癌得清注射液的抗癌作用

本文用金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcusaureus）、乙型溶血性链球菌（StreP－tococcushemolyticus）、卡介苗（BCG）、伤杆菌（Salmonellatyphi）等多种细菌抗原免疫SD大鼠，并从其脾脏、胸腺等淋巴组织通过透析的方法获得透析外液，再加上构才己等中药透析的小分子（MW≤10KD）物质，制备成混合制剂（癌得清）。然后以DBA／2小鼠荷L5178Y、P815肿瘤为模型，分别在肿瘤细胞接种后及接种前后腹腔注射上述制剂，观察其抑瘤作用和荷瘤小鼠脾细胞NK、LAK活性及产生IL－2活性的影响。结果表明，该制剂可明显抑制L5178Y、P815肿瘤生长并能显著增强荷瘤小鼠脾脏NK、LAK活性，增强脾细胞产生IL－2的能力。     

IL—2基因转染的肿瘤细胞增强机体免疫功能的实验研究

目的：探讨小鼠接种腺病毒介导的IL－2基因转移的CT26小鼠结肠腺癌细胞后机体免疫功能的变化（包括CTL、LAK细胞、NK细胞、巨噬细胞的杀伤活性变化）。方法：体外将腺病毒介导的小鼠IL－2基因转染CT26细胞（CT26-mIL-2)，然后将CT26－mIL2细胞接种于小鼠皮下。采用4h乳酸脱氢酸释放法检测荷瘤小鼠CTL、LAK、NK细胞的杀伤活性，MTT法检测巨噬细胞的杀伤活性。结果：接种CT26－mIL－2后第14d，小鼠脾细胞NK活性和诱导后的LAK活性和CTL活性均显著高于对照组（P＜0．01）；小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞数量显著增加，杀伤活性显著增强（P＜0．01）。结论：IL－2基因转染的肿瘤细胞能诱导机体的特异性和非特异性免疫功能参与机体的抗肿瘤作用。     

硒酸酯多糖增强荷瘤小鼠免疫功能和自身肿瘤杀伤活性的作用

本文研究了硒酸酯多糖(KSC)对荷S180肉瘤小鼠NK细胞活性、LAK细胞活性、IL-2分泌能力和自身肿瘤杀伤活性(ATK)的影响及抑癌效应.结果表明,KSC(40mg/kg·d×9d,ig)能增强荷瘤鼠NK细胞和LAK细胞活性,促进脾细胞产生IL-2,增强ATK活性;加强环磷酰胺(Cy,20mg/kg·d×9d,ip)的抑瘤作用,并能拮抗Cy对免疫活性细胞的抑制效应.体外用rIL-2激活荷瘤鼠脾淋巴细胞可诱生或增强ATK活性.本研究结果提示,KSC上调肿瘤宿主NK细胞和LAK细胞活性及IL-2的分泌水平,增强ATK活性,可作为生物反应调节剂(BRM)应用于肿瘤生物治疗.     

OK-432对荷瘤小鼠脾细胞IL-12及Th1细胞因子分泌的诱导作用

目的：探讨溶血链球菌冻干制剂OK－432的抗肿瘤机理。方法：B16黑色素瘤细胞接种于C57BL／6小鼠皮下,3d后腹腔注射1KU的OK－432,每周1次,连续3周。观察肿瘤生长体积及荷瘤小鼠的生存期,并测定了OK－432在体内、体外对荷瘤脾细胞IL－2、IL－4,IL－6,IL－10,IL－12,IFN-γ分泌的结果。结果：OK－432能显著抑制B16黑色素瘤的生长,延长荷瘤小鼠的生存期（P＜0．05）;在体外OK－432可刺激荷瘤小鼠脾细胞IL－6,IL－10,IL－12,IFN-γ的分泌（P＜0．01）;腹腔注射OK－432后荷瘤小鼠脾细胞IL－2,IL－12,IFN-γ的分泌显著增加,而IL－10显著减少（P＜0．05）。提示OK－432治疗后荷瘤小鼠脾细胞Th1增加,Th2相对减少。结论：OK－432在体内可通过诱导荷瘤小鼠脾细胞IL－12的分泌,促进Th0向Th1分化,使宿主的免疫功能处于Th1优势状态,从而增强宿主的抗肿瘤作用。     

硒酸酯多糖增强荷瘤小鼠免疫功能和自身肿瘤杀伤活性的作用

目的:研究硒酸酯多糖(KSC)对荷瘤鼠免疫功能和自身杀伤肿瘤活性(ATK)的作用.方法:测定KSC对荷Sl80肉瘤小鼠NK及LAK细胞活性,IL-2分泌能力,ATK活性和抑瘤的影响.结果:KSC(4Dmg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)×9d,ig)增强荷瘤鼠NK细胞和LAK细胞活性,促进脾细胞产生IL-2,增强ATK活性;加强环磷酰胺(Cy 20mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)×9d,ip)的抑癌作用,并     

腺病毒介导的IL—2基因及B7—1基因联合转染G422细胞致瘤原性和免疫原性的变化

目的研究联合细胞因子基因转染的D422胶质母细胞瘤细胞体内致瘤原性和免疫原性的变化,为胶质瘤的免疫基因治疗打下基础.方法IL-2基因和B7-1基因转染的G422细胞1×105皮下和脑内接种,观察肿瘤生长速度和荷瘤小鼠的存活期,2周取脾脏,检测NK、LAK和CTL的杀伤活性.结果IL-2和B7-1基因联合转染的G422细胞,皮下接种后肿瘤生长明显减慢,脑内接种动物存活期明显延长,NK、LAK和CTL的杀伤活性增强.结论IL-2基因和B7-1基因联合转染的G422细胞,致瘤原性下降,免疫原性增强,能有效激活机体特异性与非特异性抗肿瘤免疫反应.     

原癌基因与细胞凋亡

PJ-CW是新抗癌剂济南假单胞菌苗(PJV)的第二代制剂。本文总结了PJ-CW对荷瘤小鼠免疫功能调节的观察。结果显示,PJ-CW不仅能促进和调节荷瘤小鼠腹腔Mφ吞噬功能、CTL杀伤活性、NK活性和外周血ANAE~ 细胞数量以及人胎脾LAK细胞的杀伤活性,还能促进小鼠腹腔渗出细胞和淋巴细胞环核苷酸的含量,为PJ-CW的抗癌作用提供了实验依据。     

转染CD40配体的卵巢癌细胞株OVHM抗卵巢癌肝转移机制的研究

目的 探讨转染CD40配体(CIMOL)的卵巢癌细胞株OVHM(CD40L-OVHM)体内抗卵巢癌肝转移的可能机制.方法 6～8周龄的C57BL/6N×C3H/He杂交一代(B6C3F1)雌性小鼠5只,经小鼠脾脏内接种OVHM,应用HE染色法验证小鼠肝脾转移模型是否建立成功.将OVHM细胞、空载体DNA-pMKITneo-OVHM细胞和CD40L-OVHM细胞接种于B6C3F1小鼠的脾脏,应用流式细胞术,分析荷瘤小鼠脾细胞CD11c分子的表达情况;应用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法,检测荷瘤小鼠脾脏细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)的杀伤活性;应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA),检测荷瘤小鼠外周血血清中干扰素(IFN)-γ、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、白细胞介素(IL)-12、IL-4和IL-10的含量,并且观察小鼠脾脏和肝脏的成瘤情况及小鼠生存时间.结果 经病理学证实,卵巢癌肝脾转移动物模型建立成功.CD40L-OVHM组中小鼠脾细胞CD11c阳性细胞率明显高于OVHM组和转染空载体DNA-pMKITneo-OVHM组.CD40L-OVHM组小鼠脾脏内CTL的特异性杀伤活性明显增强,小鼠外周血血清中IFN-γ、TNF-α和IL-12的含量明显升高,而IL-4和IL-10的含量则明显降低,与OVHM组和转染空载体DNA-pMKITneo-OVHM组相比,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).CD40L-OVHM组小鼠的肝脏和脾脏重量均明显低于OVHM组和转染空载体DNA-pMKITneo-OVHM组,并且小鼠的生存期也明显延长(P<0.05).结论 转染CD40L cDNA的卵巢癌细胞可促进脾脏树突状细胞(DC)的成熟和分化,增强脾脏CTL的特异性杀伤活性,诱导Th1型细胞因子的分泌,抑制Th2型细胞因子的分泌,这可能是CD40L基因体内抗卵巢癌肝转移的机制之一.     

BCG—CW对荷瘤小鼠NK细胞杀伤活性及胸腺细胞增殖能力的影响

目的 探讨卡介苗细胞壁(BCG—CW)对荷瘤鼠脾脏NK细胞杀伤活性及胸腺细胞增殖能力的影响。方法 以小鼠脾脏NK细胞为效应细胞,以~3H—TdR标记的YAC—1细胞为靶细胞,测定NK细胞杀伤活性;胸腺细胞增殖能力采用~3H—TdR掺入法测定。结果 BCG—CW组和BCG—CW 5—Fu组荷瘤鼠脾脏NK细胞杀伤活性与肿瘤对照组比较,差异显著(P<0.05;P<0.001),而且在胸腺细胞增殖能力上也明显高于肿瘤对照组,并且与5—Fu组比较也有显著差异(P<0.001)。结论 BCG—CW对荷瘤鼠免疫系统有明显的调节作用,可增强荷瘤鼠NK细胞杀伤活性,促进小鼠胸腺细胞增殖能力。     

全复配食用菌提取物对C26荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤作用和免疫功能影响

背景与目的:食用真菌在医疗保健领域的研究展现出强大的应用潜力.该课题探讨全复配食用菌提取物的抗肿瘤作用及对荷瘤小鼠免疫功能的影响.方法:小鼠随机编号分组,其中预防组预先给予全复配食用菌提取物灌胃2周,每天1次,之后各组均接种C26细胞建立荷瘤小鼠模型,接种后第2天给小鼠予以不同制剂灌胃(空白组灌0.9%氯化钠溶液,治疗组、预防阻灌复配食用菌提取物,CTX阳性组腹腔注射CTX)每天1次,观察记录小鼠一般状态,2周后处死小鼠无菌取脾脏、取瘤称重.MTT法检测小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化功能,乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)法检测NK细胞杀伤活性.结果:复配食用菌提取物预防组对小鼠C26肿瘤有30.4%的抑制率;小鼠脾淋巴细胞在ConA刺激下的增殖能力和NK细胞杀伤功能均显著高于空白组.结论:复配食用菌提取物预防性摄入对再接种C26小鼠有抑瘤和免疫增强作用.     

Effect of macrophages on interleukin-2 (IL-2)- and IL-4-induced murine lymphokine-activated killer activity

The enhancing effect of macrophages on interleukin-2 (IL-2)- and IL-4-induced murine lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) activity was investigated in this study. Peritoneal macrophages significantly enhanced LAK activity generated from accessory cell-depleted splenic lymphocytes in both IL-2 and IL-4 cultures. This effect was dependent on the number of macrophages and was not replaced by a factor derived from macrophages or lymphocytes. Macrophages enhanced IL-2- and IL-4-induced LAK activity against both natural killer (NK)-sensitive (YAC-I, P388D1) and NK-resistant (P815) tumor cells. Negative selection of cells with antibodies and complement showed no differences in surface markers between IL-2 LAK effectors and IL-4 LAK effectors generated in the presence of macrophages. These results suggest that the same LAK effector subsets can be enhanced by macrophages in either IL-2 or IL-4 cultures.     

Survival of tumor-bearing mice exposed to heavy water or heavy water plus methotrexate

Moderate body deuteration combined with a cytostatic drug [methotrexate (MTX)] significantly increases the survival time of young adult DBA/2 mice bearing transplantable P815. L5178Y, or L1210 tumors. Neoplastic cells were grown in vitro from tumor stock and injected i.p. into mice from two groups, one drinking tap water, and other drinking 30% heavy water in tap water. One-half of the animals in each of these two groups was given a single injection of MTX (4 mg/kg body weight) on 3 consecutive days per week. At death, extension of primary and metastatic tumors was examined and was found to be macro- and microscopically comparable in the corresponding groups. The mean survival time of untreated mice drinking tap water was about 2 weeks following injection of the fast-growing P815, L5178Y, or L1210 (V) tumors and approximately 5 weeks after injection of cells from a slower-growing L1210 subline. Body deuteration alone roughly doubled the survival time solely of mice bearing this L1210 subline. Treatment with MTX approximately doubled the mean survival time of hosts bearing one of the fast-growing tumors. Combined treatment with heavy water and MTX increased the mean survival time of the mice in all groups by 15 to 125% as compared to control values. The reasons for this effect are unknown. However, heavy water has been shown to exert antimitotic activity and to depress the incorporation of radioactive precursors into DNA of proliferating mammalian cells. The depression of antibody formation following antigenic stimulation and the reduction in numbers of nonneoplastic lymphoid cells of mice following moderate body deuteration may have contributed to the enhancement of MTX activity in addition to other effects of deuterium.     

Murine liver metastasis model using L5178Y-ML lymphoma and the effect of antitumor agents on the metastasis

A reproducible tumor model for liver metastasis has been developed from murine L5178Y lymphoma line by sequential cycles of subcutaneous inoculation of liver tumor cells, that were originally generated in livers of female (BALB/c x DBA/2)F1 mice by injecting the parental cells into the tail vein. This variant (L5178Y-ML) metastasized predominantly to the liver after intravenous or subcutaneous injection. The livers of the animals killed 9 days after intravenous implantation of 5 x 10(5) tumor cells were about 3 times the weight of control livers. All tumor-bearing mice died 10 to 12 days after inoculation. Subcutaneous implantation of L5178Y-ML in the side flank of mice induced metastatic nodules spontaneously in the livers. The tumor cells proliferated more in livers than in the implanted sites, compared with the parental L5178Y cells. The effects of 5-fluorouracil, mitomycin C, cis-platinum and doxorubicin on the liver metastasis of L5178Y-ML were examined at subtoxic doses; 5-fluorouracil was the most effective in both inhibiting the tumor growth in livers and prolonging the survival period of mice. This model provides a useful tool for the experimental therapy of hepatic tumors in mice.     

Murine Liver Metastasis Model Using L5178Y-ML Lymphoma and the Effect of Antitumor Agents on the Metastasis

A reproducible tumor model for liver metastasis has been developed from murine L5178Y lymphoma line by sequential cycles of subcutaneous inoculation of liver tumor cells, that were originally generated in livers of female (BALB/c × DBA/2)F₁ mice by injecting the parental cells into the tail vein. This variant (L5178Y-ML) metastasized predominantly to the liver after intravenous or subcutaneous injection. The livers of the animals killed 9 days after intravenous implantation of 5 × 10⁵ tumor cells were about 3 times the weight of control livers. All tumor-bearing mice died 10 to 12 days after inoculation. Subcutaneous implantation of L5178Y-ML in the side flank of mice induced metastatic nodules spontaneously in the livers. The tumor cells proliferated more in livers than in the implanted sites, compared with the parental L5178Y cells. The effects of 5-fluorouracil, mitomycin C, cis -platinum and doxorubicin on the liver metastasis of L5178Y-ML were examined at subtoxic doses; 5-fluorouracil was the most effective in both inhibiting the tumor growth in livers and prolonging the survival period of mice. This model provides a useful tool for the experimental therapy of hepatic tumors in mice.     

Antigenic changes of L5178Y lymphoma after treatment with 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno) imidazole-4-carboxamide in vivo.

Immunologic alteration of the L5178Y lymphoma was obtained in vivo after treatment with 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (DIC). A single dose of 1,3-bis(2-chlorethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) "CURED" MICE CHALLENGED WITH L5178Y cells that had been treated with DIC (L5178Y/DIC) for four transplant generations; BCNU did not cure mice bearing the parent tumor. The L5178Y/DIC, treated in vivo for five transplant generations, id not grow in syngeneic mice. L5178Y/OIC cell growth and incidences of death were similar to those of parent cells when inoculated into heavily immunosuppressed mice. Adoptive transfer of lymphocytes from spleens of mice sensitized to the drug-altered tumor specifically protected immunosuppressed mice bearing the L5178Y/DIC tumor. Little protection was afforded by lymphocytes immune to the parent L5178Y tumor, whereas nonimmune lymphocytes or lymphocytes immune against unrelated tumors were completely ineffective. Anti-L5178Y/DIC lymphocytes did not cure mice challenged with the parent L5178Y tumor. Irradiated (400 R) mice previously sensitized to L5178Y/DIC cells rejected 10(2)-10(7) inocula of L5178Y/DIC cells and died when the parent L5178Y was used for challenge. It was concluded that antigeni( alterations of L5178Y cells occurred in (BALB/ctcr X DBA/2Cr)F1 mice after treatment with DIC in vivo.     

Variation in selectivity of tumor cell cytolysis by murine macrophages, macrophage-like cell lines and NK cells

Several murine tumor-cell lines were tested by isotope release assays for their susceptibility to lysis by either activated peritoneal macrophages (apMPh), macrophage-like (MPh-like) cell lines, or natural killer (NK) cells. The qualitative selectivity of tumor-cell lysis by these different effector cells was quite disparate. The rank order of target cell susceptibility to lysis by apMPh in 24 h assay was L5178Y greater than P815 approximately equal to RL male greater than YAC-1 approximately equal to MBL-2. This was seen regardless of whether peritoneal MPh (pMPh) were activated by LPS or poly I:C. Two MPh-like cell lines, PU-5R and FC-1, had a pattern of cytotoxic activity against these target cells that closely paralleled that associated with apMPh, although levels of reactivity differed quantitatively among the effector cells. In contrast, the MPh-like cell line RAW-264 expressed a qualitatively different pattern of target-cell selectivity, preferentially lysing MBL-2, which was relatively refractory to lysis by other MPh-like cell lines or apMPh in the 24 h cytolytic assay. When spontaneous or interferon (IFN)-augmented NK activity was measured against the same panel of target cells, the pattern of selectivity was qualitatively different from that observed for apMPh. The consistent rank order of susceptibility to lysis by NK cells was YAC-1 greater than RL male 1 greater than P815 approximately equal to L5178Y approximately equal to MBL-2. The characteristic patterns of target-cell selectivity for apMPh or NK cells were the same for all of the strains of mice tested. From the different selectivity patterns of apMPh and NK cells, it is concluded that lysis of target cells is not based solely on inherent sensitivity to cytolysis. Instead, selectivity of lysis is probably due to variations in expression of target-cell structures recognized by each type of effector cell, and/or in susceptibility to the lytic mechanism(s) of the various effector populations.     

Alloimmune cells consume interleukin-2 and competitively inhibit the anti-tumour effects of interleukin-2

Adoptive immunotherapy with lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells and recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) is successful in a variety of tumour models in both the normal and the immunocompromised mouse. We investigated the effects of an immune response to an allogeneic challenge on the metabolism of IL-2. Serum IL-2 levels at different time points after the administration of 20,000 units of IL-2 intraperitoneally were 2-4 fold higher in normal mice than in recently alloimmunized mice. In an intraperitoneal tumour model the alloimmunization of mice with allogeneic P815 tumour cells or splenocytes IP prior to the intraperitoneal inoculation of syngeneic tumour significantly diminished the anti-tumour effects of IL-2 and LAK cell immunotherapy in 7 consecutive experiments. High doses of IL-2 or pretreatment with cyclophosphamide restored the efficacy of IL-2 and LAK cell immunotherapy. From these results we hypothesize that T cells, activated by the allogeneic challenge, consume IL-2 and thus inhibit the effects of IL-2 and LAK cell treatment by competitive inhibition. LAK cell activity with reduced levels of IL-2 cannot be maintained and anti-tumour effects are lost. High doses of IL-2 were shown to overcome the competition for IL-2. Alternatively activated T-cells could be eliminated by pretreatment with cyclophosphamide and anti-tumour effects restored. These results are important in that they provide an alternative explanation as to the mechanism of non-specific cell mediated suppression and may in part explain the failure of some cancer patients to respond to treatment with IL-2 plus LAK immunotherapy.     

Distribution of Lyb-4.1 and other membrane antigens on murine lymphoid tumors.

The distribution of membrane antigens on 6 DBA/2-derived tumors (L1210, L5178Y, P815, ABLS 11, ABLS 12, and ABLS 13) was studied by direct cytotoxicity and quantitative absorption assays. Lyb-4.1 antigen was found solely on the L1210 tumor. Iad antigens were absent from all tumors, and H-2Kd and H-2Dd antigens were present on all tumors. Immunoglobulin was adsorbed to the ascites tumors and lost after 3 days or more in tissue culture. These studies were performed to characterize the distribution of DBA/2 membrane antigens on DBA/2-derived tumors as a base line for functional and chemical studies with these tumors and with their solubilized proteins.     

Murine natural anti-tumor antibodies. I. Rapid in vivo binding of natural antibody by tumor cells in syngeneic mice.

A competitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the detection of cell-bound antibody was used to study the in vivo acquisition of immunoglobulin (Ig) by tumor cells. Several tumor lines acquired Ig rapidly between 3 and 18 h after intraperitoneal implantation into normal syngeneic mice and this Ig was recovered by elution with basic or acid buffers. The Ig eluted from the L5178Y lymphoma showed higher binding to the L5178Y than to thymocytes, bone-marrow cells, 1509a sarcoma and P-815-X2 mastocytoma. In addition, binding of the eluates to the L5178Y was specifically inhibited by L5178Y cells or by solubilized membrane antigens of the L5178Y. The in vivo acquisition of Ig by the L5178Y could also be blocked by the IV and IP injections of tumor antigen although both L5178Y and 1509a solubilized membrane antigens were effective. Some of the Ig acquired by the tumor cells was found to be complement-fixing antibody since normal rabbit complement lysed 80% of L5178Y cells obtained from the peritoneal cavity of syngeneic mice 18 h after implantation, but did not lyse in vitro L5178Y cells. The in vivo binding of the complement-fixing antibodies was also inhibited by tumor antigens in the same way as the acquisition of Ig detected by RIA. It was shown that the acquisition of Ig during the first 18h of IP growth was a T-independent phenomenon because tumor cells acquire as much Ig in AT X BM mice as in sham-thymectomized controls. In a study with 11 different clones derived from the L5178Y lymphoma, a high correlation (r = 0.75, p less than 0.005) was found between the amount of Ig acquired after in vivo implantation and the amount of Ig bound to the cells after in vitro incubation with normal syngeneic serum. It is suggested that the rapid in vivo acquisition of Ig was due to the in vivo binding of natural antibodies to tumor cells.