阿托伐他汀钙相关胆汁瘀积性黄疸

1例74岁男性患者,因冠心病冠脉搭桥术后给予阿托伐他汀钙20 mg,1次/d;单硝酸异山梨酯20 mg,2次/d;美托洛尔25 mg,2次/d;福辛普利钠10 mg,1次/d;阿司匹林肠溶片0.1 g,1次/d.用药约3个月患者出现皮肤、巩膜黄染,皮肤瘙痒,陶土样便,尿液呈深黄色.实验室检查:ALT 85 U/L,ASF 80 U/L,TBil 246.8 μmol/L,DBil 138 μmol/L,总胆汁酸95.5 μmol/L,ALP 221 U/L,γ-GT 240 U/L,尿胆红素50 μmol/L.停用阿托伐他汀钙,其余药物继续使用,并给予保肝治疗后患者症状好转.51 d后肝功能恢复正常.     

别嘌醇过敏综合征

1例46岁男性患者因血尿酸高给予别嘌醇0.2g,2次/d。28d后躯干及四肢出现大片水肿性红斑伴瘙痒。遂停用别嘌醇。随后症状加重,全身泛发性潮红、肿胀伴紫癜,眼睑水肿,口周渗出、结痂。实验室检查：WBC20.2×109/L,E0.32,ALT52U/L。骨髓涂片检查示嗜酸细胞增多。给予甲泼尼龙80mg加入5%葡萄糖注射液250mL静脉滴注。3d后症状好转。     

卡瑞利珠单抗致免疫性心肌炎CSCD

1例73岁男性患者因食管癌根治术后发生纵膈和右侧颈部淋巴结转移接受免疫治疗(卡瑞利珠单抗注射液200 mg静脉滴注、1次/21 d)。免疫治疗前实验室检查示心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)<0.01μg/L,肌酸激酶(CK)69 U/L,CK-MB 16 U/L。心电图检查未见明显异常。第1次静脉滴注卡瑞利珠单抗次日,患者出现乏力,未予治疗,自行缓解;第2次静脉滴注该药次日,患者无明显诱因出现胸闷、心悸、乏力。实验室检查示cTnI 0.14μg/L,CK 440 U/L,CK-MB 39 U/L。心电图检查示ST-T段改变。考虑为卡瑞利珠单抗导致的免疫性心肌炎。给予甲泼尼龙静脉滴注(60~500 mg/d)。用药16 d后,患者胸闷、心悸症状好转。实验室检查示cTnI 0.48μg/L、CK 94 U/L、CK-MB 37 U/L。     

替雷利珠单抗致肝损伤和糖尿病酮症酸中毒

1例63岁女性食管癌患者, 既往无慢性肝病和糖尿病史, 手术后接受替雷利珠单抗200 mg静脉滴注、1次/21 d单药治疗。替雷利珠单抗第4个周期治疗后39 d发现肝功能异常, 丙氨酸转氨酶494 U/L, 天冬氨酸转氨酶442 U/L, 碱性磷酸酶1 161 U/L, 总胆红素21.4 μmol/L。停用替雷利珠单抗。经肝脏病理学检查及相关实验室检查排除其他原因导致的肝损伤, 考虑其与替雷利珠单抗有关。给予甲泼尼龙(32 mg/d口服)及保肝治疗后, 患者肝功能逐渐好转。甲泼尼龙治疗2周后, 减量至16 mg/d, 减量2周后发现患者空腹血糖升高至19.4 mmol/L。甲泼尼龙减量至8 mg/d, 2 d后血糖升至33.7 mmol/L, 血乳酸3.66 mmol/L, 尿酮(++++), 诊断为糖尿病酮症酸中毒, 停用甲泼尼龙。实验室检查示空腹和餐后血胰岛素和C肽水平明显降低, 提示胰岛功能损伤, 考虑为替雷利珠单抗所致的1型糖尿病。经补充胰岛素、纠正酸中毒等治疗后患者肝功能好转。8个月后随访, 患者肝功能恢复正常, 但需长期依赖胰岛素控制血糖。     

西格列汀致急性胰腺炎

1例58岁女性2型糖尿病患者应用盐酸二甲双胍（0．5g,2次／d口服）及胰岛素（三餐前分别皮下注射胰岛素8、8、10U,睡前皮下注射甘精胰岛素8u）治疗,因效果不佳加用西格列汀（100mg,1次／d口服）。3周后,患者出现恶心、呕吐伴腹痛。实验室检查：血清淀粉酶499U／L,尿淀粉酶933U／L。腹部超声检查示腹腔积液。诊断为急性胰腺炎。停用西格列汀、盐酸二甲双胍,继续应用胰岛素,并给予抑酸、抑酶、补液等治疗。6d后,患者病情好转,血清淀粉酶76U／L,尿淀粉酶288U／L。     

甲巯咪唑致急性重度黄疸伴肝性脑病

1例50岁女性患者因甲状腺功能亢进口服甲琉咪唑2.5 mg,2次/d。约5个月后,出现乏力、小便黄,10 d后发展为皮肤、巩膜重度黄染。实验室检查:丙氨酸转氨酶54 U/L,天冬氨酸转氨酶105 U/L,总胆红素628.6μmol/L,直接胆红素542.7μmol/L,总胆固醇1.7 mmol/L,总蛋白60 g/L,白蛋白33 g/L,碱性磷酸酶130 U/L,总胆汁酸145.2μmol/L,γ-L-谷氨酰转肽酶83.1 U/L。停用甲巯咪唑,改为口服泼尼松(10 mg,4次/d)和普萘洛尔(10 mg,3次/d),同时给予保肝和退黄治疗。约1个月后,患者突发心慌、烦躁、答不切题,反应迟钝,实验室检查示血氨浓度25μmol/L,诊断:肝性脑病Ⅰ期。给予保肝及治疗黄疸和肝性脑病的药物。1周后患者肝性脑病症状缓解,3周后黄疸减轻。     

联苯双酯引起肝损害加重

1例30岁妊娠女性,因慢性乙型肝炎入院。经保肝药物治疗,患者肝功能好转。为进一步降低氨基转移酶水平,加用联苯双酯15mg,3次/d治疗。2周后,患者肝功能恶化。实验室检测示：ALT24.9U/L,AST328.9U/L,TBil32.0μmol/L,DBil20μmol/L。停用联苯双酯,其他保肝药物继续使用,患者肝功能恢复正常。     

误诊为药源性肌病的抗合成酶综合征1例

1例42岁男性慢性乙型肝炎患者口服拉米夫定（100mg,1次／d）和阿德福韦酯（10mg,1次／d）治疗,约1个月后出现四肢肌肉酸痛、乏力,双下肢水肿。实验室检查：肌酸激酶9368U／L,肌红蛋白〉4317o,μg／L。肌电图示右侧三角肌肌源性损害。疑为横纹肌溶解症。停用拉米夫定及阿德福韦酯,肌酸激酶下降,肌无力症状好转。1年后,患者再次出现双下肢水肿并腹胀伴间断发热。肌酸激酶5546U／L,肌红蛋白〉1200μg／L,抗Jo-1抗体阳性。诊断：多发性肌炎,抗合成酶综合征。给予保肝、利尿、营养神经等治疗。2周后,加用恩替卡韦0．5mg、1次／d抗病毒治疗。2个月后,给予糖皮质激素治疗。1个月后,患者四肢肌肉酸痛、无力症状基本缓解,复查肌酸激酶正常。     

维迪西妥单抗与特瑞普利单抗联用致心肌炎

1例68岁女性浸润性尿路上皮癌患者术后接受免疫治疗(维迪西妥单抗120 mg+特瑞普利单抗240 mg静脉滴注、第1天, 14 d为1个周期)。首次用药后19 d, 患者诉腰部肌肉酸痛, 实验室检查示肌酸激酶(CK)1 079 U/L, CK-MB 33 U/L。暂停第2个周期免疫治疗, 并予泼尼松20 mg口服、1次/d。5 d后, 患者出现胸闷, 实验室检查示CK 3 366 U/L, CK-MB 91 U/L, 乳酸脱氢酶518 U/L, 肌红蛋白1 282 μg/L, 高敏肌钙蛋白T 0.068 μg/L, 氨基末端脑利钠肽前体148 ng/L。结合心脏彩色多普勒超声检查结果, 考虑为维迪西妥单抗和特瑞普利单抗联用所致心肌炎, 将泼尼松换为甲泼尼龙160 mg静脉滴注、1次/d。患者上述实验室检查指标逐渐下降, 但心电图检查示异位心律, 给予胺碘酮等治疗。甲泼尼龙静脉滴注11 d后, 改为甲泼尼龙片20 mg口服、1次/d(逐渐减量并停用)。停用激素后4 d复查, 患者实验室指标和心电图未见异常。     

利巴韦林致溶血性贫血

1例74岁女性患者因带状疱疹给予腺苷钴胺1 mg/d肌内注射3 d;维生素B₁10 mg,3次/d口服;利巴韦林0.4 g,1次/8 h口服。治疗3 d后患者出现头晕、乏力、食欲差;6 d后出现头晕,意识丧失数秒,伴有恶心、心悸。实验室检查示血红蛋白75 g/L,网织红细胞0.092。考虑贫血与利巴韦林有关,停用该药。停药后1周血常规检查示血红蛋白95 g/L,网织红细胞0.095。停药后37 d血常规检查结果正常,患者症状逐渐好转。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.