波尔山羊在我国应用前景探析

本文介绍了波尔山羊品种概况，对引用波尔山羊与我国本地山羊杂交改良，肉用山羊育种工作成就和不足作了初步的阐述，并就波尔山羊在我国应用前景提出了粗略的建议和展望。     

波尔山羊种质利用及配套技术研究

波尔山羊作为世界上最优良的内用山羊品种之一，被作为我国山羊品种改良的终端父本。我市1998年引进波尔山羊，从2000年起我们开始对波尔种公羊在本地的适应性、精液的利用、杂交配套组合模式、杂交母本的选择、波杂山羊饲喂技术等方面的研究，初步掌握了一套波尔山羊种质利用和配套饲养技术，从而推进养羊业的快速发展。     

川东白山羊小型个体与波尔山羊和南江黄羊杂交效果初探

试验研究了以波尔山羊和南江黄羊改良川东白山羊小型个体的效果，结果表明，南江黄羊和波尔山羊与本地山羊杂交均能提高本地川东白山羊的增重性能，相比之下，波尔山羊与本地山羊杂交改良的速度更为明显，其杂交后代初生重、二月龄、六月龄和十月龄分别比南江黄羊的杂交后代提高了9.00%,26.68%，58.45%和42.58%，其屠宰率和净肉率分别高出3.75%和5.15%，这说明以波尔山羊改良川东白山羊小型个体生产性能效果最佳。     

微卫星标记OarAE101和MCM38在三个山羊品种中的遗传多态性研究

本文利用两个微卫星标记OarAE101和MCM38对波尔山羊、太行山羊和河北奶山羊的等位基因频率、群体多态信息含量、有效等位基因数和杂合度进行了遗传检测，结果表明：微卫星位点OarAE101和MCM38在三个山羊品种中存在多态性，可以用于山羊遗传多样性的评估；位点OarAE101比位点MCM38变异较大，从不同品种来看，波尔山羊的遗传变异程度最大，而河北奶山羊的遗传变异程度相对较小。     

波尔山羊冷冻精液稀释液配方的筛选研究

云南以大理州冻精站原来使用的波尔山羊细管冻精稀释液作为对照配方。设计A配方和B配方进行改进,结果表明A配方保存的冻后精子活力、顶体完整率、冻后有效精子数等主要性状显著高于原配方和B配方（P〈0．01）;利用含有卵黄的稀释液进行波尔山羊细管冻精的稀释,能够明显提高波尔山羊精子的冻后活力、顶体完整率、冻后有效精子数等（P〈0．05）。原配方中添加维生素C,可有效提高精子的冻后活力（P〈0．05）;添加维生素Bn是添加筛选的三种维生素中最能显著提高波尔山羊细管冻精保存效果（P〈0．05）;使用乙二醇具有更好的抗冻作用,大大提高了冻后精子复苏率,明显改善了细管冻精的保存效果（P〈0．05）,可作为甘油的替代品。在1-7％十个浓度梯度中,以3％与4．5％的甘油浓度状态下的精子冻后活力、顶体完整率、总存活时间、精子畸形率、冻后有效精子数等性状的性能表现最佳,是波尔山羊细管冻精最佳的甘油浓度;尽管使用7％甘油浓度的精液性状接近于3％和4．5％的,但这里不建议使用较高的甘油浓度。     

五个山羊群体微卫星标记的遗传多样性分析

利用微卫星标记技术,分析了山西黎城大青羊、吕梁黑山羊、波尔山羊、南江黄羊（黑）、南江黄羊（黄）五个山羊群体的分子水平上的遗传多样性,结果表明：7个微卫星位点均为高度多态位点。可以用于山羊群体遗传多样性的评估;平均多态信息含量（PIC）达0．8341～0．9026;5个山羊群体平均观察杂合度（0．6258-0．8629）均低于平均期望杂合度（0．8594—0．9115）,证明5个山羊种群具有丰富的遗传多样性和广泛的遗传基础,但品种内存在着一定程度的近交,尤其波尔山羊近交较严重。以Nei氏标准遗传距离为基础的UPGMA和N-J聚类结果表明：吕粱黑山羊与南江黄羊（黑）首先聚为一类,而没和黎城大青羊先聚：国内四个山羊群体与国外品种波尔山羊亲缘关系较远。     

对波尔山羊采用不同程序进行子宫角冲胚的效果分析

本文比较了采用两种程序对波尔山羊进行子宫角冲胚的效果,并且分析了各自的利弊,为胚胎移植提供了依据。     

利用微卫星标记分析兰坪长毛山羊遗传多样性

本研究旨在利用微卫星标记技术分析兰坪长毛山羊群体的遗传多样性,并以波尔山羊为参考群分析该群体与云南省10个地方山羊群体的遗传关系,利用14个微卫星标记对12个山羊群体的基因频率、多态信息含量、有效等位基因数量、杂合子数量和遗传距离等进行计算分析。结果表明:在兰坪长毛山羊的25个样本中共检测出85个等位基因,片段大小在125 bp~265 bp之间,基因频率在0.02~0.82之间。兰坪长毛山羊群体平均PIC为0.618,所有位点均为中高度多态位点群体,具有丰富遗传多样性。Structure软件分析结果表明兰坪长毛山羊具有较为独立的群体遗传特征,Nei氏遗传距离构建的聚类图说明兰坪长毛山羊与云南省10个地方山羊群体及参考群波尔山羊群体的亲缘关系相对较远。研究结果将为云南省本地山羊资源的保护提供遗传信息基础。     

7个绵羊和7山羊品种DLX3基因3′非编码区803A>G突变的检测

DLX3基因3′非编码区803AG突变与法国Lacaune绵羊高繁殖力密切相关座位FecL高度连锁。本研究采用PCR-SSCP方法在具有不同繁殖力的7个绵羊品种(湖羊、小尾寒羊、洼地绵羊、杜泊、陶赛特、特克塞尔、德国美利奴羊)和7个山羊品种(济宁青山羊、贵州白山羊、金堂黑山羊、成都麻羊、辽宁绒山羊、波尔山羊、安哥拉山羊)中检测DLX3基因803AG突变,探究该突变与绵羊和山羊高繁殖力的关联性。结果表明这14个绵羊和山羊品种都不存在c.~*803AG突变,提示DLX3基因的c.~*803AG突变对这14个绵羊和山羊的繁殖力没有显著影响。     

孕酮海绵栓制剂对提高波尔山羊繁殖率的研究

波尔山羊发情不明显。为此我们自行设计了孕酮阴道海绵栓制剂 ,在四个波尔山羊种羊场进行人工诱导发情试验研究 ,结果表明 ,配合注射FSH、hCG等药物 ,孕酮阴道海绵栓制剂可有效地诱导母羊发情 ,在发情季节和乏情季节的发情率分别为 85.7%、83% ,哺乳母羊和断乳母羊的发情率分别为 33%、1 0 0 % ,长期不发情的母羊发情率为 85% ,且发情母羊的情期受胎率为 1 0 0 %。配合FSH递减法可有效地诱导超数排卵 ,4只成年母羊共收集到 4 3枚可用胚胎 ,超排效果明显     

Gadolinium as a contrast agent for NMR

Gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) was studied as a contrast agent for nuclear magnetic resonance. This rare-earth element dramatically alters proton resonance (paramagnetic moment = 10.8 Bohr magnetons). Acute toxicity was determined by intravenous injections in mice; mean lethal dose was 100-200 mg of GdCl3 . 6 H2O/kg. Changes in T1 of plasma, kidney, liver, and brain of mice and rats were measured after intravenous injections of GdCl3 solution at a concentration of 60 mg gadolinium metal/kg. The apparatus used was a Wh 270 Brucker with a field of 63 kG. The T1 was found to be significantly decreased in plasma, kidney, and liver.     

Moist Skin Care Can Diminish Acute Radiation-Induced Skin Toxicity

BACKGROUND: Radiation treatment may induce acute skin reactions. There are several methods of managing them. Validity of these methods, however, is not sufficiently studied. We therefore investigated, whether moist skin care with 3% urea lotion will reduce acute radiation skin toxicity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 88 patients with carcinomas of the head and neck undergoing radiotherapy with curative intent (mean total dose 60 Gy, range: 50-74 Gy) were evaluated weekly for acute skin reactions according to the RTOG-CTC score. In 63 patients, moist skin care with 3% urea lotion was performed. The control group consisted of 25 patients receiving conventional dry skin care. The incidence of grade I, II, and III reactions and the radiation dose at occurrence of a particular reaction were determined and statistically analyzed using the log-rank test. The dose-time relations of individual skin reactions are described. RESULTS: At some point of time during radiotherapy, all patients suffered from acute skin reactions grade I, > 90% from grade II reactions. 50% of patients receiving moist skin care experienced grade I reactions at 26 Gy as compared to 22 Gy in control patients (p = 0.03). Grade II reactions occurred at 51 Gy versus 34 Gy (p = 0.006). Further, 22% of the patients treated with moist skin care suffered from acute skin toxicity grade III as compared to 56% of the controls (p = 0.0007). CONCLUSION: Moist skin care with 3% urea lotion delays the occurrence and reduces the grade of acute skin reactions in percutaneously irradiated patients with head and neck tumors.     

我国山羊业的发展现状及趋势分析

中国幅员辽阔,拥有草地资源4亿ha,占国土面积的40％,为农田的3倍,林地的3倍多,加之农业可利用的秸秆十分丰富,为中国发展山羊生产提供了良好的贵源条件。目前,中国人均占有羊肉不足2．5kg,比起其它肉类的人均消费量还存在着巨大的潜力;国内外市场对山羊绒制品的需求量也在与日俱增。因此,在畜牧业“十五”计划发展中,山羊生产有着美好的广阔前景。文章就对目前我国山羊业的基本情况、发展概况与特点进行综述,并对我国山羊业发展的趋势进行分析。     

Setting a maximum allowable concentration for urea in reclaimed potable water and evaluating the nature of its biological action

The purpose of the study was to identify maxim allowable concentrations of urea in reclaimed potable water. The urea concentration equal to 80 mg/l is the threshold dose influencing the taste and flavor of water. Urea is a low toxicity substance (LD50 = 14,300 mg/kg), the effect of which is not cumulative. However, when used in high doses it affects bioenergetic and cholinergic processes and causes changes in ECG, higher nervous activity and visceral structure. It has been shown that when applied to warm-blooded animals the acting dose of urea is 14.3 and 1.43 mg/kg (1/1000 and 1/10000 LD50), the threshold dose is 0.72 mg/kg (1/20000 LD50), and the ineffective dose is 0.36 mg/kg (1/40000 LD50) which amounts to the concentration of 10 mg/l. In terms of toxic effects the dose equal to 10 mg/l is taken to be the maximally allowable concentration of urea. It is recommended to use the Laham biotest for measuring urea in water.     

Influence of Scandinavian scientists in exercise physiology

The cradle of Scandinavian exercise physiology was in Copenhagen. Peter Ludwig Panum (1820-1885) was head of a new physiological laboratory and his research included respiration, digestion and metabolism. Christian Bohr (1855-1911) was his most prominent co-worker and became his successor in 1885. Part of Bohr's training was in Leipzig, Germany, with Carl Ludwig, which led to his lifelong interest in problems of pulmonary exchange and blood transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. He discovered the effect of carbon dioxide on the dissociation curve of hemoglobin (the Bohr effect). He attracted eminent young co-workers, among them A. Krogh, V. Henriques and K. A. Hasselbalch (known for the Henderson-Hasselbalch formula). One of his children, Niels Bohr, became one of the greatest modem nuclear physicists. We could name August Krogh as the father of exercise physiology in Scandinavia. This review will concentrate on some of his and his co-workers' and students' scientific achievements up to the 1940s.     

KAP6.1基因在两个山羊品种间的表达差异

KAP6.1基因是编码羊绒的结构蛋白基因之一,以辽宁绒山羊和岢岚本地山羊作为研究对象,利用FQRT-PCR技术对KAP6.1基因在2个品种皮肤中的表达差异进行了研究。结果显示:KAP6.1基因在两个山羊品种皮肤中均有表达。辽宁绒山羊的表达量是岢岚当地山羊表达量是的1.3倍。品种内部,公山羊的表达量都高于母山羊,其中,辽宁绒山羊公羊的表达量是母羊的2.5倍,岢岚当地山羊公羊的表达量是母羊的1.8倍。     

Energy loss straggling of 5.486 MeV alpha particles in Melinex, Al, Ni and Cu

Energy loss straggling of 5.486 MeV alpha particles passing through Melinex, Al, Ni and Cu has been studied as a function of energy loss. The reduction in straggling towards the end of the particle range is predicted by considering the reduction of the stopping power and of the effective charge in the capture and loss of electrons at lower energies. These measurements are compared with theoretical predictions of Bohr (1915) and Titeica (1939). The measured values agreed with Titeica results at high and intermediate energy region, and large discrepancies at low energy region are found. Titeica results are greater than Bohr results by a factor of about 1.5-2.