Gastric antisecretory and antiulcer activities of an ethanolic extract of Bidens pilosa L. var. radiata Schult. Bip

Bidens pilosa var. radiata Schult. Bip. is used in folk medicine to treat stomach disorders including peptic ulcers. The ethanolic extract (0.5-2 g/kg) decreased the gastric juice volume, acid secretion, as well as pepsin secretion in pylorus ligated rats. B. pilosa extract showed antiulcer activity against indomethacin-induced gastric lesions. The extract effectively inhibited gastric haemorrhagic lesions induced by ethanol, and with an effective dose of 2 g/kg being more potent than sucralfate (400 mg/kg). In contrast, ranitidine (50 mg/kg) failed to reduce these lesions. These results indicate that B. pilosa ethanolic extract exerts a cytoprotective effect in addition to its gastric antisecretory activity that could be due, partly at least, to the presence of flavonoids of which quercetin was identified by HPLC.     

The anti-ulcer effect in rats of ginger constituents

The effects of ginger, a pungent stomachic natural medicine, on HCl/ethanol-induced gastric lesions in rats, were examined. The orally administered acetone extract at 1000 mg/kg and zingiberene, the main terpenoid from acetone extract, at 100 mg/kg significantly inhibited gastric lesions by 97.5 and 53.6%, respectively. 6-Gingerol, the pungent principle, at 100 mg/kg significantly inhibited gastric lesions by 54.5%. These results suggest that zingiberene, the terpenoid and 6-gingerol are important constituents in stomachic medications containing ginger.     

不同炮制方法对紫金砂中成分及活性的影响

目的 研究不同炮制方法对紫金砂成分及其体外抑制胃H+/K+ -ATP酶活性的影响.方法 采用HPLC法测定紫金砂醇提物中没药烷吉酮,并利用H +/K+ -ATPase试剂盒测定紫金砂醇提取物对离体培养小鼠胃壁细胞中H+/K+-ATP酶活性的影响.结果 紫金砂不同炮制品中没药烷吉酮量有较大变化,其中麸烘样品没药烷吉酮量下降最严重,减少达50％;各炮制品醇提物与阴干样品的成分进行指纹图谱比对时,存在峰缺失和含有量变化.阴干、酒蒸、炒黄、麸炒、麸烘、醋炒、土炒、姜汁炙、米泔水制9种炮制品醇提物对H+/K+-ATP酶的IC50按生药量计算依次为144.93、123.28、283.04、148.44、375.38、129.86、171.50、76.64和120.70 μg/mL.结论 紫金砂不同炮制品所含成分和H+/K+-ATP酶抑制活性均存在明显的差异,其中,姜汁炙抑制活性最好,推荐使用姜汁炙炮制紫金砂饮片.     

The effects of Baphia nitida Lodd (leguminosae) extract on the gastrointestinal tract of rats and mice

The constituents from the leaves of Baphia nitida were extracted using methanol and acetone as solvents. The extract did not demonstrate any acute toxic effects in mice within the dose range used during this study. The extract inhibited gastric emptying time in rats and intestinal motility in mice, both effects were manifested in a dose-related fashion. These effects were similar but less pronounced than those produced by atropine sulphate. The extract did not induce gastric ulceration in rats and failed to protect against acetyl salicylic acid-induced gastric ulcer in rats or histamine-induced duodenal ulcer in guinea-pigs.     

Gastroprotective activity of ginger zingiber officinale rosc., in albino rats

The cytoprotective and gastric anti-ulcer studies of ginger have been carried out in albino rats. Cytodestruction was produced by 80% ethanol, 0.6M HC1, 0.2M NaOH and 25% NaCl. Whereas gastric ulcers were produced by ulcerogenic agents including indomethacin, aspirin and reserpine, beside hypothermic restraint stress and by pylorus ligated Shay rat technique. The results of this study demonstrate that the extract in the dose of 500 mg/kg orally exert highly significant cytoprotection against 80% ethanol, 0.6M HC1, 0.2M NaOH and 25% NaCl induced gastric lesions. The extract also prevented the occurrence of gastric ulcers induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and hypothermic restraint stress. These observations suggest cytoprotective and anti-ulcerogenic effect of the ginger.     

Assessment of the Antiulcer Potential of Moringa oleifera Root-Bark Extract in Rats

In the present study, an ethanolic root-bark extract of Moringa oleifera (MO) was examined for its antiulcer potential in albino Wistar rats using two experimental models: ethanol-induced and pylorus ligation-induced gastric ulceration. The extract was orally administered at three different doses (150, 350, and 500 mg/kg) for 15 consecutive days. The antiulcer effects in rats treated with different doses of the extract and omeprazole (30 mg/kg, p.o.) were determined and compared statistically with the antiulcer effects in the control rats treated with saline (NaCl, 0.9%). The MO at doses of 350 and 500 mg/kg decreased the ulcer index significantly as compared to the control group (p < 0.01). The percentage protections against gastric ulcers were 82.58%, 85.13%, and 86.15% for MO doses of 150, 350, and 500 mg/kg, respectively, in the pylorus-ligated ulcer model and 55.75%, 59.33%, and 78.51%, respectively, in the ethanol-induced ulcer model. The MO significantly reduced the free acidity, total acidity, and ulcer index (p < 0.01) and increased the pH of gastric content compared with the control group. This study suggests that MO possesses valuable antiulcer, antisecretory, and cytoprotective activity. Thus, an ethanolic root-bark extract of Moringa oleifera can be used as source for an antiulcer drug.     

羊蹄叶水提取液对小鼠胃排空作用的影响

目的 :研究羊蹄叶水提取液对小鼠胃排空作用的影响。方法 ;对小鼠分别以腹腔注射、灌胃、皮肤涂抹三种途径给予羊蹄叶水提取液 0 8、0 4、0 2g/kg。结果 :腹腔注射、皮肤涂抹两种途径给药对小鼠胃排空有较明显的抑制作用     

藤黄醇提取物对结肠癌SW480干细胞荷瘤裸鼠的实验研究

目的观察藤黄醇提取物对结肠癌SW480干细胞荷瘤裸鼠的治疗效果。方法采用荧光分选法分选肿瘤干细胞后,建立裸鼠结肠癌干细胞荷瘤动物模型,随机分为5组,即对照组、伊立替康组、5-氟尿嘧啶组、高、低剂量藤黄醇提取物组。给药开始后每周称重2次,给药2周后继续观察一周后,处死裸鼠。解剖后剥取肿瘤标本,称质量,并计算抑瘤率。结果中药藤黄醇提取物疗效介于5-氟尿嘧啶和伊立替康之间,低剂量抑瘤率达42.5%,高剂量抑瘤率达67.5%。结论藤黄醇提取物能有效地抑制结肠癌SW480干细胞的增殖,是一种潜在治疗结肠癌干细胞的药物。     

Antihyperglycemic Activity of Extracts from Boldoa purpurascens Leaves in Alloxan‐Induced Diabetic Rats

In order to investigate the potential use of Boldoa purpurascens against diabetes, the antihyperglycemic effect of an ethanol extract obtained from its leaves was evaluated at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg in rats after induction of hyperglycemia by alloxan. Insulin 5 IU/kg was used as positive control and NaCl 0.9% as negative control. A similar experiment was performed with the aqueous extract used at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg using metformin at a dose of 50mg/kg as positive control. Statistical analysis was carried using the Kruskal–Wallis test with an interval of trust of 99%. The ethanolic and aqueous extract of B. purpurascens showed a significant decrease of blood glucose levels 72 h after administration. Phytochemical analysis of the ethanol extract showed the presence of D‐pinitol, a compound known for its hypoglycemic properties. In conclusion, ethanolic as well as aqueous extracts of B. purpurascens leaves show antihyperglycemic activity, possibly due to the presence of D‐pinitol and flavonoids. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Prevention of experimentally-induced gastric ulcers in rats by an ethanolic extract of "Parsley" Petroselinum crispum

An ethanolic extract of Parsley, Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym.ex A.W. Hill (Umbelliferae), was tested for its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and to protect gastric mucosa against the injuries caused by pyloric ligation, hypothermic restraint stress, indomethacin and cytodestructive agents (80% ethanol, 0.2 M NaOH and 25% NaCl) in rats. The extract in doses of 1 and 2 g/kg body weight had a significant antiulcerogenic activity on the models used. Besides, ethanol-induced depleted gastric wall mucus and non-protein sulfhydryl contents were replenished by pretreatment with Parsley extract. Acute toxicity tests showed a large margin of safety for the extract. The phytochemical screening of Parsley leaves revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, sterols and/or triterpenes.     

Anti-ulcer actions of the bark methanol extract of Voacanga africana in different experimental ulcer models in rats

The antiulcerogenic effects of the bark methanol extract of Voacanga africana were studied using various experimental ulcer models in rats. The effects of the extract on the volume of gastric juice, gastric pH, acid output, mucus production and peptic activity were recorded, as well as the preventive action against lesions caused by HCl/ethanol and indomethacin. Oral administration of the extract (500-750 mg/kg) inhibited the formation of gastric lesions induced by HCl/ethanol (40-63% inhibition). The inhibitory effect against HCl/ethanol was significantly (P<0.01) suppressed by pre-treatment of the rats with indomethacin (30 mg/kg, i.p.). The extract significantly reduced gastric lesion formation in pylorus ligated rats, but this was not associated with an increase in gastric mucus production or with a reduction in acid content, volume of gastric secretion or pepsin activity of the gastric juice.     

Evaluation of the antidiarrhoeal activity of Byrsocarpus coccineus

Based on its use in traditional African medicine, the antidiarrhoeal activity of the aqueous leaf extract of Byrsocarpus coccineus, Connaraceae, was evaluated on normal and castor oil-induced intestinal transit, castor oil-induced diarrhoea, enteropooling and gastric emptying. The extract (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) produced a significant (P<0.05) dose dependent decrease in propulsion in the castor oil-induced intestinal transit in mice. The mean peristaltic index (%) for these doses of extract, control (distilled water; 10 ml/kg, p.o.) and morphine (10 mg/kg, s.c.) were 55.27+/-1.86, 53.12+/-3.73, 38.60+/-3.79, 30.25+/-1.27, 89.33+/-5.62 and 20.29+/-3.38, respectively. The effect of the extract at the highest dose was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of the standard drug. This effect was antagonised by yohimbine (1 mg/kg, s.c.) but not by isosorbide dinitrate (IDN, 150 mg/kg, p.o.). At 200 mg/kg, the extract produced a significant decrease in propulsion in normal intestinal transit. In a dose dependent manner, it delayed the onset of diarrhoea, produced a significant decrease in the frequency of defaecation, severity of diarrhoea and protected the mice treated with castor oil. Mean diarrhoea scores were 30.83+/-1.72, 22.40+/-1.71, 21.43+/-1.32, 13.80+/-0.33, 18.00+/-3.94 and 7.67+/-2.41 for control, extract (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) and morphine, respectively. This effect was not antagonized by IDN. The extract (400 mg/kg) significantly decreased the volume (ml) of intestinal fluid secretion induced by castor oil (0.60+/-0.23) compared with 1.27+/-0.12 for control. However, there was no significant effect on gastric emptying. The results obtained suggest that Byrsocarpus coccineus possesses antidiarrhoeal activity due to its inhibitory effect on gastrointestinal propulsion, mediated through alpha(2) adrenoceptors, and also inhibition of fluid secretion. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, reducing sugars, glycosides and anthraquinones.     

The effect of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting in breast cancer patients: A systematic literature review of randomized controlled trials

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and is the leading cause of mortality due to all types of cancers among the female population worldwide. Results of clinical trials investigating the effect of ginger on chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in breast cancer patients are inconsistent. This study was aimed at obtaining a comprehensive overview of the current evidence regarding the effectiveness of ginger as an antiemetic modality for controlling CINV in breast cancer patients. All published randomized controlled trials in English were systematically searched on Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane search databases up to June 2018. The outcome variable of interest was severity and the frequency of nausea and vomiting in patients. A total of 50 studies were found through search databases. After excluding duplicates, the 42 remaining studies were screened, and finally, nine trials were included, which were published between 2012 and 2017. Two studies have examined the effect of ginger on the frequency of nausea, five studies on the frequency of vomiting, seven studies on the severity of nausea, and three studies on severity of vomiting. A study evaluated the effectiveness of ginger in improving dietary intake in CINV. Our investigation suggests that ginger may reduce nausea in the acute phase of chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. The effect of ginger on nausea and vomiting in other conditions requires more high‐quality clinical trials.     

半夏茯苓胶囊对化疗呕吐家鸽胃肠激素影响的实验研究

目的:对半夏茯苓胶囊抗化疗呕吐的内在机制加以探讨。方法:采用家鸽翼下静脉注射顺铂法制造呕吐模型,用放射免疫法测定外周血中的胃肠激素。结果:与水煎剂一样,半夏茯苓胶囊高剂量组能明显升高外周血中胃动素(MTL)的含量(P<0.05),同时可明显降低外周血中血管活性肠肽(VIP)和胃泌素(GAS)的含量(P<0.05)。结论:半夏茯苓胶囊(BFC)可能具有减少化疗对胃肠黏膜的损害,增加胃肠蠕动和加快胃排空的作用,其正性的胃肠活动可能参与了止吐,这可能是该药抗化疗呕吐的机制所在之一。     

Antinociceptive action of ethanolic extract obtained from roots of Humirianthera ampla Miers

Humirianthera ampla Miers is a member of the Icacinaceae family and presents great amounts of di and triterpenoids. These chemical constituents in roots of Humirianthera ampla sustain not only the ethnopharmacological use against snake venom, but also some anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of the plant. In this study we investigated the antinociceptive action of the ethanolic extract (EE) from roots of the Humirianthera ampla in chemical and thermal models of pain in mice. The oral treatment with ethanolic extract dose-dependently inhibited glutamate-, capsaicin- and formalin-induced licking. However, it did not prevent the nociception caused by radiant heat on the tail-flick test. The ethanolic extract (30 mg/kg) caused marked inhibition of the nociceptive biting response induced by glutamate, (+/-)-1-aminocyclopentane-trans-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (trans-ACPD), N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and substance P. The antinociception caused by ethanolic extract was significantly attenuated by naloxone, l-arginine, WAY100635, ondansetron or ketanserin, but not by caffeine or naloxone methiodide. In conclusion, the ethanolic extract from roots of Humirianthera ampla produces antinociception against neurogenic and inflammatory models of nociception. The mechanisms of antinociception involve nitric oxide, opioid, serotonin and glutamate pathways. Therefore, our results support the ethnopharmacological use of the Humirianthera ampla against inflammatory and painful process caused by snake venom.     

Anti-gastric ulcer effect of Kaempferia parviflora

Kaempferia parviflora is a Zingiberaceous plant, which has been reputed for its beneficial medicinal effects. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the Kaempferia parviflora ethanolic extract (KPE) for its anti-gastric ulcer activity by experimental models. Oral administration of the KPE at 30, 60 and 120 mg/kg significantly inhibited gastric ulcer formation induced by indomethacin, HCl/EtOH and water immersion restraint-stress in rats. In pylorus-ligated rats, pretreatment with the KPE had no effect on gastric volume, pH and acidity output. In ethanol-induced ulcerated rats, gastric wall mucus was significantly preserved by the KPE pretreatment at doses of 60 and 120 but not at 30 mg/kg. The findings indicate that the ethanolic extract of Kaempferia parviflora possesses gastroprotective potential which is related partly to preservation of gastric mucus secretion and unrelated to the inhibition of gastric acid secretion.     

Anti-diarrhoeal and ulcer-protective effects of the aqueous root extract of Guiera senegalensis in rodents

The anti-diarrhoeal and ulcer-protective properties of the aqueous root extract of Guiera senegalensis, a popular herbal traditional medicine in Nigeria were investigated in rats and mice. Acute toxicity studies were also carried out. The intestinal transit in mice was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced and gastric emptying delayed. One hundred and Two hundred milligrams per kilogram (p.o.) of the extract elicited a greater anti-motility activity than 0.1 mg/kg of atropine. The extract exhibited ulcer-protective properties against ethanol-induced ulceration in rats with maximal anti-ulcer activity recorded at 100 mg/kg. Guiera senegalensis also exerted significant anti-enteropooling effects causing a dose-related inhibitory effect on castor oil-induced enteropooling in rats. A profound anti-diarrhoeal activity was observed when Guiera senegalensis was tested in diarrhoeic mice. The frequency of defaecation as well as the wetness of the faecal droppings was significantly reduced. Furthermore, the extract produced 100% inhibition of castor oil-induced diarrhoea in mice. The oral LD50 values obtained were > 5000 mg/kg in both mice and rats. The results support the folkloric applications of Guiera senegalensis for the treatment of diarrhoea and ulcer in Nigerian herbal traditional medicine.     

The pharmacological properties of the ethanolic root extract of Combretum dolichopetalum

The pharmacological actions of the crude ethanolic extract and the active fractions of the roots of Combretum dolichopetalum were tested on guinea-pig isolated ileum and in intact rats. The extract relaxed guinea-pig ileum in a concentration-dependent manner. Two active fractions (R_f 0.96 and 0.84) which also relaxed the guinea-pig ileum were isolated using column chromatography and TLC respectively. Both the crude extract and the active fractions inhibited the contractions induced by acetylcholine and histamine concentration-dependently in the guinea-pig ileum. The crude extract inhibited ulcers and gastric secretions induced in rats by pyloric ligation together with histamine 100 mg/kg, i.p. (p<0.05). The extract also delayed gastric emptying in rats in a dose-dependent manner. The effects of the extract were compared with cimetidine at each stage of the study.     

Effects of an Atractylodes lancea rhizome extract and a volatile component β-eudesmol on gastrointestinal motility in mice

Aim of the study

The rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea DC (Compositae) are used clinically to treat gastrointestinal symptoms, including functional dyspepsia and gastroparesis, in China and Japan, but their influence and mechanism on gastrointestinal motility are not yet proven in detail.

Materials and methods

This study examined the effects of an Atractylodes lancea extract, and isolated β-eudesmol, on gastric emptying and small intestinal motility in atropine-, dopamine-, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-treated mice.

Results and conclusions

The extract (500 or 1000 mg/kg) and β-eudesmol (50 or 100 mg/kg), as well as itopride hydrochloride (a dopamine D₂ receptor antagonist, 10 or 50 mg/kg), stimulated small intestinal motility in normal mice. They inhibited reductions in gastric emptying and gastrointestinal motility induced by dopamine (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection, ip). The extract (1000 mg/kg) and β-eudesmol (100 mg/kg) inhibited the atropine-induced decrease in small intestinal motility, but not gastric emptying. Furthermore, the extract (500 or 1000 mg/kg) and β-eudesmol (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg) inhibited reductions in gastric emptying and small intestinal motility caused by 5-HT (4 mg/kg, ip) or the 5-HT₃ receptor agonist 1-(3-chlorophenyl) biguanide (0.5 mg/kg, ip), but not a 5-HT_2C receptor agonist. These findings suggest that the extract of Atractylodes lancea and β-eudesmol may stimulate gastric emptying or small intestinal motility by inhibiting the dopamine D₂ receptor and 5-HT₃ receptor.     

Evaluation of the antipeptic ulcer activity of the leaf extract of Plantago lanceolata L. in rodents

The effect of the leaf extract of Plantago lanceolata L. (Plantaginaceae) on gastric secretion and cytoprotection was evaluated using different models of gastroduodenal ulcer, including acetic acid induced chronic gastric ulcer, indomethacin induced gastric ulcer, cysteamine induced duodenal ulcer and pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcer. The aqueous extract was administered at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg and 140 mg/kg and 280 mg/kg for mice and rats, respectively, and compared with vehicle or the standard, ranitidine (50 or 70 mg/kg) or misopristol (280 μg/kg). In addition, activity of the mucilage (172 mg/kg) was also evaluated in acetic acid induced chronic gastric ulcer. Administration was done orally except in pylorus ligation, where the intraduodenal route was used. In all cases, higher doses of the extract provided better protection than lower doses and the mucilage, hinting at a dose‐dependent effect. Whilst higher doses of the extract showed a better healing of the ulcer as well as protection in indomethacin and pylorus ligation models, activities of lesser magnitude than ranitidine were noted in the cysteamine model. Together these findings indicate that higher doses used in the present study provided an overall better protection against gastroduodenal ulcers than the standard drugs employed through antisecretory and cytoprotective mechanisms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.