急性MCMV感染对小鼠脾Th1/Th2/Th17细胞亚群分化的影响

目的:在整体水平观察小鼠巨细胞病毒(MCMV)感染对小鼠脾Th1/Th2/Th17细胞亚群分化及其主要的效应性细胞因子(IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-17A)表达的影响.方法:建立MCMV感染模型,8只BALB/c小鼠分别于接种MCMV Smith株后3天和14天各处死4只;另设8只接种唾液腺匀浆的模拟感染小鼠作为对照.用空斑形成试验测定肝、脾和唾液腺组织病毒滴度;流式细胞术检测脾T淋巴细胞中Th1(CD4+ IFN-γ+)、Th2(CD4+ IL-4+)、Th17(CD4+IL-17A+)细胞比例,双抗体夹心ELISA法检测脾细胞培养上清中病毒特异性IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-17A水平.结果:MCMV感染早期肝、脾和唾液腺组织中病毒呈低水平复制,而感染后14天仅在唾液腺组织呈高水平复制;Th1细胞比例及病毒特异性IFN-γ主要在MCMV感染早期呈显著升高(P ＜0.01);Th2细胞及IL-4均无明显表达及改变;Th17细胞及病毒特异性IL-17A则主要在感染后14天升高(P＜0.05).结论:MCMV感染早期,机体通过上调Th1细胞分化比例及IFN-γ的表达发挥抗病毒效应,而MCMV诱导Th17细胞分化及IL-17A的高表达可能是MCMV感染致宿主特异性细胞免疫功能失调并逃避机体特异性细胞免疫攻击的原因之一.     

乙型肝炎疫苗联合B7-H1蛋白疫苗对HBV转基因小鼠抗HBsAg免疫应答的影响

目的:研究B7-H1蛋白疫苗对HBV转基因小鼠免疫应答的影响,探索治疗慢性乙型肝炎的新方法。方法:用不同剂量的乙型肝炎疫苗和B7-H1蛋白疫苗联合免疫HBV转基因小鼠,应用ELISA法检测转基因小鼠在不同时间点血清抗B7-H1抗体滴度,同时在免疫后第14周末处死小鼠取脾细胞,检测不同的免疫方法对小鼠脾细胞产生HBsAg特异性Th1类细胞因子(IFN-γ及IL-2)、对HBsAg特异性分泌IFN-γT细胞数量及对小鼠淋巴细胞增殖的影响。结果:成功完成小鼠的免疫计划,5周起血清中即能测到B7-H1抗体,同一时间点各组之间的抗体滴度值并无明显差异。加B7-H1蛋白免疫各组与相同剂量单用HBsAg蛋白免疫各组相比:IL-2均明显减低(P<0.05),分泌IFN-γT的T细胞数量下降,但脾淋巴细胞分泌IFN-γ的水平各组间无明显差异;MTT法测定的淋巴细胞增殖能力各组间也无明显变化。结论:B7-H1蛋白疫苗可诱导HBV转基因小鼠产生明显的抗B7-H1抗体应答,但不能增强抗HBsAg的免疫应答。较小剂量的HBsAg即可引起HBV转基因小鼠Th1类细胞因子(IFN-γ及IL-2)的分泌以及淋巴细胞增殖。     

IFN-γ上调Th17/IL-17应答介导衣原体呼吸道感染免疫保护

目的 探讨IFN-γ在小鼠沙眼衣原体感染中对Th17/IL-17应答的调节作用.方法 利用沙眼衣原体鼠肺炎株小鼠呼吸道感染模型,用抗鼠IFN-γ单克隆抗体吸入中和肺组织IFN-γ,对照组给予同等剂量的独特型抗体IgG2a,于感染后7 d处死小鼠.免疫酶法检测小鼠肺组织衣原体生长;利用RT-PCR技术检测衣原体感染小鼠肺组织中Th17相关因子IL-17及其上游因子IL-23 mRNA的表达;细胞内细胞因子染色检测衣原体感染小鼠脾脏IL-17-CD4+T细胞的扩增.结果 与对照组相比,IFN-γ抗体中和小鼠有严重的疾病状态,包括明显的体重下降、肺组织更高的衣原体负荷和肺组织更严重的病理损伤;肺组织IL-17和IL-23 mRNA的表达水平显著降低;脾脏IL-17-CD4+T细胞百分率也显著降低.结论 小鼠衣原体感染中,IFN-γ通过上调Th17/IL-17应答起保护作用.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the regulation of IFN-γ to Th17 response in Chlamydia muridarum (Cm) lung infection in mice. Methods A murine model of pneumonia induced by intranasal inoculation of Cm was used for this study. Anti-mouse IFN-γ McAbs were used to neutralize endogenous IFN-γfollowing Cm lung infection. Control group received the same dose of isotype antibody (IgG2a). Mice were sacrificed at day 7 postinfection. Chlamydial growth in the lung was assessed by immunoenzyme technique.IL-17 and IL-23 mRNA expression in the lung was assayed by RT-PCR and the proliferation of IL-17 + CD4 +T cells in the spleen was assayed by intracellular cytokine staining. Results IFN-γ-neutralized mice exhibited serious disease course, include greater body weight loss, higher organism growth and much more severe pathological changes in the lung compared with control mice. The mRNA expression of IL-17 and IL-23 in the lung and the proliferation of IL-17 + CD4 + T cells in the spleen significantly decreased in the IL-17- neutralized mice. Conclusion IFN-γ was protective in Cm lung infection through up-regulating the antigen specific Th17 responses.     

加味宣肺透解剂对流感病毒感染小鼠细胞因子的影响

目的：观察加味宣肺透解剂（JXT）对流感病毒感染小鼠细胞因子的影响。方法：复制流感病毒鼠肺适应株（FM1）小鼠肺炎模型，以加味宣肺透解剂灌胃治疗。ELISA法检测感染后第5天血清中IL-2、TNF-α、IL-6、IFN-γ的含量，肺组织切片HE染色。结果：加味宣肺透解剂明显升高血清中IL-2、IFN-γ水平，降低TNF-α、IL-6水平，减轻肺组织病变。结论：调节细胞因子的分泌，可能是加味宣肺透解剂减轻病毒感染小鼠肺组织损伤的机制之一。     

SARS-CoV感染布氏田鼠、Lewis大鼠和恒河猴引起的病理变化

目的研究SARS-CoV感染布氏田鼠、Lewis大鼠和恒河猴后引起的病理学、免疫学变化及病毒复制与外排情况变化特点及作为动物模型的可行性。方法SARS病毒感染布氏田鼠、Lewis大鼠和恒河猴,用病毒分离和RT-PCR方法检测病毒复制与外排;用ELISA检测特异性抗体;用光学显微镜对动物的各脏器进行病理观察研究。结果在SARS-CoV感染的3种动物肺组织均出现与人类SARS疾病相似的病理改变,均可检测到病毒核酸和特异性IgG抗体的存在。结论恒河猴、Lewis大鼠和布氏田鼠感染SARS-CoV后,均能在一定程度上再现人类SARS患者的病理特征,其中恒河猴的病理改变更近似于人类患者,故以恒河猴为模型可能对研究SARS发病机制和疫苗评价更为理想。     

SARS康复者M抗原特异性记忆性T细胞免疫应答的探讨

目的探讨SARS患者康复后,外周血单个核细胞（PBMCs）中是否存在SARS-CoV M抗原特异性T细胞。方法从完全康复期SAILS患者和健康人外周血中分离PBMCs,体外经M混合多肽刺激后,采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）、酶联免疫斑点试验（ELISpot）及流式细胞仪检测技术,分析抗原特异性T淋巴细胞的反应性。结果在未经任何抗原刺激的情况下,PBMCs几乎不分泌IFN-γ。当SARS-CoV M混合多肽刺激后,SARS康复期患者的PBMCs分泌大量的IFN-γ,并可检测出高频率的IFN-γ产生细胞。与健康刺激组及康复期SAILS患者未刺激组相比,差异显著（P〈0．05）。流式结果显示,SAILS康复期患者PBMCs经M多肽刺激后,分别有0．11％CD4^＋和0．16％CD8^＋T淋巴细胞分泌IFN-γ。根据IFN-γ和IL-2的表达与否,可将CD4^＋T细胞分为三个亚群：IFN-γ^-IL-2^＋、IFN-γ^＋IL-2^＋和IFN-γ^＋IL-2^-。结论SARS-CoV感染后,机体可以产生针对SARS-CoV M蛋白的抗原特异性细胞免疫反应,其免疫记忆可以在体内维持很长时间。     

抗原85B-6kDa早期分泌靶抗原(Ag85B-ESAT-6)亚单位疫苗黏膜免疫对结核分枝杆菌的免疫应答

目的 评价抗原85B-6kDa早期分泌靶抗原融合蛋白(AE)亚单位疫苗经黏膜免疫小鼠诱导的免疫应答及其对结核分枝杆菌(MTB)感染的保护力。方法 分别用AE、 AE联合环二腺苷酸(c-di-AMP)亚单位疫苗经鼻黏膜免疫小鼠,ELISA检测抗体水平以及1型辅助T(Th1)细胞的细胞因子γ干扰素(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素2(IL-2)和Th2细胞的IL-10分泌水平,实时荧光定量PCR检测IFN-γ、 IL-2、 IL-10和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的mRNA水平。MTB静脉感染免疫小鼠,ELISA检测感染小鼠血清抗体及脾细胞细胞因子分泌水平,HE染色分析肺病理改变,平板法计数菌落形成单位(CFU)检测脾和肺荷菌数。结果 AE和AE联合c-di-AMP经鼻黏膜免疫可诱导小鼠产生高水平的特异性抗体,促进脾细胞增殖、脾和肺脏Th1/Th2型细胞因子和TNF-α转录增加、脾Th1/Th2型细胞因子分泌增加。小鼠MTB感染后,与对照组相比,AE和AE联合c-di-AMP免疫小鼠特异性抗体水平仍升高,Th1/Th2型细胞免疫应答增强,肺组织呈炎症反应,肺、脾荷菌数显著降低,且AE联合c-di-...     

SARS-CoV S DNA疫苗诱导特异性T细胞及相关细胞因子的特性研究

目的 小鼠经皮下SARS-CoV S DNA疫苗免疫后，研究其特异性T细胞及相关细胞因子的特性。方法SARS-CoV S DNA疫苗免疫BALB／c小鼠后，获取淋巴细胞悬液。经S抗原多肽刺激后，采用ELISA检测细胞培养上清液中IFN-γ／的水平，利用流式细胞仪在单个细胞水平上检测IFN-γ和IL-2的表达及其关系。结果 当S混合多肽刺激后，DNA疫苗免疫小鼠的淋巴细胞产生大量的IFN-γ，与对照鼠相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。细胞亚群分析的结果表明，IFN-γ^＋和IL-2^＋的CD4^＋T细胞百分率明显高于CD8^＋T细胞。单独产生IL-2的细胞占大多数，其次为IFN-γ和IL-2双阳性细胞，只产生IFN-γ的细胞很少。结论 SARS-CoV S DNA疫苗免疫小鼠后可以诱导抗原特异性CD4^＋和CD8^＋T细胞的产生。     

γ-干扰素抗体对早期流产大鼠γ-干扰素、白细胞介素-2、白细胞介素-4的表达及滋养层细胞凋亡的影响

目的:探讨γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)抗体对孕鼠早期流产的影响及其机制.方法:实验孕鼠随机分成流产模型组、IFN-γ抗体组、流产模型+ IFN-γ抗体组及正常对照组.酶联免疫吸附法测定各组大鼠血清IFN-γ、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素4(IL-4)水平,免疫组织化学检测子宫蜕膜组织中Bcl-2和Bax蛋白的表达,Hoechst 33342荧光染色检测滋养层细胞凋亡情况.结果:血清测定数据显示,流产模型组IFN-γ、IL-2水平高于正常对照组,IL-4水平低于正常对照组;流产模型+IFN-γ抗体组IFN-γ、IL-2水平低于流产模型组,高于IFN-γ抗体组;IL-4水平高于流产模型组,低于IFN-γ抗体组.免疫组织化学Bcl-2和Bax蛋白阳性产物光密度值比值(Bax/Bcl-2)流产模型+IFN-γ抗体组低于流产模型组.结论:大鼠血清中3种细胞因子IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-4表达的改变及滋养层细胞凋亡可能是流产发生的重要因素.应用IFN-γ抗体可降低孕鼠IFN-γ、IL-2水平,升高IL-4水平,抑制滋养层细胞的凋亡,从而使流产率降低.     

白三烯受体拮抗剂下调OX40L调控Th9细胞因子改善过敏性哮喘小鼠气道重塑和炎症

目的 探讨白三烯受体拮抗剂对过敏性哮喘小鼠气道重塑的改善作用及可能机制.方法 30只SPF级BALB/c小鼠随机分成对照组、模型组及孟鲁司特组,每组10只.HE染色观察肺组织形态学变化;Masson染色观察肺组织气道纤维化;ELISA检测支气管肺泡灌洗液IL-4、IFN-γ、IL-9和OVA特异IgE含量;Western blot检测肺组织OX40L蛋白表达;Western blot和qRT-PCR检测肺组织TRAF6、IL-9和IL-9R蛋白及mRNA表达.结果 与对照组相比,模型组小鼠肺组织形态学病理变化明显,纤维化增加,支气管肺泡灌洗液IL-4、IL-9和OVA特异IgE含量增加,IFN-γ含量降低,OX40L、TRAF6、IL-9和IL-9R表达水平升高.孟鲁司特改善肺组织形态,降低肺组织气道纤维化,降低支气管肺泡灌洗液IL-4、IL-9和OVA特异IgE含量,增加IFN-γ含量,降低OX40L、TRAF6、IL-9和IL-9R表达水平.结论 白三烯受体拮抗剂改善过敏性哮喘小鼠气道重塑和炎症,其作用机制可能与调节OX40L和Th9细胞相关因子表达有关.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.