高血压病的药物治疗

高血压病(Essential Hypertension,EH)是心血管疾病的主要死亡原因。目前WHO推荐用于抗高血压治疗的一线药物共分6大类:利尿剂、β1-受体阻滞剂、钙拮抗剂(CCB)、血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(ARB)、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)及α-受体阻滞剂[1]。下面介绍常用6大类抗高血压药的合理选用。1降压药物的作用特点1.1利尿药有噻嗪类、袢利尿剂和保钾利尿剂三类。近期ALIHAT发表的结果再次证实价格低廉的利尿剂作为一线治疗药物的地位。但其长期应用会导致不良反应,如电解质紊乱、糖代谢及脂代谢异常及所谓“心脏毒性作用”。长期使用,要…     

一线抗高血压药的评价及展望

治疗高血压药物的种类繁多,特点各异,如何掌握使用是临床医生永恒的课题.1977年美国全国联合会首创高血压病的阶梯治疗药物选择方案;1978年WHO提出一线、二线治疗;1988年提出降压药物"个体化"治疗方案[1],并确定β阻滞剂、利尿剂、钙拮抗剂(CCB)、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)和α阻滞剂为一线用药,1998年9月第七届世界卫生组织/国际高血压联盟(WH0/ISH)日本会议在高血压指南中,将上述药物加上血管紧张素Ⅱ(AT11)受体阻滞剂确定为抗高血压一线药物[2].     

糖尿病合并高血压的治疗策略

血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)、血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂(ARBs)、钙离子通道阻滞剂(CCB)、噻嗪类利尿剂及β-受体阻滞剂均有利于降低糖尿病合并高血压患者的心血管事件和脑卒中的发生率,但也要建立在血压良好控制的基础之上。对于糖尿病合并高血压患者降压最重要的是要达标,即<130/80mmHg,常需联合使用两种或两种以上的降压药物,而最常用的联合治疗方案是ACEI或ARBs加小剂量的利尿剂和(或)长效的CCB。     

抗高血压药在我院应用的合理性分析

目的：通过药物利用研究的方法,调查分析抗高血压药在我院应用是否合理。方法：比较我院2008～2010年抗高血压药在类别、处方频度、销售金额等方面的情况,采用药物利用指数（DUI）对我院医生用药的合理性进行分析。结果：①2008～2010年,在抗高血压药中钙通道阻滞剂（CCB）、血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂（ARB）和利尿剂的处方频度呈递增趋势。血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂（ACEI）和β受体阻滞剂的处方频度呈递减趋势。利尿剂螺内酯、β受体阻滞剂比索洛尔、ACEI依那普利、CCB左旋氨氯地平、ARB厄贝沙坦的处方频度在各自所属类别中都位居第一。②2008～2010年,在抗高血压药中CCB和β受体阻滞剂的销售金额呈递增趋势。ACEI的销售金额呈递减趋势。利尿剂螺内酯、β受体阻滞剂比索洛尔、CCB左旋氨氯地平的销售金额在各自所属类别中都位居第一。在2009、2010年ACEI依那普利的销售金额超过了贝那普利位居第一,ARB氯沙坦钾的销售金额在2010年超过了厄贝沙坦位居第一。我院钙拮抗剂的销售金额几乎占了抗高血压药销售金额的一半。结论：我院3年来卡托普利、贝那普利、培哚普利、替米沙坦的DUI〉1.0,其他22种抗高血压药的DUI均〈1.0,结果表明除了卡托普利、贝那普利、培哚普利、替米沙坦外,其他的22种抗高血压药在我院门诊的使用基本合理,无滥用倾向。     

老年人抗高血压类药物不良反应的防治

老年人高血压具有患病率高、血压波动大、体位性低血压发生率高,且并发症多、病死率高等特点,是高血压病的一种特殊类型.目前常用的降压药物主要有六大类:利尿剂、钙拮抗剂、β受体阻滞剂、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)、血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂(ARB)及α受体阻滞剂,这六大类除α受体阻滞剂外均可用于老年高血压患者的一线治疗.……     

成都社区抗高血压药物使用现状及血压控制率分析

目的了解成都社区抗高血压药物使用现状及血压控制概况。方法采用整群随机抽样,抽取6个社区、18岁以上居民共计5022人,对个体采用问诊、查体及填写统一调查问卷等方式收集相关资料。结果高血压患者规律治疗率为44. 49%,使用抗高血压药物87. 03%为指南推荐药物,各类药物(血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)、血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(ARB)、β受体阻滞剂(B)、钙通道阻滞剂(CCB)、利尿剂(D))使用率分别为9. 25%、15. 02%、8. 70%、73. 12%和4. 03%。联合用药率为45. 28%,ACEI/ARB+CCB、ACEI/ARB+D、CCB+B、新型复方制剂等优选联合方案分别占20. 34%、1. 20%、7. 01%和11. 97%。治疗控制率为41. 31%,单用ACEI/ARB、β受体阻滞剂、CCB、利尿剂的患者血压控制率无统计学差异(P=0. 235); ACEI/ARB+CCB、ACEI/ARB+D、CCB+B联合方案及新型复方制剂患者血压控制率无统计学差异(P=0. 371)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,女性(OR=1. 346)、老年(OR=0. 595)、血脂异常(OR=0. 735)为血压控制率影响因素(P<0. 05)。结论成都社区抗高血压药物使用总体遵循指南规范,联合用药率、新型复方制剂和指南推荐的优选联合方案使用现状有改善。但在优选长效制剂、合理联合等方面仍存在不足,仍需加强合理用药指导和个体化高血压管理。     

抗高血压药物临床应用进展

在我国高血压发病趋势日益严峻,全国约有2亿高血压患者,高血压患病率达18.8%.目前临床上常用的降压药可归纳为六大类,即利尿剂、β受体阻滞剂（β-receptor blockers,β-RB）、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor,ACEI）、血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂（angiotensn receptor blockers,ARB）、钙离子拮抗剂（calcium channal blockers CCB）和α受体阻滞剂。现将近年来主要抗高血压药物的临床应用进展分述如下。     

老年人抗高血压类药物不良反应的防治

老年人高血压具有患病率高、血压波动大、体位性低血压发生率高，且并发症多、病死率高等特点，是高血压病的一种特殊类型。目前常用的降压药物主要有六大类：利尿剂、钙拮抗剂、B受体阻滞剂、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI）、血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂（ARB）及α受体阻滞剂，     

高血压患者使用降压药物的疗效分析

目的:分析高血压患者使用降压药物的情况及临床意义.方法:观察医院的517 例高血压患者使用降压药物后,分析血压降至达标时的情况以及疗效.结果:联合用药达321 例(占总例数的62.09%),明显高于单一药物治疗的例数196 例(占总例数的37.91%); 两种药物联合应用的例数200 例(占总例数的38.78%),明显高于三种药物联用的例数80 例(15.47%); 四种及五种药物联合应用的例数分别为36 例(6.96%) 和4例(0.774%),差异均有显著性意义,P<0.05.结论:高血压患者使用降压药物时,大多数需要联合用药;较好的联合用药方案是为钙通道阻滞剂(CCB)+ 血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI) 或血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂(ARB) 或β-受体阻滞剂(β-RB),和CCB+ACEI 或ARB 或β-RB+ 利尿剂(DA).     

糖尿病肾病合并高血压1例治疗分析

目的探讨糖尿病肾病合并高血压患者降压药物的合理选择。方法根据患者的全程药学监护,分析1例糖尿病肾病合并高血压患者的药物使用情况。结果血管紧张素受体阻断剂(ARB)+钙通道阻滞剂(CCB)联合用于糖尿病肾病合并高血压,不仅很好地控制了血压,而且延缓了肾病的发展。结论对于糖尿病肾病合并高血压患者的治疗,应首选肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)阻断剂、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)/ARB,在此基础上可联合CCB或利尿剂,三联用药疗效也较好。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.