PI-WSUR量表在中国大学生人群中的修订

目的:本研究旨在将帕多瓦量表-华盛顿州立大学修订版(Padua Inventory-washington State University Re-vision.PI-WSUR)引进中国.考察PI-WSUR在中国非临床样本中的效度和信度.方法:随机抽取673名大学生完成各项量表,并对其中的153名大学生进行了重测.结果:效度检验:检验结构效度获得个5因素,与原量表一致,各因素都具有良好的区分效度(P<0.05;P<0.001)和校标效度(P<0.01);信度检验:PI-WSUR总分的d系数为0.90,各因素α系数分别为0.77,0.80,0.87,0.80,0.74,重测信度分别为0.59,0.53.0.61,0.74,0.60.本研究在PI-WSUR总分上未发现性别差异,但是女性被试在"污染/清洗强迫"的得分显著高于男性(P<0.000);男性被试在"伤害他人/自己的强迫冲动"的得分显著高于女性(P<0.01).结论:PI-WSUR具备合格的效度和信度.     

个人意义清单简版中文修订版在大学生群体中的适用性

目的:检验个人意义清单简版(Personal Meaning Profile-B,PMP-B)中文修订版在大学生群体中的效度和信度。方法:选取2份样本共1016名在校大学生,样本1(n=946)用于验证性因素分析及使用生命意义感量表中文修订版(MLQ-C)进行效标关联效度检验,并检验同质性系数和合成信度;样本2(n=70)用于进行间隔3周的重测信度检验。结果:量表的二阶因子模型拟合良好(GFI=0.91,CFI=0.95,NNFI=0.94,RMSEA=0.07,SRMR=0.06),PMP-B得分与MLQ-C得分呈正相关(r=0.55,P0.01);总问卷的重测信度为0.85,同质性系数为0.81,7个维度的合成信度为0.59～0.81。结论:个人意义清单简版中文修订版在大学生中的效度和信度较好,可以用来测量大学生的生命意义感。     

宿命观量表中文版修订及信效度检验

目的:修订宿命观量表中文版并检验其信度和效度。方法:通过3次测量对量表进行修订。初测样本536人进行项目分析和探索性因素分析,对题目进行删减形成正式量表;再测样本528人进行验证性因素分析并完成流调用抑郁量表(CES-D)检验效标关联效度;抽取40人间隔4周进行测量检验重测信度。结果:宿命观量表中文版包括先定、运气和悲观三个因子共16个条目;总量表Cronbach’sα系数为0.84,间隔4周重测信度系数为0.79,三个分量表Cronbach’sα系数在0.67～0.76之间,重测信度系数在0.63～0.75之间;三因子模型主要拟合指标良好(χ~2/df=2.10,CFI=0.95,IFI=0.95,NFI=0.90,TLI=0.94,RMSEA=0.046);量表具有较好的效标关联效度。结论:宿命观量表中文版具有良好的信度和效度,是测量中国被试宿命观的适宜工具。     

抑郁体验问卷中文版在640名大学生中的信效度检验及两种评分系统比较

目的:利用国际上通用的两种评分系统分别考查抑郁体验问卷中文版(DEQ-C)的信度和效度,确立该问卷在我国的适用性.方法:640名大学生完成了DEQ-C的评定,分别采用了因素权重法和条目权重法进行评分.探索DEQ-C的内部一致性信度、重测信度、因素结构、区分效度和内容效度.结果:因素权重法评分:α系数男性为0.65～0.77,女性为0.68～0.72;重测信度系数男性为0.59～0.64,女性为0.58～0.75.条目权重法评分:α系数男性为0.73～0.85,女性为0.69～0.85;重测信度系数男性为0.55～0.80,女性为0.67～0.73.探索性因素分析获得了与原问卷相似的三因素结构,前三个因子解释的方差在男性为14.5%、6.9%和5.5%,总和为26.9%;女性为13.5%、6.9%和6.1%,总和为25.5%;各分量表之间的相关性研究提示,因素权重评分法符合原问卷的理论构想,即依赖性和自我批评性是两个独立的人格维度,而条目权重法则失去这个特点;采用两种评分方法均显示了良好的效标效度:其中依赖性与CES-D及心境和焦虑症状问卷(MASQ)的相关系数分别为0.38、0.43(P＜0.01)和0.34、0.36(P＜0.01);自我批评性与CES-D及MASQ的相关系数分别为0.59、0.63(P＜0.01)和0.57、0.63(P＜0.01).结论:DEQ的中文翻译版有良好的信度和效度,其中,因素权重评分法更适用于中国大学生样本.     

进食态度问卷中文版测评大学生样本的效度和信度

目的:在大学生样本中对26个项目的进食态度问卷(EAT-26)进行修订,用以测量我国大学生的进食态度。方法:选取2个大学生样本(n1=801、n2=420),采用结构效度、内部一致性信度和组合信度对EAT-26中文版进行评定。在样本2中随机选取147名大学生,完成进食障碍量表(EDI-1)、情绪化进食量表(EES)、负面身体自我量表的胖分量表(NPSS-F)和自我控制量表(SCS)以检验效标关联效度;2周后,再选取其中112名大学生进行重测,检验重测信度。结果:修订后的问卷共19个项目,包括节食、贪食与食物关注、食物内容的知觉、代偿行为等4个因子。验证性因素分析表明4因素模型拟合良好(χ2/df=2.93,GFI=0.91,CFI=0.90,NFI=0.85,TLI=0.88,RM SEA=0.07);EAT-19总分与EDI-1、EES、NPSS-F得分呈正相关(r=0.65、0.28、0.75,均P0.01),与SCS得分呈负相关(r=-0.31,P0.01)。总问卷的Cronbachα系数为0.88,4个因子的α系数为0.66~0.87;总问卷的重测信度为0.87,4个因子的重测信度为0.69~0.87。结论:本研究修订后的19个项目的进食态度问卷(EAT-19)在大学生样本中具有良好的效度和信度,可用于评估与进食障碍相关的态度和行为。     

大学生社会性无聊感量表的编制

目的:编制大学生社会性无聊感量表并检验其信效度,为研究社会性无聊感提供测量工具。方法:根据社会性无聊感定义,参考相关文献编制初始量表。选取广东省高校学生754名,分别对样本1(n=379),样本2(n=375)进行探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析,形成最终问卷。另选取40名大学生间隔2周后进行重测。结果:大学生社会性无聊感量表包含25个条目,6个因子,累积方差贡献率为55.95%。验证性因素分析结果表明6因素模型拟合良好(χ2/df=2.07,GFI=0.90,CFI=0.91,IFI=0.91,RMSEA=0.05)。总量表Cronbachα系数为0.85,6个分量表α系数在0.55~0.85,总量表的重测信度为0.67。社会性无聊感量表与无聊感倾向量表效标关联效度为0.60。结论:社会性无聊感量表具有良好的信度和效度,可以作为大学生社会性无聊感研究的测量工具。     

儿童佛罗里达强迫问卷的修订

目的:修订儿童佛罗里达强迫问卷(C-FOCI)并检验其信度和效度。方法:采用方便取样。选取小学四年级到高中三年级学生共4293名(年龄8～18岁)组成学校样本组;收集同期在中国医科大学盛京医院心理门诊就诊,按美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)标准诊断为强迫障碍的儿童40人(年龄9～18岁)组成强迫障碍组。所有样本完成C-FOCI,莱顿强迫问卷(儿童版)(LOI-CV)、儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表(SCARED)、儿童抑郁量表(CDI)。利用学校样本进行内部一致性检验、探索性因素分析。利用学校样本分析C-FOCI和LOI-CV、SCARED、CDI的相关性,以检验平行效度。间隔4周后,79名在校高一学生再次完成C-FOCI以检验重测信度。利用所有样本制定C-FOCI的划界分。结果:C-FOCI分为症状清单和严重度量表两部分。强迫障碍组所有量表得分均高于学校样本组(P0.001)。C-FOCI症状清单包括17个条目,Cronbachα系数为0.81,重测信度0.70;C-FOCI严重度量表包括5个条目,Cronbachα系数为0.85,重测信度0.65,P0.001。对症状清单进行探索性因子分析析出4个因子,可解释总变异的45.8%。C-FOCI症状清单得分和严重度量表得分均与LOI-CV、SCARED、CDI得分呈正相关(r=0.34～0.55,均P0.001)。症状清单对强迫障碍儿童的诊断划界分为7分,灵敏度为67.5%,特异度为73.3%;严重度量表的诊断划界分为7分,灵敏度为90.0%,特异度为77.3%。结论:修订的儿童佛罗里达强迫问卷具有良好的信度和效度,可用于我国儿童强迫症状及严重程度的评估。     

儿童青少年心理健康量表的编制和信效度检验

目的:编制一个用于儿童和青少年的心理健康量表,检验其信度和效度。方法:用新编的心理健康量表测查全国12个省(市)9278名儿童或他们的父母和143名异常样本,间隔5周的重测样本有87人,父母和儿童报告一致性检验样本56人,效标效度样本30人。用相关分析和因素分析考查量表的信度和效度。结果:新编量表的重测信度为0·713,Crobachα系数为0·847,分半信度为0·800,评定者信度为0·874;正常儿童在量表上的得分显著高于异常样本的得分(F=63·34-238·8,P<0·01);新编量表总分及分量表与儿童行为量表(CBCL)得分有一定的正或负的相关(r=0·27~0·609,P<0·05或0·01);探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析结果显示因素模式与量表编制者的理论构想一致。结论:儿少心理健康量表具有较好的信度和效度,可以用于儿童和青少年的心理健康评估。     

人际好奇量表测评青少年的效度和信度

目的:引进人际好奇量表(IPC),检验其在青少年学生中的效度和信度。方法:选取青少年学生632人(样本1)用于条目分析和探索性因子分析;另选取青少年学生456人(样本2)用于验证性因子分析、聚合效度、区分效度、组合信度和内部一致性信度检验。样本1中,选取301人施测认知好奇量表(ECS)和状态-特质好奇量表(STCI)检验效标效度;随机选取88人进行间隔2周的重测。结果:IPC中文版共17个条目,包含窥探行为、情绪好奇、侦探意愿、隐秘好奇4个因子;模型拟合良好(χ²=251.92,df=113,χ²/df=2.23,CFI=0.93,TLI=0.92,GFI=0.94,IFI=0.94,RMSEA=0.05);IPC得分与ECS和STCI得分均呈正相关(r=0.53、0.71,均P<0.001)。总量表的Cronbachα系数为0.84,4个因子的Cronbachα系数分别为0.75、0.76、0.75和0.71;总量表的重测信度为0.84,4个因子的重测信度分别为0.81、0.70、0.63、0.84。结论:修订后的人际好奇量表测评青...     

囤积量表修订版在中国大学生中的修订

目的:在中国大学生中修订囤积量表修订版(Saving Inventory-Revised,SI-R)并检验该量表的信效度。方法:采用双盲翻译获得的中文版SI-R对2100名大学生施测,收回有效问卷1979份。进行因素分析以检验其结构效度,用帕多瓦量表、流调中心抑郁量表和Zung焦虑自评量表来检验聚合效度和区分效度,并检验其内部一致性。3-4周后随机抽取229名大学生进行重测,以检验其重测信度。结果:①验证性因素分析表明中文版SI-R不符合原三因素模型;②探索性因素分析后得到两个因子:过分获得-难以丢弃、堆积;③SI-R总量表的Cronabachα系数为0.893,过分获得-难以丢弃分量表和堆积分量表的α系数分别为0.829和0.830;4周后的总量表重测信度为0.561,过分获得-难丢弃分量表和堆积分量表重测信度分别为0.533和0.545;④SI-R总量表与强迫症状、焦虑和抑郁的相关系数分别为0.431、0.355和0.343(P<0.01)。结论:中文版SI-R具有较好的信效度,可以在中国文化下应用。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.