to note that crouch gait was observed only in those patients with nonsense mutations or mutations in the PFR. Future studies with larger cohorts will be required to formally assess an association of gait abnormalities with particular SCN1A mutations.     

部分性癫(癎)伴热性惊厥附加症家系中的SCN1A基因嵌合突变

目的 筛查一个部分性癫伴热性惊厥附加症(partial epilepsy with febrile seizures plus,PEFS+)家系中的钠通道α1基因(voltage-gated sodium channel α1-subunit,SCN1A)及其遗传特性.方法 总结一个PEFS+家系中2例患者及其父亲的临床特点,应用变性高效液相色谱(denaturing high performance liquid chromtography,DHPLC)技术筛查SCN1A全部26个外显子,发现有异常洗脱峰者进行直接测序,对直接测序未能证实突变的再进行焦磷酸测序.结果 先证者及其同父异母姐姐均为PEPS+患者,他们在SCN1A基因第26号外显子发现有相同的杂合突变A5768G,并导致编码的氨基酸改变Q1923R,其父亲儿时频繁出现热性惊厥(febrile seizures,FS),后自然痊愈,直接测序未发现异常,进一步用焦磷酸测序则发现该位点存在嵌合突变(突变量为25%).结论 SCN1A基因突变可导致部分性癫.PEFS+可遗传,而携带致病基因者可因体内发生嵌合突变,致病基因含量偏低导致临床症状轻微.