经黏膜下隧道内镜肿瘤切除术治疗源于固有肌层的上消化道黏膜下肿瘤初探

目的探讨经黏膜下隧道内镜肿瘤切除术（STER）治疗来源于上消化道固有肌层黏膜下肿瘤（SMTs）的疗效和安全性。方法对26例经超声内镜和CT诊断为来源于固有肌层的上消化道SMTs患者全麻下行STER治疗：（1）内镜寻找到肿瘤,并准确定位;（2）建立黏膜下隧道,显露肿瘤;（3）内镜直视下完整切除肿瘤;（4）缝合黏膜切口。结果来源于固有肌层的上消化道SMTs患者26例中,食管14例,贲门7例,胃5例。来源于固有肌层浅层者11例,深层者15例,其中2例胃SMTs与浆膜层粘连,密不可分。STER成功切除所有黏膜下肿瘤,完整切除率100％,切除病变直径1．0～3．2cm（平均1．9cm）。黏膜切开至黏膜切口完整缝合时间25～145min,平均68．5min;完整缝合创面所用金属夹4—6枚,平均5枚。术后病理诊断为平滑肌瘤17例,间质瘤7例,血管球瘤1例,神经鞘膜瘤1例;切缘均为阴性。发生皮下气肿2例,左侧气胸伴皮下气肿1例,气腹2例,均予保守治疗痊愈。术后无一例出现迟发性消化道出血、消化道漏和胸腔腹腔继发感染,无一例发生黏膜下隧道内积血积液和继发感染。随访3～9个月,无一例病变残留或复发。结论STER治疗来源于固有肌层的上消化道SMTs安全、有效,可以一次性完整切除病变,提供完整的病理学诊断资料,并可避免消化道漏和胸腔腹腔继发感染。     

Endoscopic full-thickness resection for gastric submucosal tumors arising from the muscularis propria layer

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy, safety and feasibility of endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFR) for the treatment of gastric submucosal tumors (SMTs) arising from the muscularis propria.METHODS: A total of 35 gastric SMTs arising from the muscularis propria layer were resected by EFR between January 2010 and September 2013. EFR consists of five major steps: injecting normal saline into the submucosa; pre-cutting the mucosal and submucosal layers around the lesion; making a circumferential incision as deep as the muscularis propria around the lesion using endoscopic submucosal dissection and an incision into the serosal layer around the lesion with a Hook knife; a full-thickness resection of the tumor, including the serosal layer with a Hook or IT knife; and closing the gastric wall with metallic clips.RESULTS: Of the 35 gastric SMTs, 14 were located at the fundus, and 21 at the corpus. EFR removed all of the SMTs successfully, and the complete resection rate was 100%. The mean operation time was 90 min (60-155 min), the mean hospitalization time was 6.0 d (4-10 d), and the mean tumor size was 2.8 cm (2.0-4.5 cm). Pathological examination confirmed the presence of gastric stromal tumors in 25 patients, leiomyomas in 7 and gastric autonomous nerve tumors in 2. No gastric bleeding, peritonitis or abdominal abscess occurred after EFR. Postoperative contrast roentgenography on the third day detected no contrast extravasation into the abdominal cavity. The mean follow-up period was 6 mo, with no lesion residue or recurrence noted.CONCLUSION: EFR is efficacious, safe and minimally invasive for patients with gastric SMTs arising from the muscularis propria layer. This technique is able to resect deep gastric lesions while providing precise pathological information about the lesion. With the development of EFR, the indications of endoscopic resection might be extended.     

Submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection for simultaneous esophageal and cardia submucosal tumors originating from the muscularis propria layer (with video)

Submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection (STER) is a new treatment technique for upper gastrointestinal submucosal tumors (SMT) originating from the muscularis propria (MP) layer. In contrast to conventional endoscopic resection, the new therapy can maintain the mucosal integrity of the digestive tract, which effectively prevents mediastinitis and peritonitis. STER, although a known method, has not been widely adopted because of technical difficulties. Here, we describe the case of a 30‐year‐old patient presenting with two separate SMT originating from the esophageal and cardia MP layer. A 2‐cm longitudinal mucosal incision was made approximately 5 cm proximal to the esophageal SMT, and the esophageal and cardia SMT were dissected successively in the same submucosal tunnel. In the relevant literature, this is the first case of STER for resecting esophageal and cardia SMT using the same submucosal tunnel.     

Efficacy and safety of submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection for upper gastrointestinal submucosal tumors with more than 1-year' follow-up: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives: Submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection (STER) is a novel therapeutic approach for upper gastrointestinal submucosal tumors (SMTs) especially for tumors originating from the muscularis propria layer. Presently, several studies have reported the efficacy and safety of STER for SMTs. Therefore, we conducted this study to review the clinical outcomes of STER with more than 1-year’ follow-up duration.

Materials and methods: Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched on November 2018 to identify studies reporting STER for SMTs. Weighted pooled rates were calculated for en bloc resection, complete resection and adverse event (AE). Risk ratios (RR) were calculated and pooled to compare STER with thoracoscopic enucleation (TE).

Results: A total of 701 patients with 728 lesions from 12 original studies were review. Pooled WPR for en bloc resection of STER was 86.3% (95% CI: 74.5–93.1%), (I²=82.5). Pooled WPR for complete resection of STER was 97.7% (95% CI: 92.8–99.3%), (I²=77.6). WPR for AE was 18.3% (95% CI: 9.7–31.6%), (I²=90.6%). Two studies with 292 patients compared the performance of STER with TE. Pooled RR for en bloc resection was 1.02 (95% CI: 0.95–1.09). Pooled RR for complete resection was 1.0 (95% CI: 0.98–1.03). Pooled RR for AE was 0.82 (95% CI: 0.33–2.05).

Conclusions: Our study showed that STER has relatively long-term efficacy for treating upper gastrointestinal SMTs, and the incidence of AE was not low for STER, but all of them can be managed conservatively.     

Do we need to conduct full-thickness closure after endoscopic full-thickness resection of gastric submucosal tumors?

Background/AimsSuccessful closure of gastric wall defects is a pivotal step for endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR). Our study indicates that for submucosal tumors (SMTs) smaller than 2.5 cm, closing the mucosal layer is safe and feasible when the modified method, ZIP, is used.Materials and MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 37 patients with gastric SMTs arising from the muscularis propria (MP) who underwent EFTR with defect closure of the mucosal layer. The main procedure involved: (1) making a longitudinal incision of the mucosal and submucosal layers above the lesion, (2) fully exposing the lesion and symmetrically punching holes on both sides of the incision into the submucosal layer, (3) en bloc resection of the lesion using an electrosurgical snare or knife, (4) hooking of metallic clips into the holes and clipping of the mucosal layer successively to close the gastric wall defect. This modified method was named ZIP.ResultsSuccessful complete resection by EFTR was achieved in 37 cases (100%). The median procedure time was 60 min (range: 30–120 min), whereas the closure procedure took a median of 8 min (range: 5–20 min). The median lesion size was 1.0 cm (range: 0.5–2.5 cm). No patients had severe complications. No residual lesions or tumor recurrence were found during the follow-up period.ConclusionClosing the mucosal layer of gastric wall defects after EFTR by ZIP is feasible and effective.     

无腹腔镜辅助的内镜全层切除术治疗源于固有肌层的胃黏膜下肿瘤

目的探讨无腹腔镜辅助的内镜全层切除术（EFR）治疗源于固有肌层的胃黏膜下肿瘤（SMT）的疗效和可行性。方法2007年7月至2009年8月经辅助检查和前期治疗明确诊断为起源于固有肌层的胃SMT患者20例,择期行全麻下EFR治疗：（1）黏膜下注射生理盐水,预切开肿瘤周围黏膜和黏膜下层,显露肿瘤;（2）采用内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）技术沿肿瘤周围分离固有肌层至浆膜层;（3）应用Hook刀沿肿瘤边缘切开浆膜;（4）胃镜直视下应用Hook、IT刀或圈套器完整切除包括浆膜在内的肿瘤;（5）应用金属夹缝合胃创面。结果20例源于固有肌层的胃SMT中,病灶位于胃底9例、胃体11例。EFR成功切除所有病变,完整切除率为100％,未使用腹腔镜辅助;EFR时间为60—145min,平均85min。切除肿瘤最大直径1．8～3．5cm,平均2．6cm;病理诊断为问质瘤13例、平滑肌瘤4例、血管球瘤2例、神经鞘瘤1例。术后无一例出现胃出血、腹膜炎体征及腹腔脓肿,术后3d造影无一例造影剂外漏和胃排空障碍。住院天数3～8d,平均5．5d。术后随访1～12个月,平均7个月,无一例病变残留或复发。结论EFR治疗源于固有肌层的胃SMT是安全、有效的,可以切除更深的胃壁肿瘤,并提供准确的病理诊断资料,它的开展可进一步扩大内镜治疗的适应证。     

内镜经黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术治疗上消化道多发黏膜下肿瘤的疗效及安全性评价

为了评估内镜经黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术(submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection, STER)治疗上消化道多发黏膜下肿瘤(submucosal tumors, SMT)的疗效和安全性, 收集了2016年1月至2021年6月就诊于台州市立医院以及上海东方医院的总计24例上消化道SMT病例(共56个SMT病灶)纳入回顾性观察, 主要分析治疗效果、主要不良事件发生情况和随访结果。结果显示:19例(79.2%)通过一条隧道切除肿瘤, 5例(20.8%)通过两条隧道切除肿瘤;隧道长度3～12 cm, 平均6.2 cm;手术时间19～130 min, 平均55.6 min;肿瘤整块切除率为89.29%(50/56);住院时间2～7 d, 平均3.5 d;2例(8.3%)发生主要不良事件, 均为黏膜损伤, 用钛夹和自膨胀金属封闭支架治愈;随访6～64个月, 平均32.0个月, 随访期间无肿瘤残留或植入隧道, 无局部复发和远处转移, 无死亡病例。由此可见, STER治疗上消化道多发SMT安全可行, 切除方法以单隧道为主要, 但对于相距较远的多个SMT则需要双隧道方...     

Oval mucosal opening bloc biopsy after incision and widening by ring thread traction for submucosal tumor

Gastric submucosal tumors(SMTs) less than 2 cm are generally considered benign neoplasms, and endoscopic observation is recommended, but SMTs over 2 cm, 40% of which are gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GISTs), have malignant potential. Although the Japanese Guidelines for GIST recommend partial surgical resection for GIST over 2 cm with malignant potential as well as en bloc large tissue sample to obtain appropriate and large specimens of SMTs, several reports have been published on tissue sampling of SMTs, such as with endoscopic ultrasound sound fine needle aspiration, submucosal tunneling bloc biopsy, and the combination of bite biopsy and endoscopic mucosal resection. Because a simpler, more accurate method is needed for appropriate treatment, we developed oval mucosal opening bloc biopsy after incision and widening by ring thread traction for submucosal tumor(OMOB) approach. OMOB was simple and enabled us to obtain large samples under direct procedure view as well as allowed us to restore to original mucosa.     

内镜下纵切挖除术治疗消化道黏膜下肿瘤患者

目的探讨内镜纵切挖除术（ELE）治疗消化道黏膜下肿瘤（SMT）的疗效和可行性。方法对2011年2月至7月经辅助检查和前期治疗明确诊断为起源于消化道的SMT患者19例,在清醒镇静下行ELE治疗：（1）黏膜下注射生理盐水,纵行切开肿瘤表面黏膜和黏膜下层,显露肿瘤。（2）采用内镜黏膜下剥离术沿肿瘤周围分离至肿瘤基底部。（3）胃镜直视下应用Hook刀、IT刀或圈套器完整切除肿瘤。（4）应用金属夹缝合手术创面。结果19例消化道SMT患者中,病灶位于食道3例、贲132例、胃底3例、胃体5例、胃窦5例、升结肠1例。ELE成功切除所有病变,完整切除率为100．0％;ELE时间为25～125min,平均45min。切除肿瘤直径范围1．5-3．5cm,平均2．0cm;病理诊断为平滑肌瘤11例、脂肪瘤5例、间质瘤3例。术后无一例出现出血及腹膜炎体征。住院时间7。15d,平均10d。术后随访1～3个月,平均2个月,无一例病变残留。结论ELE治疗消化道SMT患者是安全有效的,手术方法较内镜黏膜下剥离术简便,便于缩短手术时间及术后并发症的防治,并且有利于术后创面的愈合。     

Offshoots of peroral endoscopic myotomy: Submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection,pyloromyotomy, and beyond

The emergence of peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) marks the rising of a new branch of therapeutic endoscopy. Our group defines it as tunnel endoscopic surgery that includes several novel procedures utilizing a submucosal tunnel as an operating space. In 2010, we developed a new procedure that takes advantage of the submucosal tunneling technique popularized by POEM to achieve complete, full-thickness endoscopic resection of upper gastrointestinal submucosal tumors originating from the muscularis propria layer. Our group coined the acronym STER (submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection) for this procedure. Herein, we summarize this novel method and other offshoots of POEM.     

消化道黏膜下肿物内镜下切除及其并发症防治

目的探讨消化道黏膜下肿物(gastrointestinal submucosal tumor,SMT)的内镜下切除方法及其并发症的防治。方法对382例SMT采用内镜黏膜下挖除术(ESE)、胃镜与腹腔镜双镜联合、内镜黏膜下隧道肿瘤切除术(STER)以及内镜全层切除术(EFTR)进行肿物切除。结果 ESE切除332例,胃镜与腹腔镜双镜联合切除36例(其中20例为腹腔镜为主内镜辅助腹腔镜治疗,16例为瘤体较大,与浆膜层分界不清,单独内镜下挖除瘤体困难,术中转外科腹腔镜与胃镜双镜联合治疗),STER切除10例,EFTR切除4例。术中穿孔24例,其中内镜下瘤体剥离后发生胃壁穿孔转外科腹腔镜下缝合穿孔7例、内镜下尼龙绳荷包缝合9例、内镜下钛夹缝合6例、内镜下OTSC金属夹闭合器达到严密缝合2例。术后发生迟发性出血1例。术后感染1例。无死亡病例发生。结论 ESE、胃镜与腹腔镜双镜联合、STER以及EFTR是目前切除SMT微创、有效、安全、可行的方法。穿孔是其主要并发症,大多数穿孔可在内镜下达到严密缝合。     

Endoscopic full-thickness resection using an over-the-scope device: A prospective study

BACKGROUND Endoscopic submucosal dissection to treat mucosal and submucosal lesions sometimes results in low rates of microscopically margin-negative(R0)resection.Endoscopic full-thickness resection(EFTR)has a high R0 resection rate and allows for the definitive diagnosis and treatment of selected mucosal and submucosal lesions that are not suitable for conventional resection techniques.AIM To evaluate the efficacy and safety of EFTR using an over-the-scope clip(OTSC).METHODS This prospective,single-center,non-randomized clinical trial was conducted at the endoscopy center of Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University.The study included patients aged 18-70 years who had gastric or colorectal submucosal tumors(SMTs)(≤20 mm in diameter)originating from the muscularis propria based on endoscopic ultrasound(EUS)and patients who had early-stage gastric or colorectal cancer(≤20 mm in diameter)based on EUS and computed tomography.All lesions were treated by EFTR combined with an OTSC for wound closure between November 2014 and October 2016.We analyzed patient demographics,lesion features,histopathological diagnoses,R0 resection(negative margins)status,adverse events,and follow-up results.RESULTS A total of 68 patients(17 men and 51 women)with an average age of 52.0±10.5 years(32-71 years)were enrolled in this study,which included 66 gastric or colorectal SMTs and 2 early-stage colorectal cancers.The mean tumor diameter was 12.6±4.3 mm.The EFTR procedure was successful in all cases.The mean EFTR procedure time was 39.6±38.0 min.The mean OTSC defect closure time was 5.0±3.8 min,and the success rate of closure for defects was 100%.Histologically complete resection(R0)was achieved in 67(98.5%)patients.Procedure-related adverse events were observed in 11(16.2%)patients.The average post-procedure length of follow-up was 48.2±15.7 mo.There was no recurrence during follow-up.CONCLUSION EFTR combined with an OTSC is an effective and safe technique for the removal of select subepithelial and epithelial lesions that are not amenable to conventional endoscopic resection techniques.     

Laparoscopic endoscopic cooperative surgery as a minimally invasive treatment for gastric submucosal tumor

Laparoscopic wedge resection is a useful procedure for treating patients with submucosal tumor (SMT) including gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) of the stomach. However, resection of intragastric-type SMTs can be problematic due to the difficulty in accurately judging the location of endoluminal tumor growth, and often excessive amounts of healthy mucosa are removed; thus, full-thickness local excision using laparoscopic and endoscopic cooperative surgery (LECS) is a promising procedure for these cases. Our experience with LECS has confirmed this procedure to be a safe, feasible, and minimally invasive treatment method for gastric GISTs less than 5 cm in diameter, with outcomes similar to conventional laparoscopic wedge resection. The important advantage of LECS is the reduction in the resected area of the gastric wall compared to that in conventional laparoscopic wedge resection using a linear stapler. Early gastric cancer fits the criteria for endoscopic resection; however, if performing endoscopic submucosal dissection is difficult, the LECS procedure might be a good alternative. In the future, LECS is also likely to be indicated for duodenal tumors, as well as gastric tumors. Furthermore, developments in endoscopic and laparoscopic technology have generated various modified LECS techniques, leading to even less invasive surgery.     

内镜下超声微探头在诊治消化道黏膜下隆起病变的作用

目的探讨超声微探头（MPS）对消化道黏膜下隆起病变的诊断正确率和MPS提供的诊断资料对内镜医师选择治疗方式的参考价值。方法对消化道黏膜下隆起病变进行内镜下超声微探头检查，根据隆起的大小、件质和存管壁的层次等超声资料来诊断黏膜下隆起病变并选择切除方法。结果在24例患者中，对MPS诊断位于黏膜下层以上的直径小于2cm的消化道黏膜下肿块11例（良性问质瘤2例，脂肪瘤3例，囊肿5例，食管颗粒细胞瘤1例）采用内镜下治疗（黏膜切除术、氩离子体凝固治疗），无出血、穿孔并发症对于MPS诊断直径2cm以上或位于固有肌层以下的消化道黏膜下肿块13例（恶性胃肠道间质瘤4例，良性胃肠道问质瘤6例，脂肪瘤1例，异位胰腺2例）行外科手术。其超声诊断与病理诊断结果相一致。结论MPS可诊断黏膜下隆起的大小、层次和性质，有助于选择适应内镜下治疗的黏膜下隆起病例，内镜下治疗位于黏膜下层以内直径小于2cm的消化道黏膜下肿块SMT是安全、有效的方法。     

Minimally invasive surgery for submucosal(subepithelial) tumors of the stomach

Minimally invasive surgery has become common in the surgical resection of gastrointestinal submucosal tumors(SMTs). The purpose of this article is to review recent trends in minimally invasive surgery for gastric SMTs. Although laparoscopic resection has been main stream of minimally invasive surgery for gastrointestinal SMTs, recent advances in endoscopic procedures now provide various treatment modalities for gastric SMTs. Moreover, investigators have developed several hybrid techniques that include the advantages of both laparoscopic and endoscopic procedure. In addition, several types of reduced port surgeries, modification of conventional laparoscopic procedures, have been recently applied to the surgical resection of SMTs. Meanwhile, robotic surgery for SMTs requires further evidence and improvement.     

Therapeutic procedures for submucosal tumors in the gastrointestinal tract

This review is part three of three and will present an update on the therapeutic options and procedures concerning gastrointestinal （GI） submucosal tumors （SMTs）. The aim of this paper is to investigate the treatments of GI SMTs and to present a case of a gastrointestinal stromal tumor （GIST）. Literature searches were performed to find information on therapy for GI SMTs. Based on these searches, the optimal therapeutic procedures could be outlined. The choice of treatment of localized tumors is endoscopic resection if possible or, alternatively, laparoscopic resection or surgical resection by an open procedure. However, benign SMTs should only be excised if symptoms are present, and GISTs should be treated with particular precautions. Irresectable or recurrent GISTs may be successfully treated with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib.     

EFR治疗胃固有肌层肿物25例

目的探讨内镜全层切除术(EFR)治疗源于固有肌层的胃黏膜下肿物(SMT)的疗效和安全性。方法 25例于2011年1月至2013年9月于我院接受EFR治疗的胃SMT患者纳入研究,肿瘤经EUS和增强CT检查诊断为来源于固有肌层。对其治疗结果、并发症发生情况、近期随访结果等进行回顾性分析。结果 25例均完整切除病灶,病灶长径1.0~5.5 cm,黏膜切开至黏膜切口完整缝合时间为60~180 min,使用止血夹5~30枚,住院天数3~9 d,医疗费用8 000~20 000元。术后病理诊断间质瘤22例,平滑肌瘤2例,神经鞘瘤1例,切缘均为阴性。术后无出血,1例出现腹膜炎。出院后3个月内镜复查未见病变残留、复发。结论 EFR治疗来源于固有肌层的胃SMT安全、有效,可成为胃SMT的治疗选择。     

Endoscopic treatments for small gastric subepithelial tumors originating from muscularis propria layer

Minimally invasive endoscopic resection has become an increasingly popular method for patients with small (less than 3.5 cm in diameter) gastric subepithelial tumors (SETs) originating from the muscularis propria (MP) layer. Currently, the main endoscopic therapies for patients with such tumors are endoscopic muscularis excavation, endoscopic full-thickness resection, and submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection. Although these endoscopic techniques can be used for complete resection of the tumor and provide an accurate pathological diagnosis, these techniques have been associated with several negative events, such as incomplete resection, perforation, and bleeding. This review provides detailed information on the technical details, likely treatment outcomes, and complications associated with each endoscopic method for treating/removing small gastric SETs that originate from the MP layer.     

经内镜切除消化道黏膜下肿瘤

目的 探讨内镜切除消化道黏膜下肿瘤(SMT)的疗效、安全性以及切除前内镜超声检查(EUS)的价值。方法 SMT71例中食管36例，胃29例，十二指肠和直肠各3例，64例(90．1％)治疗前行EUS检查。SMT大小6～20mm，平均14．2mm。55例用双活检管道内镜行黏膜切除术(EMR)，把持钳剥离SMT后，将其切除；6例先用圈套器在SMT基底部勒紧，再注入生理盐水，切除SMT；10例≤10mm的用透明帽吸引法切除。结果 71例SMT中68例(95．8％)内镜下完全切除；2例(1例异位胰腺、1例胃平滑肌瘤)病变残留(4周时胃镜发现)；l例直肠平滑肌瘤，未能切除改行外科手术。67例平均随访18．7个月未见复发。组织学诊断平滑肌瘤51例(71．8％)，颗粒细胞瘤、纤维瘤、异位胰腺、脂肪瘤、间质瘤和类癌共15例(21．1％)，5例(7．0％)间叶肿瘤未做免疫染色，不能确定组织来源。并发症：9例局部少量出血，1例胃间质瘤切除后胃穿孔。结论 内镜切除SMT是一种较安全、有效的方法，并可获得组织学诊断，EUS对内镜治疔SMT选择适应证有重要的价值。     

A Novel Method of Endoscopic Mucosal Resection Assisted by Submucosal Injection of Autologous Blood (Blood Patch EMR)

Purpose Endoscopic mucosal resection assisted by submucosal injection of saline is a widely used procedure; however, it has three limitations: 1) it often is difficult to maintain a desirable level of tissue elevation after the injection; 2) the saline has no efficacy in preventing hemorrhage; 3) nothing can protect the site of mucosal defect after endoscopic mucosal resection to prevent perforation. Blood, as a new medium for use in submucosal injection, may remedy these drawbacks. This is the first report of this technique. Methods From May to October 2004, 28 outpatients (8 females; median, 64 years) with 35 colorectal polyps (median, 5 mm in diameter; range, 1–30 mm) were enrolled in this study. Technique of the blood patch endoscopic mucosal resection: after autologous blood was injected into the submucosa under the lesion using a disposable 23–gauge needle, the lifted mucosa with the lesion was removed using a conventional snaring technique. The outcomes were prospectively studied. Results Although one lesion was not lifted by the submucosal injection because of the submucosal invasion of carcinoma, 33 of the other 34 lesions (97.1 percent) were successfully completed using the blood patch endoscopic mucosal resection. The clot covered the raw surface after the endoscopic mucosal resection without bleeding. No complications (including hemorrhage and perforation) were observed. The blood patch endoscopic mucosal resection did not disturb pathologic examination. Conclusions Endoscopic mucosal resection assisted by submucosal injection of autologous blood can be performed safely, easily, and economically. Autologous blood is a promising medium for submucosal injection on endoscopic mucosal resection. Presented at the meeting of the Japan Society of Coloproctology, Kurume, November 5, 2004 and at the meeting of the Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society, Tokyo, Japan, June 26 to 28, 2005. Reprints are not available.