圆锥角膜的诊断与治疗

圆锥角膜是一种双侧非炎性角膜扩张性疾病,其特征主要为中央和旁中央区角膜基质变薄和呈圆锥形突起。早期圆锥角膜的诊断标准并未完全统一。现今用于诊断圆锥角膜的仪器主要有Orbscan角膜地形图、Pentacam眼前节测量分析仪、共焦显微镜、眼反应分析仪等,手术治疗方法主要有角膜移植术、基质环植入术、交联疗法等。本文综述近年来用于圆锥角膜诊断的常用仪器的优缺点及手术治疗方法,为临床上选择更适宜的检测仪器和治疗方法提供依据。     

Therapy of acute keratoconus]

The author made a series of observations in 17 cases of acute keratoconus. He performed perforating keratoplasties on 18 eyes of 16 patients promptly in the acute phases. The results were the same as after keratoplasty in cases of simple keratoconus. He informs of his observations regarding the probable causes of bringing about the acute phase.     

圆锥角膜的诊断

圆锥角膜是一种常见的角膜扩张性疾病 ,在屈光手术就诊者中发病率尤高 ,是许多屈光手术的禁忌证。及早发现圆锥角膜 ,是进行有效防治的基础 ,现就目前圆锥角膜的诊断方法进行了简要论述。     

深板层角膜移植术治疗急性期圆锥角膜的探讨

目的 观察深板层角膜移植术治疗急性期圆锥角膜的手术时机及临床效果.方法 总结自2008年9月至2009年9月于邢台眼科医院住院的急性期圆锥角膜患者8例,均于发病后2～3周采用深板层角膜移植术治疗,术后随访观察6～12个月,观察角膜植片的透明度及视力情况.结果 8例患者中,术前裸眼视力4例为手动,4例为眼前指数,矫正均不提高;术后裸眼视力为0.2～0.5的6例,≥0.6的2例,术中发现后弹力层裂孔呈裂隙状;术后6例大部分裂孔已愈合,角膜植片透明;2例裂孔较大者(尚有约1mm未愈合)术后第3天发现少许层间积液,植片基质层轻度水肿,经前房补气及包扎后层间积液吸收,角膜植片恢复透明;全组病例后弹力层破裂处无明显混浊.结论 深板层角膜移植术治疗急性期圆锥角膜可以取得较好的临床效果.     

Therapy of acute keratoconus

The incidence of acute keratoconus has increased in recent years. A defect of the endothelium and Descemet's membrane allows the aqueous to flow into the stroma. The therapy of choice is penetrating keratoplasty. The discussion concerning the best time for the operation is still going on. The present authors have performed penetrating keratoplasties on 9 patients at the acute stage during the last 2 years. The results show that early surgery can prevent progression of the symptoms, with corneal edema and pannus, and subsequent complications.     

急性圆锥角膜3例

圆锥角膜患者由于后弹力层的急性破裂,房水进入角膜造成基质层和上皮的急性水肿和混浊,称为急性圆锥角膜.我们在临床中治疗了3例急性圆锥角膜,效果满意,报告如下. [例1] 男性,18岁,因右眼视力下降明显1年,加重伴疼痛2 d而入院.入院前患者双眼近视7年,近视度数逐年增加.     

Ultrastructural changes in keratoconus]

In case of keratoconus the epithelial cells are also participating in the pathological processes. Their activity of producing basal membrane is increased. In the stroma four cell types are found; two of them are normal elements. The origin of the two pathological forms is unknown. They may represent as well vagrant cells. Or they originate perhaps from the endothelial cells, being more or less modified. The original endothelial cells are mostly destroyed. In all sorts of the corneal cells one sees abundantly enlarged mitochondria.     

Options for keratoconus treatment

Surgical options for keratoconus treatment are presented in date order. Literature data is analyzed and every method of keratoconus treatment is reviewed.     

Topography-based calculation of keratoconus dimensions]

BACKGROUND: Keratoconus is a corneal dystrophy which usually develops in the second or third decade of life and shows various speed of progression. This disease may degrade the image-forming properties of the eye even in its early stage. The purpose of this study was to support the conventional clinical qualitative diagnostic methods of keratoconus handling with a topography-based algorithm to quantify the "ballooning" of the anterior corneal surface. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighty-eight patients with keratoconus (46 with mild and 42 with severe clinical signs) and a control group of 40 normal subjects were included in this study. Topographic height data were calculated from refraction data of a commercially available topographer (TMS-1) using a local approximation algorithm. A decomposition of corneal topography height data into orthogonal Zernike polynomials was performed to define a asphero-cylindrical model surface. From the difference of the raw height data and the model surface, the base, height and volume as well as the localization of the protrusion was quantified. RESULTS: The height of the corneal protrusion (23 to 71 microns), the volume of the cone (0.066 to 0.141 mm3) and the horizontal dimension (0.67 to 1.32 mm) increased highly significantly. In contrast, comparing the early to the severe stage of the disease the vertical dimension of the cone (0.64 to 0.93) changed much less. In the severe stage, the center of the protrusion was much more decentred (1.33 mm) than in the early stage (0.44) due to a shift in the inferior direction. CONCLUSIONS: The quantification of cone dimensions using corneal topography height data has the potential to assist qualitative clinical graduation in keratoconus independent of the system currently used. The knowledge about the exact amount of corneal protrusion and position of the cone may improve the assessment of the progression of the disease, thus being helpful for indication of a penetrating keratoplasty.     

急性视网膜坏死综合征的诊断与治疗

急性视网膜坏死综合征(acute retinal necrosis syndrome,ARNS)是由于病毒感染所引起的以急性坏死性视网膜炎、玻璃体炎、视网膜动脉炎以及后期伴发视网膜脱离等病变为特征的一种综合征,较少见,起病急,进展快,治疗困难,导致视功能严重受损。因此争取早期正确诊断与治疗的意义重大,我们就对ARNS的诊断及治疗的报道做一综述。     

Indications and treatment of keratoconus using epikeratophakia

Nineteen patients with keratoconus underwent epikeratophakia by one of the authors (DSD) and were followed from 3 to 29 months. Patient selection criteria included contact lens failure, and minimal or no central corneal scarring. Uncorrected visual acuity improved by three or more Snellen lines in 13 of 19 patients (68%). Postoperatively, after more than 6 months follow-up, 81% of the patients had best-corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better. A mean flattening of 4.73 diopters (D) occurred on keratometry readings. There was a mean decrease in refractive cylinder of 2.84 D. Spherical equivalent refraction showed a mean decrease in myopia of 4.64 D. Five patients had postoperative refractive cylinder greater than 4 D requiring relaxing incision(s). With some patients having been followed for more than 2 years, no recurrences of keratoconus have been noted. In properly selected patients, epikeratophakia can effectively be used to treat keratoconus and thus avoid potential intraocular surgical complications and immunogenic phenomena.