EGb761增强c-jun表达减少轴突撕脱后运动神经元的死亡

目的:观察EGb761对脊神经根撕脱后前角运动神经元c-jun表达和存活的影响。方法:成年Sprague-Dawley雌性大鼠180只,行脊髓C5-T1节段神经根撕脱术后,每日给予腹腔注射1mLEGb761(25mg·kg^-1),对照组注射同容积的生理盐水。治疗后4h、12h、1d、3d、5d、1周、2周、4周和6周9个时点分别处死动物,取C7脊髓节段行c-jun免疫细胞化学和中性红染色。定量比较两组c-jun阳性和存活的运动神经元数目。结果:对照组损伤侧运动神经元4h开始表达c-jun,1d达高峰,以后逐渐下降至术后2周。术后2周运动神经元开始死亡,4周-6周达高峰。EGb761组各时点c-jun阳性和存活的运动神经元数目都多于对照组。结论:EGb761能有效地减少神经根撕脱后运动神经元的死亡,机制可能与c-jun基因的上调有关。     

天然抗氧化剂减少神经根撕脱诱导的一氧化氮合酶表达和运动神经元死亡

为了研究抗老年性痴呆 990 1号和 TA990 1+银杏叶标准提取物合剂对臂丛神经根撕脱后前角运动神经元的神经元型一氧化氮合酶 ( n NOS)表达和存活的影响 ,用成年 SD雌性大鼠进行右侧臂丛 C5～ T1 神经根撕脱术后 ,随机分为撕脱组、撕脱 +TA990 1组以及撕脱 +TA990 1和 EGb761合剂组。对此三组每天分别进行腹腔注射 1ml生理盐水、0 .5 % TA990 1、0 .5 %TA990 1和 EGb761合剂。治疗 5 d、1、2、4和 6周后处死动物并进行 NADPH-d染色及中性红复染。定量比较各组 n NOS阳性和存活的运动神经元数量。结果证明 ,神经根撕脱后 5 d受损运动神经元开始表达 n NOS,2周时达高峰 ,随后下降至 6周。受损运动神经元的死亡从 2周开始 ,4～ 6周最明显。抗氧化剂治疗组 n NOS表达规律与对照组相似 ,但是阳性程度和阳性细胞数量均少于对照组 ,存活的运动神经元数量则明显多于对照组。撕脱后 4～ 6周 ,TA990 1治疗组抑制 n NOS表达和提高运动神经元存活的效果均明显优于 TA990 1和 EGb761合剂组。结论 :天然抗氧化剂可有效地减少臂丛神经根撕脱后 n NOS表达 ,提高受损运动神经元的存活。 TA990 1抑制 n NOS表达的作用强于 EGb761。     

神经根撕脱后脊髓运动神经元的病理表现

目的:观察神经根撕脱后脊髓前角运动神经元的病理表现,探讨在该条件下运动神经元死亡的神经生物学机制。方法:选择成年SD雌性大鼠20只,体重200-300g,撕脱右侧臂丛C₅-T₈神经根,术后动物存活3d、5d、1周后取C₅-C₈节段脊髓,对冰冻切片行NADPH-d组化、c-jun免疫组化、中性红和HE染色。观察神经元的形态,计数脊髓前角NOS阳性运动神经元及存活运动神经元数目,以非损伤侧的前角运动神经元数目为100%,计算百分比。结果:神经根撕脱3d、5d、1周后,损伤侧脊髓前角NOS运动神经元平均阳性率分别为:0.74%±0.59%、24.83%±6.73%、51.16%±8.67%。神经元平均存活率分别为93.00%±4.32%、93.67%±5.27%、89.83%±2.65%;c-Jun从撕脱术后3d就有表达,5d后表达开始减少。运动神经元形态变化不明显。1周时偶见前角运动神经元的胞核偏位,但核膜清晰,核仁尚存,染色体固缩。结论:脊神经根撕脱1周内,脊髓前角运动神经元NOS表达递增,c-Jun表达递减,运动神经元开始死亡。NO/NOS可能通过抑制神经元损伤后的再生反应,促进脊髓前角运动神经元的死亡。     

TA9901配伍EGb761对神经根撕脱后脊髓运动神经元的影响

目的　观察植物抗氧化剂TA990 1配伍EGb76 1对臂丛神经根撕脱后C7前角运动神经元c jun、NOS表达和存活的影响。方法　成年SD雌性大鼠 12 0只 ,随机分为撕脱组和治疗组。行C5～T1神经根撕脱术后 ,两组动物每天分别给予腹腔注射 1ml生理盐水或 0 5 % (TA990 1配伍EGb76 1)溶液。治疗后 4h、12h、1d、3d、5d、1周、2周、4周和 6周处死动物 ,行c jun免疫细胞化学、NADPH d组织化学和中性红复染。比较两组动物c jun阳性、NOS阳性和存活的运动神经元的数目。结果　臂丛神经根撒脱 4h后c jun开始表达 ,1d达高峰 ,随后下降至 6周。nNOS表达从 5d开始 ,2周时达高峰 ,以后逐渐下降至 6周。运动神经元的死亡开始于 2周 ,以 4周和 6周最明显。TA990 1配伍EGb76 1提高c jun表达的效果随治疗时间延长而增强、其抑制NOS表达作用则以 2周点最强。结论　TA990 1配伍EGb76 1能增强神经根撕脱后运动神经元c jun的反应 ,抑制NOS的表达 ,提高受损运动神经元的再生能力     

银杏叶提取物减轻臂丛根性撕脱后脊髓运动神经元超微结构的损伤

目的：研究银杏叶提取物(EGb761)对臂丛撕脱后运动神经元超微结构的保护作用。方法：显微镜下撕脱大鼠臂丛 C_5～T_(?)神经根,术后实验大鼠腹腔注射100 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1)EGb761,透射电镜观察损伤 C_7节段运动神经元的超微结构。结果：神经根撕脱6～8周,运动神经元胞体体积缩小、胞核染色质裂解、浓缩异染色质增多;粗面内质网和游离核糖体减少、线粒体减少、嵴肿胀;神经髓鞘不完整、呈空泡状变性。EGb761治疗后,胞体体积基本正常,偶见浓缩异染色质;粗面内质网减少不显著;游离核糖体数量明显增多;线粒体形态正常;髓鞘完整呈同心圆包绕在轴索周围。结论：EGb761能减轻运动神经元超微结构的损伤,减少臂丛根性撕脱诱导的运动神经元凋亡。     

大鼠臂丛前根撕脱延期再植回对运动神经元存活的作用

目的：建立大鼠臂丛前根撕脱延期再植回模型，研究脊髓前角运动神经元的存活与再生。方法：采用FB逆行示踪法结合NADPH—d组化法与中性红复染，计数阳性神经元．结果：前根撕脱延期3、7、14d再植回组，动物存活3周及6周，脊髓前角运动神经元的存活率分别为79％和75％、58％和51％、57％和50％；NOS阳性神经元的表达率分别为18％和13％、30％和8％、20％和7％。仅做前根撕脱组动物，脊髓前角运动神经元存活率为41％和29％，NOS阳性神经元的表达率为55％和58％。结论：前根撕脱延期再植回能促进脊髓前角运动神经元的存活与再生。     

条件性损伤的时间与频次对神经根撕脱伤后脊髓前角运动神经元死亡及NOS表达的影响

目的　探索条件性损伤 (CL)的时间和频次对神经根撕脱 (TL)后脊髓前角运动神经元一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)表达及细胞死亡的影响。方法　成年SD雌性大鼠 116只 ,体重 2 0 0～ 30 0g ,以钳夹神经干为CL ,分为两个系列。时间系列 :在CL后 1d、3d、1w、2w后进行TL ,频次系列分别在 1w和 2w内行 1次、2次、6次钳夹 ,术后不同时间点处死动物 ,以单纯撕脱臂丛为对照 ,取C5～C8节段脊髓 ,行NADPH d组化染色 ,中性红复染。定量观察前角运动神经元NOS表达及神经元数目。结果　单纯撕脱组术后第 5d脊髓前角运动神经元开始表达NOS ,术后 3wNOS阳性神经元数达到高峰 ,随后逐渐下降并伴有神经元丢失。时间系列 :撕脱后 3d和 2w ,CL与TL间隔 1d组的NOS表达和神经元数目与对照组无显著性差异 ,但 3d、1w、2w组的NOS细胞数及神经元的丢失均较对照组明显 (P <0 0 5P <0 0 1) ,但在撕脱后 4w各CL时间的NOS表达和神经元存活均较对照组减少 (P <0 0 5 )。频次系列 :在 1w和 2w内增加CL次数可使NOS的表达水平和神经细胞的死亡数目有显著增加 ,在撕脱后 2w和 4w等较后的时间点更为明显 ;但在一定时间内 2次与 6次钳夹之间则无显著性差异。结论　条件性损伤与二次损伤之间的间隔影响撕脱后神经元NOS表达和神经元的死亡 ,以间隔时间     

脊神经根撕脱后脊髓前后运动神经元死亡的机制

脊神经根撕脱可引起脊髓前角运动神经元死亡。本文介绍近几年来脊神经根撕脱后脊髓前角运动神经元死亡的病理形态，病理机制及分子机制的研究，并对脊神经根撕脱后的运动神经元死亡的可能机制作一简要论述。     

电针疗法对臂丛根性撕脱伤脊髓后角及中央管nNOS蛋白表达的影响

目的采用电针疗法干预大鼠臂丛神经撕脱伤模型,探索电针疗法对臂丛根性撕脱伤脊髓后角及中央管n NOS蛋白表达的影响。方法健康、雌性成年Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠共40只,行臂丛神经根性撕脱手术,随机分为撕脱伤组(AV组)和撕脱伤加电针治疗组(AV+EA组),AV+EA组动物隔日接受大椎(DU4)和手三里(LI10)电针治疗直至处死,每次治疗的输出脉冲波形为非对称双向疏密波,以20 Hz频率不间断治疗15 min。动物存活1周、2周、3周、6周处死,选取C7节段脊髓,行NADPH-d酶组织化学染色和中性红复染。结果脊髓后角,在AV组n NOS的微量表达;在AV+EA组2~3周n NOS在健侧的表达比伤侧增多,至6周脊髓后角n NOS阳性神经元表达AV组损伤侧;AV+EA组n NOS阳性神经元的表达与同时期的AV组。结论电针疗法导致脊髓后角及中央管n NOS阳性神经元的时空表达特异性。     

外源性一氧化氮对臂丛根性撕脱伤后脊髓的影响

目的探究在根性撕脱伤早、中期应用外源性一氧化氧(NO)供体硝普钠补充NO能否改变撕脱伤诱导运动神经元的凋亡进程及其相关机制。方法成年SD大鼠,右侧全臂丛神经根撕脱后于4 d和13 d分别在蛛网膜下腔受损脊髓节段局部给予NS或5 mmol/L SNP各4μL,存活2d后处死。取C7节段脊髓应用免疫组织化学以及酶组织化学、中性红染色、Western blot等方法,定量存活运动神经元数以及nNOS蛋白在运动神经元的表达情况;同时检测i NOS、GFAP、0X-42在胶质细胞的表达情况。结果 SNP 40 mmol/L以上剂量局部应用会导致动物立刻死亡,我们选择了5 mmol/L做为最终SNP浓度;SNP会降低撕脱伤脊髓运动神经元的存活率(%)6 d时间点SNP组与NS组无显著差异;15 d时间点,SNP组(57.41±3.96)显著低NS组(81.48±2.53);撕脱伤引起的小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞反应与NS组相比加剧。结论在早期补充NO使前角运动神经元nNOS表达时间提前;加剧损伤脊髓的胶质反应;使运动神经元死亡时间提前,死亡程度增加。     

Rescue of rat spinal motoneurons from avulsion-induced cell death by intrathecal administration of IGF-I and Cerebrolysin.

Ventral root avulsion results in the loss of motoneurons in the corresponding spinal cord segment. In the present experiments we have tested effects of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and Cerebrolysin on survival of avulsed motoneurons after their chronic intrathecal administration in the adult rats. We have found that avulsion of the C5 ventral roots results in significant loss of motoneurons in the same spinal cord segment due mainly to apoptosis. In comparison to the untreated control rats, the amount of motoneuron survival in avulsed ventral horn was significantly higher after 4 weeks intrathecal administration of IGF-I or Cerebrolysin. No significant differences were observed between effects of IGF-I and Cerebrolysin in our experimental model. The results suggest that both IGF-I and Cerebrolysin can reduce avulsion-induced loss of adult rat motoneurons.     

Glial reactions in a rodent cauda equina injury and repair model

In the adult rat, an avulsion injury of lumbosacral ventral roots results in a progressive and pronounced loss of the axotomized motoneurons. A subsequent acute implantation of an avulsed ventral root into the spinal cord has neuroprotective effects. However, it has not been known whether a surgical implantation of an avulsed ventral root into the spinal cord for neural repair purposes affects intramedullary glial and microglial reactions. Here, adult female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent a unilateral L5-S2 ventral root avulsion injury with or without acute implantation of the L6 ventral root into the spinal cord. At 4 weeks postoperatively, immunohistochemistry using primary antibodies to GFAP (astrocytes), Ox-42 (microglia), and ED-1 (macrophages) was performed at the L6 spinal cord segment, and quantified using densitometry. Our results show that a lumbosacral ventral root avulsion injury induces an activation of astrocytes, microglia, and macrophages in the ventral horn. Interestingly, an acute implantation of an avulsed root into the white matter does not significantly affect the activation of glial cells or macrophages in the ventral horn. We speculate that neuroprotective and axonal growth promoting benefits of the combined glial and microglial/ macrophage responses may outweigh their potential negative effects, as previous studies have shown that implantation of avulsed roots is a successful strategy in promoting reinnervation of peripheral targets.     

Wistar大鼠脊神经根拔除后脊髓前角NOS和GFAP的表达

目的观察Wistar大鼠脊神经根拔除后脊髓前角NOS阳性表达运动神经元和GFAP阳性表达神经胶质细胞的关系。方法对4-6周龄Wistar大鼠进行椎管外拔除第4腰神经根,术后1、3、5、7周灌注固定后,取L3-L5脊髓节段做冰冻切片,进行Nissl染色和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)进行免疫荧光标记。结果拔除后第1周内,运动神经元大量死亡,存活的运动神经元为对照侧的60%。而第3、5周持续缓慢下降,直到第7周存活率为对照侧的40%。NOS阳性表达运动神经元在损伤后第1周开始出现,第3周达到峰值,第5周开始下降。GFAP阳性表达神经胶质细胞在拔除后第1周损伤侧明显增加,第3周达到高峰,而第5、7周一直维持于高水平。结论脊神经根拔除后,GFAP阳性神经胶质细胞增加,可能参与了损伤后神经的修复及维持神经再生的微环境。     

Delayed riluzole treatment is able to rescue injured rat spinal motoneurons

The effect of delayed 2-amino-6-trifluoromethoxy-benzothiazole (riluzole) treatment on injured motoneurons was studied. The L4 ventral root of adult rats was avulsed and reimplanted into the spinal cord. Immediately after the operation or with a delay of 5, 10, 14 or 16 days animals were treated with riluzole (n=5 in each group) while another four animals remained untreated. Three months after the operation the fluorescent dye Fast Blue was applied to the proximal end of the cut ventral ramus of the L4 spinal nerve to retrogradely label reinnervating neurons. Three days later the spinal cords were processed for counting the retrogradely labeled cells and choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry was performed to reveal the cholinergic cells in the spinal cords. In untreated animals there were 20.4+/-1.6 (+/-S.E.M.) retrogradely labeled neurons while in animals treated with riluzole immediately or 5 and 10 days after ventral root avulsion the number of labeled motoneurons ranged between 763+/-36 and 815+/-50 (S.E.M.). Riluzole treatment starting at 14 and 16 days after injury resulted in significantly lower number of reinnervating motoneurons (67+/-4 and 52+/-3 S.E.M., respectively). Thus, riluzole dramatically enhanced the survival and reinnervating capacity of injured motoneurons not only when treatment started immediately after injury but also in cases when riluzole treatment was delayed for up to 10 days. These results suggest that motoneurons destined to die after ventral root avulsion are programmed to survive for some time after injury and riluzole is able to rescue them during this period of time.     

In vitro and in vivo effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 on seeded Schwann cells within poly(DL-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) conduits for peripheral nerve regeneration

This study investigated the effects of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) extract on seeded Schwann cells within poly(DL-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) conduits by in vitro and in vivo trials for peripheral nerve regeneration. The seeding efficiency of Schwann cells in serum-deprived culture medium, which simulated the environment of mechanical trauma on an injured nerve site, was improved by adding different dosages of EGb 761 (0, 1, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 microg/mL). The analytical results showed enhanced cell attachment and survival, reduced LDH release and increased MTT values, particularly in the range 10-100 microg/mL. The PLGA nerve conduits seeded with Schwann cells (6 x 10(3) cells) and filled with gelatin containing EGb 761 (0, 10, 50, 100 microg/mL) were implanted to 10-mm right sciatic nerve defects in rats. Autograft was performed as another control. Electromyography was assessed based on the motor unit action potential (MUAP) and fibrillation potential (Fib) at 2, 4, and 6 weeks during all periods. The specimens of the experimental and control groups were harvested for histological analysis at 6 weeks after surgery. The Fib was found to gradually decay, and the MUAP was found not to be present until 4 weeks after surgery. Meanwhile, the experimental groups were all statically better than the control group (without EGb 761) and autografts were observed at 6 weeks, especially at the concentration of 10 microg/mL, where there was higher amplitude of MUAP and a significantly larger number of myelinated axons. This study concluded that a proper concentration of EGb 761 (10-50 microg/mL) promoted seeding efficiency of Schwann cells in a tissue-engineered PLGA conduit. Addition of EGb 761 in Schwann cells-seeded conduit could increase the total number of myelinated axons in nerve regeneration and improve peripheral nerve functional recovery.