阿尔茨海默病与血管性痴呆的鉴别诊断

目的：观察阿尔茨海默病(AD)与血管性痴呆(VD)的临床特点，为痴呆提供诊断和鉴别诊断。方法：根据DSM—Ⅳ标准，对28例AD和42例VD病人的认知功能、情感反应、行为异常及疾病发展和头颅CT进行对比研究。结果：①AD认知功能减退常为全面广泛性，VD以记忆力减退和计算力减迟为主；②AD的非认知功能常受影响，VD的非认知功能较少受损；③AD发病隐，VD起病急骤；④AD病人无明显的局灶体征，VD病人多有局灶体征；⑤AD病人头颅CT、MRI示广泛皮质萎缩，VD多为局灶异常。结论：由于两种疾病的发病机制不同，其临床表现有相同之处，亦有区别，根据量表和影像学可以对这两种常见的老年期痴呆做出诊断和鉴别诊断。     

非痴呆型血管性认知功能障碍的研究进展

随着老龄化社会进程的加快,罹患认知功能障碍的老年人越来越多,认知功能障碍已成为影响中老年人健康和生活质量的重要疾病。血管性认知功能障碍(VCI)是在重新认识和批判血管性痴呆(VaD)的基础上提出来的,目的在于对其早期干预。而非痴呆型血管性认知功能障碍(VCIND)恰好处于VCI的早期。早期干预可延缓患者认知功能的衰退及精神和行为症状的发展,有助于维持患者基本的认知功能,提高日常生活能力,减少患者住院日,以便节约医疗资源。本研究就非痴呆性血管性认知功能障碍的概念、危险因素、流行病学、临床特点及治疗等方面进行综述。     

糖尿病对血管性痴呆认知功能的影响

目的探讨糖尿病对血管性痴呆认知功能的影响。方法选取2013年6月—2014年6月该院收治的141例并发糖尿病的血管性痴呆患者为研究对象,根据糖尿病病程长短将其分成临床1组(47例,病程10年)、临床2组(47例,5年≤病程≤10年)、临床3组(47例,病程5年),经神经心理测量表对全部病例的认知功能进行评价,并予以对比研究。结果 1认知能力。临床1组与临床2组的认知能力均显著低于临床3组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);临床1组的认知能力低于临床2组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。2日常生活能力。三组ADL(日常生活能力)总分相当,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。3倒背及顺背能力。三组倒背及顺背能力相当,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论血管性痴呆并发糖尿病患者随着糖尿病病程的推移,其认知能力呈递减趋势,当加强治疗,以降低糖尿病对患者认知功能的不良影响。     

非痴呆型血管性认知功能障碍患者血清瘦素水平与执行功能的关系

目的探讨非痴呆型血管性认知功能障碍(VCIND)患者血清瘦素水平与执行功能的关系。方法采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)、威斯康星卡片分类测验(WCST)分别评定45例VCIND患者及46例具有相同危险因素而无认知功能障碍患者的注意抑制、工作记忆、认知灵活性、计划性和定势转移等多项执行功能,并应用放射免疫方法测定所有受试者的血清瘦素水平。结果两组受试一般资料无显著性差异,但对照组相比,VCIND研究组瘦素水平明显降低(P<0.01),而且MoCA总分下降(P<0.01),在WCST中持续错误次数增多(P<0.01),分类数减少(P<0.05)。瘦素水平与MoCA成绩呈正相关(P<0.01),与WCST错误反应数(P<0.05),持续错误反应次数(P<0.01)呈负相关,与分类数呈正相关(P<0.01)。结论 VCIND患者血清瘦素水平降低,而且在工作记忆、持续性注意和反应抑制、认知灵活性、思维组织性、计划性和定势转移等执行功能方面存在障碍;VCIND患者执行功能障碍与血清Leptin水平下降有关。     

不同治疗方法对血管性痴呆患者认知功能的影响

目的 观察电刺激小脑顶核(FNS)、奥拉西坦、尼莫地平对血管性痴呆(VD)患者认知功能的影响.方法 将90例VD患者随机分为FNS组、奥拉西坦组和尼莫地平组各30例.在常规药物治疗的基础上,FNS组采用电刺激小脑顶核,奥拉西坦组口服奥拉西坦,尼莫地平组口服尼莫地平治疗.观察3组患者治疗前后简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)总分及亚项评分的变化,并进行比较.结果 FNS组与奥拉西坦组治疗后MMSE总分较前明显增高(P＜0.01),但二组间治疗效果的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).其中FNS组定向力、计算能力、短程记忆力、空间能力4个亚项治疗后评分增高(P＜0.05);奥拉西坦组定向力和短程记忆力治疗后评分增高(P＜0.05);奥拉西坦组短程记忆力评分的改善优于FNS组(P＜0.05),而定向力的改善与FNS组无明显差异(P＞0.05).尼莫地平组治疗前后MMSE总分及各亚项评分无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论 电刺激小脑顶核、奥拉西坦均能够提高VD患者的认知功能.FNS对VD认知功能各领域的改善较为全面,奥拉西坦则在定向力和短程记忆力,尤其是短程记忆力方面的改善更为显著,而尼莫地平在研究期间未显示出对认知功能的改善.     

非痴呆型血管性认知功能障碍与甲状腺激素的关系

目的探讨非痴呆型血管性认知功能障碍(VCIND)与甲状腺激素的关系。方法对40例VCIND患者和38例具有脑血管病危险因素(高血压、糖尿病、高血脂等)或明显(脑梗死和脑出血等)或不明显(白质疏松和慢性脑缺血等)脑血管病的非认知功能障碍患者(对照组)观察,进行总三碘甲状腺原氨酸(TT3)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、总甲状腺素(TT4)、游离甲状腺素(FT4)、促甲状腺素(TSH)测定,及简明精神状态检查量表(MMSE)、Hachinski缺血指数量表(HIS)、临床痴呆评定量表(CDR),并进行组间对比研究。结果 VCIND组TT4、FT4水平明显低于对照组(P<0.05),而TT3、FT3及TSH两组之间无统计学意义。结论甲状腺素(T4)水平可能是非痴呆型血管性认知功能障碍的影响因素,VCIND组患者的T4水平显著低于非认知功能障碍组。     

阿尔茨海默病与血管性痴呆的共性研究进展

近年来,大量资料显示:血管性危险因素在血管性痴呆和阿尔茨海默病的发病中均扮演着重要角色,所以有理论认为阿尔茨海默病与血管性痴呆可能并非两个独立疾患。阿尔茨海默病与血管性痴呆的共性研究已经在危险因素、发病机制、病理生理、影像学改变等各个方面广泛地开展。本文对阿尔茨海默病和血管性痴呆在危险因素、影像学改变及早期预防等方面的部分研究的新进展进行综述。     

言语流畅性测验预测非痴呆型血管性认知损害转归的研究

目的研究言语流畅性测验(VFT)对非痴呆型血管性认知损害(VCIND)是否进展的诊断价值。方法应用VFT、简明精神状态量表(Mini-Mental Status Examination,MMSE)对41例VCIND患者进行4年随访检测,根据临床痴呆量表(Clinical Dementia Rating,CDR)分为三组,分别为好转组、无变化组和进展组。结果好转组的言语流畅性测验基线得分为动物(13.46±3.23)分,水果(10.15±3.21)分,蔬菜(10.46±3.28)分,随访得分为动物(13.91±5.52)分,水果(10.22±2.67)分,蔬菜(9.56±2.70)分,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);进展组的言语流畅性测验基线得分为动物(12.83±2.89)分,水果(9.50±2.94)分,蔬菜(9.25±3.31)分,随访得分为动物(11.08±2.11)分,水果(7.54±1.92)分,蔬菜(7.31±2.09)分,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论言语流畅性测验预测非痴呆型血管性认知损害的转归,其敏感性不理想。     

电针治疗老年非痴呆血管性认知损害的随机对照试验

目的 探究电针治疗老年非痴呆血管性认知损害(VCI-ND)的有效性和安全性.方法 2018年1月-2019年6月,收集上海中医药大学附属市中医医院门诊就诊的老年VCI-ND患者70例,随机分为观察组和对照组.观察组取百会、印堂、四神聪、神庭、脑户、人中、风池(双侧)、神门(双侧)、内关(双侧)及三阴交(双侧),电针治疗...     

对阿尔茨海默病与血管性痴呆的临床探讨

目的探讨阿尔茨海默病(AD)与血管性痴呆(VaD)的临床及影像学特点，旨在为基层医师提供诊治依据。方法根据DSM-IVAD及VaD的诊断标准以及CDR的临床痴呆分级标准，对神经内科12例AD及10例VaD患者的临床特点及影像学进行分析(主要为MRI)。结果AD与VaD的临床特点及影像学存在着明显差异。结论AD与VaD的临床特点及影像学明显不同，可以为基层医师提供诊断及治疗依据。     

剑桥认知检查(CAMCOG)对血管性痴呆与阿尔茨海默病的神经心理学鉴别

目的 验证剑桥认知检查(CAMCOG)对血管性痴呆(VaD)与阿尔茨海默病(AD)是否具有神经心理学鉴别功能。方法 所有入选病例皆符合很可能／可能AD或VaD的诊断标准。325例中，246例AD患 者和79例VaD患者接受了CAMCOG检查。性别和其他因素比率分析用卡方检验，所有其他参数的比较分析用t检验，组间分类用逐步辨别分析方法。结果 AD组CAMCOG平均总积分低于VaD组7分以上，其中定向力、语言、记忆和视觉积分与VaD组相比具有显著性差异。这些分项积分和CAMCOG总积分对组间辨别功能具有显著贡献，对AD或VaD诊断预测的总成功率达到70％．结论 在CAMCOG区城内，AD患者和VaD患者的神经心理学表现具有显著性差异，但这种鉴别方法目前还不适宜于临床使用。     

Incidence of dementia,Alzheimer's disease,and vascular dementia in Italy. The ILSA Study

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the incidence of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD) in older Italians and evaluate the relationship of age, gender, and education to developing dementia. DESIGN: Cohort incidence study in the context of the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging. SETTING: Population sample from eight Italian municipalities. PARTICIPANTS: A dementia-free cohort of 3,208 individuals (aged 65-84), individuated after a baseline evaluation performed in 1992 / 93, aimed at detecting prevalent cases. MEASUREMENTS: The dementia-free cohort was reexamined in 1995 to identify incident cases. The Mini-Mental State Examination (cutoff 23 / 24) was employed to screen for dementia. Trained neurologists evaluated the individuals who screened positive. Final diagnoses had to meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised criteria for dementia, National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria for AD, and International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision criteria for VaD. RESULTS: Before the follow-up examination, 382 individuals had died (232 had reliable information). Of the 2,826 survivors, 2,266 completed the study. Overall, 127 new dementia cases were identified. Average incidence rates per 1,000 person-years were 12.47 (95% confidence interval (CI)=10.23-14.72) for dementia, 6.55 (95% CI=4.92-8.17) for AD, and 3.30 (95% CI=2.14-4.45) for VaD. Both AD and VaD showed age-dependent patterns. Education was protective against dementia and AD. Women carried a significantly higher risk of developing AD (hazard ratio=1.67, 95% CI=1.02-2.75), and men of developing VaD (hazard ratio=2.23, 95% CI=1.06-4.71). CONCLUSIONS: Incidence of dementia in Italy paralleled that in most industrialized countries. About 150,000 new cases per year are expected. A significant gender effect was evidenced for major dementia subtypes. The burden of VaD, especially in men, offers opportunities for prevention.     

Mid-life and late-life vascular risk factors and dementia in Korean men and women

Dementia is one of the most important neurological disorders in the elderly population. The significance of vascular risk factors for dementia remains controversial. This study aimed to determine the effects of vascular risk factors, such as blood pressure, diabetes and smoking in the mid-life or the late-life on dementia risk. The data in this prospective cohort study came from 3252 dementia events occurring over 14 years among 848,505 Koreans aged 40-95 years insured by the National Health Insurance Corporation who had a biennial medical evaluation during 1992-1995. Data on clinical dementia during the period 1993-2006 were examined in relation to vascular risk factors. The age adjusted incidence per 100,000 was 31.9 for men and 45.0 for women, respectively. In multivariate Cox proportional hazard models, diabetes increased the risk of either dementia in Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia in men and women, controlling for age, hypertension, total cholesterol, alcohol drinking, and smoking. Hypertension also increased vascular dementia in both men [Hazard ratio (HR) = 2.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.7-3.8] and women (HR = 2.3, 95%CI = 1.6-3.3). The association of hypertension or diabetes on risk of vascular dementia, however, among the group aged older than 65 was attenuated but remained as significant in men. There was no interaction between hypertension and diabetes on the risk of dementia. This study demonstrates that diabetes and hypertension increased the risk of vascular dementia. Treatment for these risk factors may reduce the risk of vascular dementia.     

血管紧张素转换酶及其基因多态性与血管性痴呆和阿尔茨海默病的关系研究

目的探讨血清血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)活性及ACE基因插入/缺失(I/D)多态性与血管性痴呆(VD)和阿尔茨海默病(AD)的关系。方法应用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测2002年7月至2004年5月南京医科大学附属脑科医院和江苏大学附属第四医院62例VD、39例AD患者以及50名健康对照者ACE基因I/D多态性;对其中56例VD、33例AD患者和46名健康对照者以毛细管电泳法测定血清ACE活性,并进行统计学比较。结果VD组和AD组血清ACE活性与正常对照组相比差异无显著性意义;未发现ACE基因I/D多态性与VD的相关性;AD组I等位基因频率高于对照组,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论ACE基因I/D多态性与VD无相关性,ACEI等位基因可能是AD发病的危险因素。     

Relationship between serum insulin-like growth factor-1 levels and Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether decreased serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels could be a risk factor for dementia in older people. DESIGN: Case control study. SETTING: Showa University Karasuyama Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 436 Japanese elderly subjects: 106 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), 103 patients with vascular dementia (VaD), and 227 age-matched controls without dementia. MEASUREMENTS: Serum concentrations of IGF-1 and atherogenic lipoproteins, carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT), and plaques were determined. RESULTS: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores were positively correlated with serum IGF-1 concentrations as well as mean blood pressure or body mass index and were negatively correlated with age, serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lipoprotein(a) concentrations, and carotid IMT. Serum IGF-1 concentrations had a significant inverse correlation with carotid IMT. Analysis across the IGF-1 quartiles revealed a threshold effect of low IGF-1 on MMSE score in subjects with the IGF-1 levels of 140 ng/mL or less (50% percentile) versus those with IGF-1 levels greater than 140 ng/mL. Multiple logistic regression concerning AD and VaD retained serum IGF-1 concentrations of 140 ng/mL or less and carotid IMT of 0.9 mm or more. Patients with AD and VaD had significantly lower IGF-1 concentrations and greater mean IMT than nondemented controls. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that decreased serum IGF-1 level and the progression of carotid atherosclerosis could play a role as independent risk factors for dementia.     

言语流畅性测验用于帕金森病痴呆与阿尔茨海默病早期诊断的价值研究

约40%的帕金森病患者在疾病过程中会发展成痴呆,称帕金森病痴呆(PDD),相对于其他认知领域的损害,PDD的执行功能破坏尤其严重。阿尔茨海默病(AD)是老年期常见的痴呆。本研究应用3项言语流畅性测验,评估帕金森病痴呆与阿尔茨海默病患者的言语流畅性损害状况、归纳出对AD、PDD早期诊断和鉴别诊断有价值的流畅性指标,并对流畅性测验内部加工机制进行探讨分析。     

Lipids' peroxidation markers in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia

Aim: Although a large body of evidence supports a role of oxidative stress in the etiopathogenesis of dementia, there is still a substantial lack of data regarding the biomarkers of oxidative stress characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD) as opposed to different types of dementia. In this study, the level of various oxidative stress parameters were measured in AD, vascular dementia (VaD), and age‐ and sex‐matched control patients. The AD and VaD patients all had similar levels of cognitive impairment as measured by the Mini‐Mental State Examination. Methods: Thirty AD, 19 VaD and 29 controls patients were recruited to the study. Plasma levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total sulfhydryl (T‐SH), calcium (Ca⁺⁺) and magnesium (Mg⁺⁺) were measured. Results: In both AD and VaD groups, the levels of oxidative stress parameters were higher compared with controls. Further, the VaD patients expressed significantly higher levels of plasma parameters of oxidative stress than AD. The difference was noted in MDA, the marker of lipid peroxidation, whereas in VaD the level of MDA was more than 2.8‐fold higher than that registered in AD patients. Conclusion: Vascular dementia in patients is characteristic of increased levels of oxidative stress, especially lipid peroxidation markers. This finding is relevant to determining the pathophysiology of dementia, particularly in the light of the recently suggested importance of the vascular component in dementia development, in addition to aiding in the diagnosis of VaD following clinical presentation. The study will be continued to compare the character and level of decline in both groups.     

老年痴呆患者血清及脑脊液载脂蛋白E含量的变化

目的评价Ａｌｚｈｅｉｍｅｒ病（ＡＤ）及多梗塞性痴呆（ＭＩＤ）患者血清及脑脊液（ＣＳＦ）中载脂蛋白Ｅ（ａｐｏＥ）含量变化的临床意义。方法用圆周免疫扩散法测定ＡＤ１４例、ＭＩＤ１８例及对照组１８例的血清ａｐｏＥ含量，同时测定部分患者ＣＳＦ中ａｐｏＥ含量，作对比分析。结果ＣＳＦ中ａｐｏＥ含量，ＡＤ组为０．３４±０．１０ｇ／Ｌ，明显低于对照组的０．５２±０．１６ｇ／Ｌ（Ｐ＜０．０５），ＡＤ组与ＭＩＤ组（０．４３±０．０８ｇ／Ｌ）、ＭＩＤ组与对照组间差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）；血清中ａｐｏＥ在３组间差异无显著性（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论ＣＳＦ中ａｐｏＥ含量降低对ＡＤ的诊断及鉴别诊断可能有重要意义。     

血浆重金属浓度与阿尔茨海默病和血管性痴呆的关系

目的 探讨重金属在阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)和血管性痴呆(vascular dementia,VaD)发病过程中的作用,分析AD患者认知功能障碍与血浆重金属含量的关系.方法 纳入50例AD患者、20例VaD患者和20例正常对照者,AD患者按临床痴呆分级量表(Clinical Dementia Rating,CDR)分为轻度痴呆组(CDR=1分)和中重度痴呆组(CDR=2～3分).所有观察对象均行简易智能状态量表(Mini-Mental State Examination,MMSE)、Hachinski缺血指数评分和CDR评分,同时抽取空腹静脉血检测重金属(Cu、Ca、Fe、Me、Zn、Hg、Cr、Co、Se和Pb)的浓度.结果 与对照组比较,轻度AD组和中重度AD组血浆Cu浓度显著增高[分别为(0.66±0.21)、(0.84±1.11)和(0.85±1.12)ng/g,P＜0.05],轻度AD组与中重度AD组之间无显著差异.对照组Pb浓度显著低于中重度AD组[(22.79±3.94)ng/g对(40.82±16.96)ng/g,P＜0.05],而对照组与轻度AD组以及轻度AD组与中重度AD组之间均无显著差异.AD组血浆Cu浓度[(0.84±1.25)ne/g对(0.66 ±0.21)ng/g,P＜0.05]和Pb浓度[(32.42±14.12)ne/g对(22.79±3.94)ng/g,P＜0.05]均显著高于对照组,而VaD组与对照组之间金属浓度均无显著差异,VaD组和AD组之间的金属浓度亦无显著差异.结论 部分重金属,如Cu和Pb可能参与了AD的发病过程,但重金属浓度与VaD的发病关系不大,AD患者的认知障碍程度与血浆金属浓度无显著相关性.     

Dementia and Alzheimer's disease incidence in relationship to cardiovascular disease in the Cardiovascular Health Study cohort

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease (PAD), or noninvasive markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD) predict the onset of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: Four U.S. communities. PARTICIPANTS: Men and women (N=3,602) with a brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan but no dementia were followed for 5.4 years. Participants with stroke were excluded. MEASUREMENTS: Neurologists and psychiatrists classified incident cases of dementia and subtype using neuropsychological tests, examination, medical records and informant interviews. CVD was defined at the time of the MRI scan. Noninvasive tests of CVD were assessed within 1 year of the MRI. Apolipoprotein E allele status, age, race, sex, education, Mini-Mental State Examination score, and income were assessed as potential confounders. RESULTS: The incidence of dementia was higher in those with prevalent CVD, particularly in the subgroup with PAD. The rate of AD was 34.4 per 1,000 person-years for those with a history of CVD, versus 22.2 per 1,000 person-years without a history of CVD (adjusted hazard ratio (HR)=1.3, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.0-1.7). Rates of AD were highest in those with PAD (57.4 vs 23.7 per 100 person-years, adjusted HR=2.4, 95% CI=1.4-4.2). Results were similar with further exclusion of those with vascular dementia from the AD group. A gradient of increasing risk was noted with the extent of vascular disease. CONCLUSION: Older adults with CVD other than stroke had a higher risk of dementia and AD than did those without CVD. The risk was highest in people with PAD, suggesting that extensive peripheral atherosclerosis is a risk factor for AD.