长处和困难问卷学生版与父母版的河南常模评定

目的 建立长处和困难问卷学生版、父母版的河南常模,并进行信、效度检验.方法 对河南省6个市的6所城市中小学和8所农村中小学的1 362名7～15岁的学生、820名父亲或母亲分别进行长处和困难问卷（SDQ）学生版、父母版的评定,并均抽取其中的100例隔两周重测,同时在医院门诊收集焦虑、抑郁障碍、品行障碍、注意缺陷多动障碍患者分别测评.一致性检测包括项目内容异质性和重测信度.效度检测包括结构效度和区分效度.建立划界常模.结果 信度检验中Cronbach＇s α系数学生版为0.589～0.712,父母版为0.611～0.702;重测相关系数学生版r=0.418～0.722,P=0.00,父母版r=0.564～0.772,P=0.00;内容效度中相关系数学生版r=0.327～0.696,P=0.00,父母版r=0.482～0.774,P=0.00;病例组与常模组得分比较同伴关系、亲社会化因子差异无统计学意义,其余病例组均高于常模组（t=2.179～6.944,P＜0.05）;划界常模分学生版情绪问题为4分,多动注意问题5分,品行问题4分,父母版情绪问题为4分,多动注意问题6分,品行问题3分,大于划界分即可能有相应的问题.结论 SDQ学生版、父母版适用于对河南青少年儿童的评估,并可用于情绪、注意多动、品行等问题的筛查.     

父母效能成长团体训练对儿童情绪行为问题及家长情绪改善的效果

目的 分析父母效能成长团体对父母本身焦虑、抑郁水平以及对子女情绪行为问题的影响,以评价该成长团体的适用性及不足。方法 采用前瞻性随访研究,选取2017年1月-2018年7月参与华西医院心理卫生中心父母效能成长团体训练的家长34名。家长接受每周一次、共10次的父母效能成长团体培训,包括5次理论授课和5次体验活动。于团体培训前1周和结束后1月,采用长处和困难问卷（SDQ）评估子女情绪行为问题,采用焦虑自评量表（SAS）和患者健康问卷抑郁量表（PHQ-9）评估家长的焦虑抑郁水平。比较参与团体培训前后子女SDQ评分和父母SAS、PHQ-9评分。结果 培训前后,父母自身SAS及PHQ-9总评分中位数（四分位数间距）［4（6）分vs.3（4）分、38（8）分vs.33（9）分］比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。子女SDQ情绪因子、品行因子以及亲社会因子评分（中位数或平均值）［4（4）分vs.3（3）分、（3.41±2.05）分vs.（2.79±1.55）分、（4.91±2.61）分vs.（5.65±1.98）分］比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 参与父母效能成长团体后,家长的焦虑抑郁情绪有所减轻,子女的情绪、品行及亲社会行为方面有一定的改善,而多动注意及同伴关系则无显著变化。     

上海市中学生网络过度使用者心理特征的调查

目的 调查网络过度使用（internetoveruse,IOU）在上海市中学生中的发生率,并研究IOU者的心理卫生问题和人格特征。方法 采用系统分层随机抽样的方法对上海市10所中学的3068名学生进行互联网过度使用的筛查,并用长处和困难问卷（Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire,SDQ）及艾森克个性问卷（Eysenck Personality Questionnaire,EPQ）进行评估。结果 网络过度使用在上海市中学生中的发生率为2．62％,男生IOU的发生率明显高于女生（P〈0．05）;男生中IOU组EPQ中的L量表分高于对照组,E量表分低于对照组（P〈0．05）;女生中IOU组EPQ中的L得分高于对照组（P〈0．05）。IOU组SDQ中情绪症状、品行问题、多动注意不能、同伴交往问题4个因子均高于对照者,社会行为因子低于对照组（P〈0．001）。结论 网络过度使用者与对照组相比更多地受情绪和行为问题、同伴交往等问题的心理困扰;网络过度使用者存在特定的人格特征,需要给予社会心理干预。     

成都市学龄前儿童情绪行为问题现状调查

目的 了解成都市学龄前儿童情绪行为问题的现状.方法 应用长处和困难问卷(SDQ)(家长版),采用整群分层随机抽样,对成都市5个辖区17所幼儿园的949名3~7岁学龄前儿童进行调查.结果 21.3%的学龄前儿童存在情绪问题.其中24.9%的女童有情绪问题,17.3%的男童有情绪问题,女童情绪问题的发生率高于男童(χ2=7.298,P=0.007).女童在情绪问题方面的得分高于男童(t=-2.770,P=0.006).分别有13.0%,19.7%,18.6%,19.2%的学龄前儿童存在品行、多动、同伴交往、亲社会行为问题,但其发生率均不存在性别差异.男童在同伴交往问题方面的得分高于女童(t=2.442,P=0.015),女童在亲社会行为方面的得分高于男童(t=2.940,P=0.003).综合年龄、性别、家庭状况等因素对于学龄前儿童情绪障碍具有61.3%的预测准确性.结论 部分学龄前儿童存在明显的情绪及行为问题,女童的情绪问题更多及发生率更高,同伴关系和亲社会性发展更好.学龄前儿童的情绪障碍与多种因素有关.     

上海市松江区中小学生长处和困难问卷调查分析

目的 通过对上海市松江区中小学生长处和困难问卷（SDQ）（父母版）调查,探讨松江区中小学存在的心理行为问题.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样,抽取了上海市松江区5所中小学1 739名学生进行长处和困难问卷（SDQ）（父母版）的调查,所得的数据进行性别和年龄的差异比较.结果 调查数据显示松江区中小学生≤11岁年龄段的学生在情绪问题、多动注意不能、总分得分均显著高于＞11岁年龄段学生（P＜0.01）.男生在行为问题、多动注意不能、总分得分显著高于女生;女生在亲社会行为得分显著高于男生.结论 长处和困难问卷（SDQ）（父母版）适用于上海市松江区中小学生的心理行为问题的发现,在儿童青少年的心理发展敏感期,老师和家长应加以关注.     

3～5 岁农村留守儿童情绪和行为异常 发生率及相关因素

目的 探讨农村 3～5 岁留守儿童情绪和行为问题发生率及相关因素。方法 2016 年 11 月至 2017 年 1 月，采用横断面调查全国 12 个省 27 个县内农村地区家庭 5 050 名 3～5 岁儿童情绪和行 为异常发生情况，主要应用长处与困难问卷（SDQ）进行评估，比较留守与非留守儿童的情绪与行为异常 情况。结果 留守儿童情绪和行为问题发生率为 13.3%（140/1 046），非留守儿童为 14.7%（590/4 005），两 组差异无统计学意义（χ2 =1.237，P=0.266）。留守儿童组的同伴交往异常发生率（5.0%，52/1 046）低于非 留守组（7.2%，287/4 005），且差异有统计学意义（χ2 =6.732，P=0.012）。Logistic 回归分析表明，主要 监护人赞同体罚会增加留守儿童发生情绪和行为问题的风险（OR=1.655，95%CI=1.121～2.444）。 结论 3～5岁留守儿童与非留守儿童行为问题检出率不存在差异。赞同体罚会增加留守儿童发生情绪 和行为问题的风险。     

上海中学生网络成瘾心理健康状况的调查

目的通过家长调查上海中学生网络成瘾情况及有关因素。方法采用一般心理健康问卷、亲子互联网成瘾测试、长处与困难问卷(SDQ)对3068名上海市10所学校内初一、高一、职业学校一年级下半学期学生家长进行调查。结果网络成瘾与成瘾倾向者的总比例为8.65%。性别、父母婚姻状况、家庭经济状况、抚养人以及管教方式不同的学生网络成瘾发生率均有统计学差别。正常使用网络、网络成瘾倾向、网络成瘾三个组的SDQ情绪症状、品行问题、多动注意不能、同伴交往问题得分以及困难总分均依次增高,三组的差别均具有统计学意义。结论家庭因素对网络成瘾的发生有重要作用,网络成瘾对青少年的情绪、行为、社交均有不良影响。     

儿童品行问题与注意缺陷多动行为问题相互关系的双生子研究

目的 研究遗传因素、共享环境因素和非共享环境因素在儿童注意缺陷多动行为问题和品行问题相互关系中的作用.方法 采用困难和长处量表中的父母评定的注意缺陷多动(HYPER)和品行问题(CONO)分量表分作为定量表型,对西南双生子库中的140对双生子,采用表型的单因素和二因素结构方程模型,基于模型的似然值和拟合度寻找最优模型,分析遗传因素和环境因素的影响.结果 (1)同卵双生子注意缺陷多动行为问题与品行问题的相关性(r=0.55)明显高于异卵双生子(r=0.12);(2)注意缺陷多动行为问题与品行问题的表型相关性为0.44(P=0.00);(3)儿童注意缺陷多动行为问题与品行问题的相关性主要由遗传因素导致,遗传因素在品行问题与注意缺陷多动行为问题表型相关性中的贡献占70%,非共享环境因素占30%.结论 遗传因素对注意缺陷多动行为问题和品行问题的发生具有重要作用,遗传因素包括单纯影响注意缺陷多动行为问题的遗传因素、单纯影响品行障碍的遗传因素和对二者同时发生作用的遗传因素.大部分作用于注意缺陷多动行为问题的环境因素不会导致品行问题的发生.     

中学生互联网过度使用的影响因素

目的 了解中学生互联网过度使用（IOU）状况，探讨中学生IOU的影响因素。方法 采用Beard修订的Young的诊断问卷、长处和困难问卷（SDQ）、儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表（SCARED）、艾森克个性问卷（EPQ）和青少年时间管理倾向量表（ATMD）对2620名中学生进行调查。对筛查出的IOU学生（IOU组，64例）及其下一学号的学生（对照组，64名）进行诊断性访谈。结果 （1）中学生IOU的发生率为2．4％（64例）。（2）SDQ：IOU组的情绪症状、品行问题、多动注意不能及困难总分高于对照组，而社会行为评分低于对照组（均P〈0．05～0．01）。（3）SCARED：IOU组的躯体似惊恐、广泛性焦虑、分离性焦虑、社交恐怖、学校恐怖及焦虑总分均高于对照组（均P〈0．01）。（4）EPQ：IOU组的精神质、神经质评分高于对照组，而掩饰评分低于对照组（均P〈0．01）。（5）ATMD：IOU组的时间监控观、时间效能感、时间价值感及时间管理倾向总分均低于对照组（均P〈0．05～0．01）。（6）条件Logistic回归分析显示多动注意不能和广泛性焦虑是IOU的危险因素，而社会行为是IOU的保护因素。结论 IOU学生存在着更多的行为、情绪问题，可能是互联网过度使用的影响因素。     

学龄期儿童注意缺陷多动障碍症状严重程度与肥胖的相关性

目的 探 讨 学 龄 期 儿 童 注 意 缺 陷 多 动 障 碍（ADHD）症 状 严 重 程 度 与 肥 胖 的 关 系。 方法 选取 2021 年 1— 5 月青岛市精神卫生中心儿少门诊就诊的符合 DSM-5 诊断标准的学龄期 ADHD 儿童作为研究对象,采用自制基本人口学特征问卷、Conners 父母症状问卷进行评定,并计算体质指数 （BMI）,根据BMI分为肥胖组及非肥胖组,比较两组患儿的量表评分及肥胖程度并分析ADHD症状严重程 度与肥胖程度的关系。结果 肥胖组的Conners父母症状问卷总评分显著高于非肥胖组［（73.46±6.75）分 比（58.02±5.70）分,t=9.317,P＜ 0.05］,其中肥胖组的品行问题［（15.00±0.98）分比（13.03±1.78）分］、 冲动 - 多动［（10.25±1.51）分比（9.25±1.42）分］、多动指数［（23.17±2.50）分比（20.30±2.80）分］、焦虑 因子得分［（4.67±0.76）分比（2.94±1.58）分］显著高于非肥胖组（t=4.943、2.996、4.143、4.947,均P＜ 0.05）。将 BMI 百分位数与 Conners 父母症状问卷各因子分进行相关检验,结果提示品行障碍与焦虑因 子分与 BMI 百分位数呈正相关（r=0.559,0.404,均P＜ 0.05）。二元 Logistic 回归分析结果显示,品行障碍 （OR=3.371,95%CI：1.389～8.181）、焦虑（OR=1.325,95%CI：0.947～1.853）为肥胖发生的独立危险因素（均 P＜ 0.05）。结论 学龄期儿童 ADHD 症状严重程度与肥胖具有相关性,学龄期儿童 ADHD 症状严重程 度可能影响患儿体重。     

Gender differences in occurrence of behavioral and emotional problems at the lower grades of elementary school: Association with developmental and behavioral characteristics at 5 years

AimWe examined whether developmental status and behavioral problems at age five were related to the occurrence of behavioral and emotional problems in the lower grades of elementary school among non-clinical children who did not receive specialized support for developmental problems in early childhood.MethodsThe participants were 367 (non-clinical: 325) second- and third-grade elementary school children. The mean age at follow-up was 7.63 (SD = 0.62). Parents completed a questionnaire about their children’s developmental status and behavioral problems during a community health check-up for 5-year-olds. Behavioral and emotional problems at school age were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The association between developmental and behavioral characteristics at age five and each of the SDQ subscales at school age was analyzed with logistic regression.ResultsHyperactivity/inattention, conduct problems, and emotional problems at school age were associated with developmental and behavioral factors in 5-year-olds. The problem of hyperactivity/inattention at school age was associated with hyperactivity/inattention in both genders, and significant gender differences were identified. The relationship with hyperactivity at the age of five was significant for boys, whereas the relationship with inattention was only significant for girls. Emotional problems were significantly associated with social behaviors and developmental status at five years of age only in girls.ConclusionsIt is necessary for clinicians and teachers to consider the relation of developmental and behavioral characteristics to the background of behavioral and emotional problems at school age and to be aware of gender differences.     

Psychiatric symptoms in Norwegian children with epilepsy aged 8–13 years: Effects of age and gender?

Purpose: In this population‐based study we wanted to assess the prevalence and impact of psychiatric symptoms in children with epilepsy compared to controls, and investigate possible age and gender differences. Methods: Data were collected using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire‐Parent report (SDQ‐P) as part of a more extensive questionnaire. A total of 14,699 parents of children aged 8–13 years (response rate 78%) participated. Associations between SDQ scores and epilepsy, other chronic disease, age, gender, and socioeconomic factors were explored using logistic regression analysis. Key Findings: Children with epilepsy (CWE) (n = 110) had a significantly higher frequency of psychiatric symptoms (37.8% vs. 17.0% in controls, p < 0.001). Gender differences were found in several subscales of the SDQ; girls had more emotional problems, whereas boys had higher scores regarding peer relationship and hyperactivity/inattention problems. Male gender, low socioeconomic status (family income below poverty limit and living in a single parent home), and other chronic disease (asthma/diabetes) were independent risk factors of developing psychiatric symptoms, along with epilepsy. Having or having had epilepsy was, however, a much stronger risk factor for developing psychiatric symptoms in girls than in boys [odds ratio (OR) 4.2 vs. OR 2.3]. A minor effect of age was seen only in girls with epilepsy, with an increased risk of psychiatric symptoms in age group 10–13 years (OR 1.28 for scoring borderline/abnormal on SDQ‐total difficulties). Borderline/abnormal impact scores were found in 31.8% of CWE compared with 13.0% of controls (p < 0.001). Significance: Multiple risk factors contribute to the high prevalence of psychiatric symptoms in CWE, perhaps differently in boys and girls. Awareness of this complex interaction may help target intervention toward high risk groups and thus prevent more serious problems from arising.     

西安市中小学生长处和困难问卷(家长版)调查

目的 通过对西安市中小学生进行长处和困难问卷(家长版)调查,探讨西安地区中小学生存在的心理行为问题.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样,对西安市2个区的6所中小学3 592名学生进行长处和困难问卷(家长版)的调查,所得数据进行了性别和年龄差异的比较,并且与上海地区报道常模进行对比.结果 调查数据显示西安中小学生的“行为”、“多动注意不能”、“同伴交往”和“困难总分”这四个因子,男生得分高于女生(P＜0.05);而“亲社会行为”因子则主要是女生得分高于男生(P＜0.05);“情绪”因子中,男生与女生年龄段得分高低趋于平均化(P＞0.05).但总体趋势是随着年龄的增长,各因子得分降低.所得数据与上海地区常模比较发现:行为、社会行为和情绪得分均高于常模组相应因子得分,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 长处和困难问卷(家长版)适合于西安市中小学生的心理行为问题的发现,并且不同地区的中小学生心理行为问题具有不同的特点.     

Comparison of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) scores between children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (HFASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD)

The aim of this research was to compare the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) scores and subscale scores in children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (HFASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD), and also to clarify the differences between parent- and teacher-assessed SDQ scores/subscores in HFASD and AD/HD children. These patients’ total difficulties scores were significantly high compared to the community sample. In the parent rating, HFASD children had significantly higher scores in the subscales of emotional symptoms and peer problems. In the teacher rating, AD/HD children showed significantly higher scores in the subscales of hyperactivity/inattention and conduct problems, whereas peer problems were significantly higher in HFASD. The teacher rating showed significantly greater difficulties than the parent rating on the subscale of prosocial behavior in both the AD/HD and HFASD groups. These results suggest that each subscale may reflect behavioral, emotional, and social characteristics of HFASD and AD/HD.     

Serious emotional and behavioral problems and mental health contacts in American and British children and adolescents

OBJECTIVE: To compare prevalence of serious emotional and behavioral problems and mental health contacts for these problems among American and British children and adolescents. METHOD: Data on children and adolescents ages 5 to 16 years were drawn from the 2004 U.S. National Health Interview Survey (response rate = 79.4%) and the 2004 survey of Mental Health of Children and Young People in Great Britain (response rate = 76.0%). Emotional problems, hyperactivity/inattention, and conduct problems were assessed using the parent version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Psychometric properties of SDQ scales were compared across countries. RESULTS: The SDQ has similar psychometric properties across countries. More British than American children met the criteria for emotional and conduct problems, but not hyperactivity/inattention. Prevalence was higher for all problems in 5- to 8-year-old British boys and for emotional problems in 13- to 16-year-old British girls. American children with serious emotional and behavioral problems had a higher prevalence of mental health contacts overall and with mental health providers but not with general medical providers. CONCLUSIONS: British children have a higher prevalence of parent-reported serious emotional and behavioral problems than American children. However, British children with these problems are less likely than American children to receive mental health care.     

Language and social-emotional and behavioural wellbeing from 4 to 7 years: a community-based study

Language disorder (LD) and social-emotional and behavioural (SEB) difficulties are common childhood problems that often co-occur. While there is clear evidence of these associations from clinical samples, less is known about community samples. This paper examines these associations in children aged 4–7 years from a community-based longitudinal study. 771 families provided questionnaire and assessment data at 4, 5 and 7 years. Parent-reported SEB difficulties were measured at each point (SDQ). Child language was directly assessed at 4 (CELF-P2), 5 and 7 years (CELF-4). Linear regression analysis was used to compare cross-sectional differences in mean SDQ scores between children with and without LD at each time point. Linear regression was then used to examine how patterns of language development (language disordered at three time points; never disordered; disordered at one or two time points, i.e. ‘unstable’ group) related to SEB difficulties at each age, adjusted for potential confounders, as in the previous analyses. Higher hyperactivity/inattention scores were associated with LD at each age. In fully adjusted models, there was little difference in mean emotional symptoms scores between children with and without LD. The ‘never’ LD group had lower mean SDQ scores at each time point than the ‘unstable’ group. Findings highlight that children with persistent LD from preschool to early primary school may be more likely to have concomitant SEB difficulties, particularly behavioural difficulties. Those with unstable LD may also have co-occurring SEB difficulties, showing a need for education and health professionals to monitor early language and SEB development.     

Early Evidence of the Italian Parent-Report Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-P)

The parent-report Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-P) is a widely used scale that assesses children’s and adolescents’ strengths and difficulties. The present study applied this scale to Italian adolescents and compared the current results with previous Chinese findings and the United Kingdom norm. Participants were 422 Italian parents and their adolescent children. Parents and adolescents answered the parent-report and the self-report SDQ, respectively. Results showed that the five-factor first-order model was better than other competing models. Cronbach’s alpha of emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer problems, prosocial behavior, and total difficulties was .63, .52, .69, .51, .59, and .77 respectively for mother-report measure, and .67, .48, .67, .46, .55, and .79 respectively for father-report measure. Parent–adolescent agreements ranged from low to medium, whereas mother–father agreements were large. Parents did not rate boys and girls as well as early-adolescence and mid-adolescence differently. Italian parents rated their adolescent children to have lower levels of hyperactivity, peer problems, total difficulties, and higher levels of prosocial behavior than Chinese parents; and Italian mothers rated their adolescent children to have lower levels of hyperactivity than United Kingdom parents. In conclusion, the current findings suggest both strengths and inadequacies of the SDQ-P for Italian adolescents.     

Sustained Impact of Inattention and Hyperactivity-Impulsivity on Peer Problems: Mediating Roles of Prosocial Skills and Conduct Problems in a Community Sample of Children

This prospective 2-year longitudinal study tested whether inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptom dimensions predicted future peer problems, when accounting for concurrent conduct problems and prosocial skills. A community sample of 492 children (49 % female) who ranged in age from 6 to 10 years (M = 8.6, SD = .93) was recruited. Teacher reports of children’s inattention, and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms, conduct problems, prosocial skills and peer problems were collected in two consecutive school years. Elevated inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity in Year-1 predicted greater peer problems in Year-2. Conduct problems in the first and second years of the study were associated with more peer problems, and explained a portion of the relationship between inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity with peer problems. However, prosocial skills were associated with fewer peer problems in children with elevated inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity have negative effects on children’s peer functioning after 1-year, but concurrent conduct problems and prosocial skills have important and opposing impacts on these associations.     

Prevalence of Emotional and Behavioral Symptoms and their Impact on Daily Life Activities in a Community Sample of 3 to 5-Year-Old Children

The aim of the study was to evaluate prevalence and impact of behavioral/emotional symptoms in preschoolers. The sample comprised 1,738 preschoolers with an age range between 37 and 63 months. Parents rated children’s symptoms using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the impact of perceived difficulties using the impact supplement of the SDQ. The prevalence of a total difficulties score in an abnormal/borderline range was 16.0 % that means lower than rates in schoolchildren. 8.6 % of the preschoolers were rated as symptomatic (borderline/abnormal) and their symptoms were rated as having some or considerable impact on their lives. Parents mostly reported problems of hyperactivity/inattention and their interference with learning abilities. All symptoms scales of the SDQ, except prosocial behavior, significantly explained impact of perceived difficulties. Parents of boys rated significantly higher levels of symptoms and impact. Low parental education was associated with more symptoms and higher impact.