Gastroprotective effect of Dodonaea viscosa on various experimental ulcer models

AIM OF THE STUDY: Dodonaea viscosa Linn. (Sapindaceae) is used as a medicinal herb by the tribes of Shola forest regions of Western Ghats. It is used for headaches, backaches, stomach pain, piles and simple ulcers. The present study was performed to evaluate the gastroprotective effect and acute toxicity of this plant in various experimental models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Studies were performed in two different models (ethanol and indomethacin induced gastric ulcer) in wistar rats. Gastric protection was evaluated by measuring the ulcer index, gastric glutathione assay, alkaline phosphate assay and histopathological studies. Gastric secretion studies were done by pyloric ligation experiment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Water and ethanol extract (500 mg/kg body weight) showed moderate activity compared to hexane extract. Hexane extract of Dodonaea viscosa dose dependently inhibited ethanol induced gastric lesions, causing 90% protection at 500 mg/kg, 81% protection at 250 mg/kg, and 70% protection at 125 mg/kg and it also dose dependently inhibited indomethacin induced gastric lesions, causing 92% protection at 500 mg/kg, 77% protection at 250 mg/kg, and 52% protection at 125 mg/kg. The various degrees of inhibition were statistically significant (p相似文献   

Gastroprotective effect of Senecio candicans DC on experimental ulcer models

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Senecio candicans DC (Asteraceae) is used as a remedy for gastric ulcer and stomach pain in the Nilgiris district, Tamil Nadu for which no scientific evidence exists.

Aim of the study

The present study was performed to evaluate the gastroprotective effects and acute oral toxicity of aqueous leaf extract of Senecio candicans (AESC) in experimental models.

Materials and methods

The antiulcerogenic activity of AESC was performed in two different ulcer models viz., pylorus-ligated model and ethanol-induced model using Wistar albino rats. Acute toxicity study was also performed to get information on the admissible dose for treatment of ulcer. Preliminary phytochemical screening of AESC was performed to find the active principles present, which are thus responsible for the antiulcerogenic activity. DPPH assay was performed to confirm the antioxidant activity of AESC.

Results

The acute toxicity study did not show any mortality up to 2500 mg/kg b.w. of AESC. Both the ulcer models showed gastroprotective effect comparable to that of the standard Omeprazole. The results of antioxidant enzymes, histopathology sections, ATPase and mucus content of gastric secretion showed that several mechanisms are involved in the gastroprotective effect. The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and steroids in AESC. The DPPH assay confirmed the antioxidant activity of AESC.

Conclusion

The traditional consumption of AESC for the treatment of gastric ulcer is thus true, the antioxidant constituents present in the extract plays a major role in the gastroprotective activity, but since Senecio species are known for the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, a detailed study in future is required to describe the safe dose for a prolonged period.     

Gastroprotective effect of fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum graecum) on experimental gastric ulcer in rats

The effect of fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum graecum) compared to omeprazole was studied on ethanol-induced gastric ulcer. The aqueous extract and a gel fraction isolated from the seeds showed significant ulcer protective effects. The cytoprotective effect of the seeds seemed to be not only due to the anti-secretory action but also to the effects on mucosal glycoproteins. The fenugreek seeds also prevented the rise in lipid peroxidation induced by ethanol presumably by enhancing antioxidant potential of the gastric mucosa thereby lowering mucosal injury. Histological studies revealed that the soluble gel fraction derived from the seeds was more effective than omeprazole in preventing lesion formation. These observations show that fenugreek seeds possess antiulcer potential.     

Investigation on the wound healing activity of oleo-resin from Copaifera langsdorffi in rats

The wound healing activity of oleo-resin from Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (Leguminaceae) bark was evaluated in rats on experimental wounds. The oleo-resin was tested by monitoring wound contraction in excised wounds and by measuring tensile strength in healing incision wounds. The topical application of oleo-resin at a concentration of 4% accelerated wound contraction in open wounds. The mean values of wound contraction in oleo-resin treated rats on day 9 was 84.05% +/- 2.37% as against 51.29% +/- 9.54% seen in controls and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). No significant differences in the rates of wound contraction were observed on days 12, 15, 18 and 21. Also, the tensile strength in healing incised wounds was found to be significantly higher in the group of animals treated with 4% oleo-resin on day 5 but not on days 7 and 12 (controls: 35.95 +/- 7.44 g/cm; oleo-resin: 71.48 +/- 5.77 g/cm; p < 0.05). These results indicate the beneficial effect of C. langsdorffii oleo-resin on wound healing and justify its traditional use for the treatment of wounds.     

Gastroprotective effect of standardized extract of Ficus glomerata fruit on experimental gastric ulcers in rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Traditionally fruits of Ficus glomerata Roxb (Family: Moraceae) are used to treat anemia and gastrointestinal disorders. AIM: Gastroprotective effect of 50% ethanolic extract of F. glomerata fruit (FGE) was studied in different gastric ulcer models in rats. METHODS: FGE (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) was administered orally, twice daily for 5 days for prevention from pylorus ligation (PL), ethanol (EtOH) and cold restraint stress (CRS)-induced ulcers. Estimation of H+K+ATPase activity and gastric wall mucous were performed in EtOH-induced ulcer and antioxidant enzyme activities in supernatant mitochondrial fraction of CRS-induced ulcers. RESULTS: FGE showed dose dependent inhibition of ulcer index in pylorus ligation, ethanol and cold restraint stress-induced ulcers. FGE prevents the oxidative damage of gastric mucosa by blocking lipid peroxidation and by significant decrease in superoxide dismutase, H+K+ATPase and increase in catalase activity. High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis showed the presence of 0.57% and 0.36% w/w of gallic acid and ellagic acid in FGE. CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that F. glomerata possess significant gastroprotective activity which might be due to gastric defence factors and phenolics might be the main constituents responsible for this activity.     

Gastroprotective and antioxidant effects of usnic acid on indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats

Usnea longissima, a medicinal lichen of Anatolia (Turkey), is used in the treatment of gastric ulcer in local folk medicine. In this paper, the gastroprotective effect of usnic acid (UA) isolated from Usnea longissima was investigated in the indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in rats at doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight. The gastric lesions were significantly reduced by all doses of UA as compared with the indomethacin (25 mg/kg body weight) treated group. In the stomach tissues of treated animals, the in vivo antioxidant levels were evaluated. The administration of indomethacin caused a significant decrease in the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reduced glutathione (GSH), and an increase in the lipid peroxidation (LPO) level (p < 0.05). The administration of all doses of UA reversed the trend, inducing a significant increase of SOD, GSH and GPx levels and a reduction in LPO level in tissues. However, catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) and myeloperoxidase (MPx) activities, increased by indomethacin, were found to be lower in the UA- and ranitidine-treated groups. The gastric mucosal constitutive NO synthase (cNOS) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) activities were also investigated in tissues of UA- (100 mg/kg), ranitidine- (50 mg/kg) and indomethacin-treated rat groups. The administration of UA and ranitidine increased the cNOS activity and lowered the iNOS activity as compared with indomethacin-treated group. These results suggest that the gastroprotective effect of UA can be attributed to its reducing effect on the oxidative damage and neutrophil infiltration in tissues.     

Gastroprotective effect from Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. bark on experimental gastric lesions in rats and mice

Ayurvedic preparations of metallic iron commonly categorised as different 'putas' of 'Louha Bhasma' was chemically analysed and pharmacologically investigated in iron deficiency anemia. Atomic absorption spectral (AAS) study of different putas of Louha Bhasma revealed the presence of various proportions of important metals along with varied concentration of iron in it. The effect of a representative puta viz. 50 puta of Louha Bhasma in the management of agar gel diet and phlebotomy induced iron deficiency anemia in animal model was found to be statistically highly significant (P < 0.001) in comparison to the control and standard drug Fefol treated groups.     

Gastroprotective effect of a traditional Chinese herbal drug "Baishouwu" on experimental gastric lesions in rats

"Baishouwu" is an appellative name of dried root tubers from three Asclepiadaceae plants: Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight, Cynanchum bungei Decne and Cynoctonum wilfordii Maxim. In order to establish the pharmacological basis for the ethnomedicinal use of Baishouwu in gastric disorders, this study examined the effects of ethanol extracts and fractions from root tubers of Cynanchum auriculatum, Cynanchum bungei and Cynoctonum wilfordii on ethanol-, indomethacin-induced gastric lesions and histamine-induced gastric acid secretion in rats. Plant materials were collected from various areas of China. Oral administration of ethanol extract and chloroform fraction of Cynoctonum wilfordii collected from Changbai Cordillera at doses of 150 and 68 mg/kg, respectively, significantly inhibited the development of ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric lesions and also caused significant decrease of gastric acid secretion after histamine-induced gastric lesion. Oral administrations of ethanol extract and chloroform fraction of Cynanchum auriculatum collected from Binhai at the doses of 300 and 69 mg/kg, respectively, significantly inhibited ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric lesions. This study demonstrates the gastroprotective property of Baishouwu for the first time.     

Gastroprotective activity of Cinnamomum tamala leaves on experimental gastric ulcers in rats

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Cinnamomum tamala T. Nees & Eberm (Family Lauraceae) is used traditionally in Indian System of Medicine as carminative, anthelmintic, diuretic, and used in colic, dyspepsia, and diarrhea.

Aim of the study

This study was aimed to evaluate the gastroprotective effects of Cinnamomum tamala leaves.

Methods

Cinnamomum tamala leaves extract (CTE; 50,100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) was administered orally, twice daily for 5 days for prevention from ethanol (EtOH)-, cold-restraint stress (CRS)- and pylorus ligation (PL)-induced ulcers. Estimation of H⁺K⁺ATPase activity and gastric wall mucous were performed in EtOH-induced ulcer model, antioxidant enzyme activities was carried out in CRS-induced ulcer model, and various gastric secretion parameters like volume of gastric juice, acid output, and pH value were estimated in PL-induced ulcer model.

Results

A significant reduction in lesion index was observed in ulcer-induced animals treated with CTE at different doses when compared with ulcerated rats in all models. A significant decrease occurred in the level of H⁺K⁺ATPase, volume of gastric juice, and acid output. Simultaneously the level of gastric wall mucus and pH were increased significantly. These showed dose-dependent action of CTE. The antioxidant enzyme levels of LPO and SOD were decreased while administering CTE at different doses, compared with their control values. Contrary to this the level of CAT enzyme showed significant increase.

Conclusions

The results of our study showed that Cinnamomum tamala possess significant gastroprotective activity, probably due to its free radical scavenging activity.     

Gastroprotective effect of fructus evodiae water extract on ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats

Fructus Evodiae is a widely used herbal medicine with anti-inflammatory and analgetic activities in China. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of Fructus Evodiae water extract (FE) on ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats. Three hours before ethanol challenge, animals were intraperitoneally treated with FE (424.8 mg/kg, 141.6 mg/kg, and 47.6 mg/kg). Subsequently, we employed ex-vivo chamber technique to examine the effect of FE on gastric transmucosal potential difference (PD) changes. NO(x) (nitrate and nitrite) in gastric perfusate and gastric lesion index of whole glandular stomach were determined by intubation. The results showed that FE dose-dependently accelerated the recovery of PD reduction by ethanol, and increased NO(x) production in gastric perfusate. FE also inhibited gastric lesion formation in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggested that FE prevented ethanol-induced gastric mucosal lesions by strengthening the mucosal barrier integrity and increasing gastric mucosal nitric oxide (NO) synthesis.     

艾灸对大鼠胃溃疡模型的影响

<正> 近年来,胃粘膜的保护作用很受人们关注,这方面的研究也取得了显著的进展本文试图用醋酸烧灼胃粘膜面造成大鼠胃溃疡模型,以此为对象,研究艾灸在保护胃粘膜方面可能存在的作用。     

芦荟多糖对动物实验性胃溃疡的影响

目的研究芦荟多糖对动物实验性胃溃疡的影响。方法应用大鼠幽门结扎型胃溃疡模型、大鼠醋酸烧灼型胃溃疡模型、小鼠利血平致胃溃疡模型,观察芦荟多糖ig给药对实验性胃溃疡的预防与治疗作用及对大鼠胃液、胃酸、胃黏液、胃蛋白酶分泌及活性的影响。结果芦荟多糖对实验性胃溃疡具有明显的预防及治疗作用,并能抑制胃液分泌、胃酸分泌及减少胃蛋白酶、胃黏液的分泌,但对胃蛋白酶活性无明显影响。结论芦荟多糖对动物实验性胃溃疡具有良好的预防及治疗作用,并能抑制溃疡致病因子胃酸及胃蛋白酶的分泌。     

Smooth muscle relaxant effect of kaurenoic acid,a diterpene from Copaifera langsdorffii on rat uterus in vitro

The effect of kaurenoic acid, a diterpene isolated from the oleo-resin of the popular medicinal plant Copaifera langsdorffii (Leguminaceae), was analysed on rat uterine muscle responsiveness to various drugs in vitro. Cumulative concentration-response curves to acetylcholine and oxytocin were obtained before and after incubation of uterine segments with up to 160 microm of kaurenoic acid. The maximal contractile response (E(max)) evoked by these agonists was inhibited by kaurenoic acid in a concentration-related manner; at 160 microm, kaurenoic acid depressed the E(max) of oxytocin and acetylcholine by 83% and 91%, respectively. The relaxation caused by kaurenoic acid on oxytocin-induced contraction was unaffected in the presence of tetraethyl ammonium, a compound that blocks the calcium activated potassium channels. It was partially reversed by glibenclamide (10(-5) m), an ATP-sensitive potassium channel blocker. Also, kaurenoic acid at 160 microm concentration was found to inhibit significantly the CaCl(2)-evoked contractile responses in a medium of high potassium and zero calcium. Furthermore, kaurenoic acid was found to relax the sustained tonic contraction induced by acetylcholine, oxytocin, BaCl(2) and KCl in a concentration-dependent way. However, KCl-induced tonic contraction was only weakly inhibited by kaurenoic acid. These data indicate that the diterpene, kaurenoic acid, exerts a uterine relaxant effect acting principally through calcium blockade and in part, by the opening of ATP-sensitive potassium channels.     

两面针总碱抗胃溃疡作用研究

目的:研究两面针总碱对实验性胃溃疡的保护作用及其机制。方法:灌服两面针总碱7天后,用无水乙醇、束缚一冷冻法和幽门结扎法造胃溃疡模型,测量溃疡指数、胃液量、游离酸、总酸度、胃蛋白酶活性以及胃粘膜MDA含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、NO含量。结果:两面针组能使三种模型溃疡指数降低,对胃液量、游离酸、总酸度无明显影响,可降低胃液胃蛋白酶活性,使胃粘膜MDA含量降低,SOD活性和NO含量升高。结论:两面针总碱具有抗溃疡作用。     

Antimicrobial activity of terpenoids from Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. against cariogenic bacteria

In the present work, the anticariogenic activities of nine labdane type‐diterpenes and four sesquiterpenes were investigated. Among these metabolites, (‐)‐copalic acid (CA) was the most active compound displaying MIC values very promising (ranging from 2.0 to 6.0 µg/mL) against the main microorganisms responsible for dental caries: Streptococcus salivarius, S. sobrinus, S. mutans, S. mitis, S. sanguinis and Lactobacillus casei. Time kill assays performed with CA against the primary causative agent (S. mutans) revealed that, in the first 12 h, this compound only inhibits the growth of the inoculum (bacteriostatic effect). However, its bactericidal effect is clearly noted thereafter (between 12 and 24 h). Also, CA did not show a synergistic effect when combined with the anticariogenic gold standard (chlorhexidine, CHD) in the checkerboard assays against S. mutans. In conclusion, the results points out CA as an important metabolite in the search for new effective anticariogenic agents. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Gastroprotective effects of the essential oil of Hyptis crenata Pohl ex Benth. on gastric ulcer models

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Hyptis crenata Pohl ex Benth (Lamiaceae), popularly known as “hortelã-brava” or “hortelã do campo”, is widely distributed in the northeast of Brazil. In Brazil, the leaves of this plant have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disturbances, including gastric ulcers. In an attempt to experimentally validate this claimed antiulcerogenic activity, the gastroprotective effects of the essential oil extracted from the leaves of the Hyptis crenata Pohl ex Benth (EOHc) were evaluated in recognized gastric ulcer models in mice.

Materials and methods

EOHc was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Swiss male mice (25–30 g) were used for the studies. The gastric ulcers were induced by oral administration of absolute ethanol or indomethacin 45 min after oral pretreatment with EOHc, vehicle and positive control drugs. One hour after the ulcerative challenges, the stomachs were removed and the area of the lesions was measured. The volume, pH and total acidity of the gastric secretions were determined using the pylorus ligature model. The gastrointestinal motility was measured using gastric emptying and intestinal transit. The ethanol-induced gastric mucus depletion and lipid peroxidation were also analyzed.

Results

Our findings are as follows: A significant inhibition of gastric lesions induced by absolute ethanol was observed in the mice pre-treated with EOHc, at a dose of 30 and 100 and 300 mg/kg (5.56±1.51, 2.88±0.82 and 1.71±0.54 mm², respectively) compared to control group (118.03±35.4 mm²). Also, EOHc (300 mg/kg) produced a gastroprotective effect against the gastric lesions induced by indomethacin (16.07±4.68 mm²) compared to control group (38.64±6.1 mm²). EOHc pretreatment produced a reduction in the ethanol-induced lipid peroxidation from 3.9±0.22 to 2.4±0.1 μmol/mg tissue (EOHc-300 mg/kg and control group, respectively). We also observed that EOHc pretreatment decreased the gastric emptying, but did not alter the intestinal transit ratio, ethanol-induced depletion of the gastric wall mucus or secretion parameters (volume, pH and [H⁺]).

Conclusion

Our data indicate that EOHc exerts a gastroprotective effect, indicated by its significant inhibition of gastric lesions in ethanol- and indomethacin-induced ulcer models, which may be associated with its accelerating effect on gastric emptying and reduction in oxidative damages. Our data suggest a potential therapeutic application for EOHc in the treatment of gastric ulcers.     

芩连合剂对实验性胃溃疡大鼠胃黏膜保护作用的机制研究

目的探讨芩连合剂(QLHJ)对急性胃溃疡大鼠胃黏膜的保护作用及其作用机制.方法采用无水乙醇灌胃法复制大鼠急性胃溃疡模型,测定胃黏膜细胞内丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的表达、谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力及钙离子浓度.结果模型组大鼠胃黏膜细胞内钙离子浓度较其他各组明显升高,与芩连合剂组和正常组比较有非常显著性差异(P＜0.01);SOD、GSH-Px的表达较其他各组明显降低,MDA表达较其他各组明显升高,与芩连合剂组、地尔硫组和正常组比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论QLHJ通过降低胃黏膜细胞内钙离子浓度的水平,降低胃黏膜细胞内MDA的表达和提高胃黏膜细胞内SOD和GSH-Px的表达,从而发挥其保护胃溃疡大鼠胃黏膜细胞的作用.     

Gastroprotective activity of Cenostigma macrophyllum Tul. var. acuminata Teles Freire leaves on experimental ulcer models

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Cenostigma macrophyllum Tul. var. acuminata Teles Freire (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae), popularly known in Brazil as “caneleiro”, is widely used in folk medicine against gastrointestinal diseases. In previous studies, the ethanol extract of leaves from Cenostigma macrophyllum Tul. var. acuminata Teles Freire had shown antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant and antiulcerogenic activities.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to assess the gastroprotective effect of the hydroalcoholic fraction of leaves of Cenostigma macrophyllum Tul. var. acuminata Teles Freire (Cm-FHA), as well as to elucidate the possible underlying mechanisms of action.

Materials and methods

Mice were used for the evaluation of the acute toxicity, and mice and rats to study the gastroprotective activity. The potential gastroprotective of Cm-FHA was assessed on different gastric ulcer models in rodents, such as absolute ethanol, HCl/ethanol, ischemia-reperfusion, cold restraint stress and indomethacin. The participation of prostaglandins, NO-synthase pathway and ATP-sensitive potassium channels (K_ATP) in gastroprotective activity of Cm-FHA were evaluated after treatment with a cyclooxygenase inhibitor (indomethacin), a NO-synthase inhibitor (L-NAME) and a K_ATP channel blocker (glibenclamide 5 mg/kg), respectively. Likewise, the catalase activity was determinated in order to assess the possible participation of antioxidant mechanisms.

Results

No signs of acute toxicity was observed after oral acute administration of Cm-FHA, considering the analyzed parameters. Likewise, Cm-FHA promoted a protective effect against gastric ulcers induced by absolute ethanol (lesion inhibition by 40% at both 100 and 200 mg/kg), HCl/ethanol (lesion inhibition by 50 or 48% at 100 or 200 mg/kg, respectively), ischemia-reperfusion (lesion inhibition by 49 or 90% at 100 or 200 mg/kg, respectively) and cold restraint stress (lesion inhibition by 63 or 76% at 100 or 200 mg/kg, respectively), as well as a increase of catalase activity was observed. Otherwise, Cm-FHA was not able to protect gastric mucosa against indomethacin-induced lesions. Nitric oxide release, the of K_ATP channels opening and antioxidant activity are the possibly involved in the Cm-FHA-induced gastroprotective activity.

Conclusion

This study corroborates the folk medicine use of Cenostigma macrophyllum for treatment of gastric ulcers, as well as reinforces this species as a valuable source of promising natural drugs with gastroprotective activity.     

Studies on the antiulcer activity of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on gastric ulcer models in rats

The methanol fraction of M. oleifera leaf extract was found to possess significant protective actions in acetylsalicylic acid, serotonin and indomethacin induced gastric lesions in experimental rats. A significant enhancement of the healing process in acetic acid—induced chronic gastric lesions was also observed with the extract-treated animals.