丧偶老年人主观幸福感及其影响因素

目的:探讨丧偶老年人主观幸福感及其影响因素.方法:本研究为横断面调查.以性别为分层标准,采用等距抽样法随机抽取西安市社区丧偶1年及以上的老人292名,男性149例,女性143例;年龄60～86岁.采用纽芬兰纪念大学幸福度量表、康奈尔医学指数(Cornell Medical Index, CMI)、应对方式问卷、社会支持评定量表及自编调查表进行测查,进行方差分析和结构方程模型分析.结果:男性丧偶老人主观幸福感高于女性丧偶老人[(25.5±5.7)vs.(22.8±6.9),P<0.01].CMI总分、解决问题、退避、支持利用度、主观支持对老年人主观幸福感具有直接影响(权重分别为:-0.358,0.567,-0.469,0.320,0.152);解决问题、自责、求助、支持利用度、主观支持对老年人主观幸福感具有间接影响(权重分别为:0.124,-0.087,0.091,0.049,0.098).结构方程模型显示,解决问题对主观幸福感的正性影响最大,其次是支持利用度和主观支持(权重分别为:0.691,0.369,0.250);退避对主观幸福感具有最大负性影响(权重为:-0.469).结论:本研究提示缺乏社会支持是丧偶老年人低主观幸福感的危险因素,合理的应对方式对提高个体主观幸福感具有积极意义.     

贫困地区老年人幸福感指数及其影响因素

目的:探讨贫困地区老年人的幸福感指数及其影响因素.方法:以360名湖南省贫困地区老年人为研究对象,以自编老年人一般资料调查表和幸福感指数量表为测量工具,进行Logistic回归分析和路径分析等.结果:360位老年人平均幸福感指数9.9±2.8;经t检验和方差分析有统计学意义(P＜0.05)的指标中有受教育程度(B=0.870)、经济收入(p=0.402)、兴趣爱好(β=0.833)和社会支持(β=0.774.)进入Logistic回归分析方程(x2=40.277,P=0.000);路径分析显示直接影响幸福感指数的指标为经济收入(β=0.262)和兴趣爱好(β=0.099),年龄、受教育程度、性别通过影响收入、兴趣爱好而间接地影响幸福感指数.结论:在湖南贫困地区,经济收入与老年人幸福感直接相关,幸福感最突出的表现是有兴趣爱好.     

大学生生命意义感与父母教养方式、应对方式、幸福感指数的相关性

目的探讨大学生生命意义感与父母教养方式、应对方式、幸福感指数的关系。方法采用生命意义感量表(PIL)、简式父母教养方式问卷(S-EMBU)、简易应对方式量表(SCSS)、幸福感指数量表(Index of Well-Being),对569名大学生团体施测。结果 1大学生生命意义感与父母情感温暖、积极应对、幸福感指数正相关(r=0.401,0.416,0.404,0.661;P0.01);2多元逐步回归分析表明,幸福感指数、母亲情感温暖、积极应对正向预测大学生生命意义感(R2=0.542,P0.001);3幸福感指数、积极应对方式分别在母亲情感温暖与大学生生命意义感间起部分中介作用。结论母亲情感温暖不仅直接预测生命意义感,还通过幸福感指数、积极应对方式间接预测生命意义感。     

体育锻炼对老年人精神幸福感的影响：心理弹性的中介作用

目的:考察体育锻炼对老年人精神幸福感的影响以及心理弹性的中介作用。方法:采用体育锻炼等级量表、精神幸福指数量表、心理弹性问卷,对557名社区老年人进行问卷调查。结果:体育锻炼与精神幸福感呈正相关(r=0.382,P0.001),心理弹性与精神幸福感呈正相关(r=0.353,P0.001),体育锻炼与心理弹性呈正相关(r=0.360,P0.001);心理弹性在体育锻炼与老年人精神幸福感之间起部分中介作用,其间接效应占总效应的32.18%。结论:体育锻炼可直接对老年人精神幸福感产生影响,还通过心理弹性对精神幸福感起间接作用。     

浙江省农村初中生学校幸福感现状

目的 研究浙江省农村初中生学校幸福感的总体特征,比较不同亚群初中生学校幸福感的差异.方法 采用随机取样的方法对403名农村初中生进行问卷测查.结果 ①农村初中生的总体学校幸福感明显偏向于积极良好的一面(P＜0.001);②在三年的学习生活中,初中学生学校幸福感指数呈明显的下降趋势;③农村初中男生的学校幸福感指数显著低于女生(t=-4.673,P＜0.001);④独生子女与非独生子女的学校幸福感指数无显著区别.结论 浙江省农村初中生幸福感指数总体倾向积极良好,其中不同年级和性别存在着明显的学校幸福感差异,而是否独生子女则不影响学校幸福感.     

三维透视城市老年人社会角色对其主观幸福感的影响

目的 探讨城市老年人社会角色对其主观幸福感的影响.方法 从"现任、看重、满意"三维视角调查了辽宁省大连市、丹东市、朝阳市219名老年人的社会角色及其主观幸福感.结果 老年人的满意角色数对主观幸福感具有较好的预测力(标准化回归系数为0.362);老年人在父/母、兄/弟、姐/妹、爷爷/奶奶和夫/妻角色上的满意可以增进其主观幸福感;那些"现在是而且看重也满意"自己作为父/母、爷爷/奶奶、夫/妻角色的老年人主观幸福感最高.孤寡老人的主观幸福感最低.结论 老有所为、家庭和谐、亲情密切对于老年人的主观幸福感具有增进效果.     

黄石地区老年人幸福度调查分析

目的 探讨老年人幸福度的影响因素.方法 采用纽芬兰主观幸福度(MUNSH)和Olson婚姻质量问卷(Enrich),对黄石地区978名60岁及以上老年人进行主观幸福感的调查.结果 高学历老年人MUNSH总均分为36.79士8.47 分,中等学历MUNSH总均分为25.08士8.40 分,低学历老年人MUNSH总均分30.03士8.30 分.结论 高学历老年人群婚姻满意度较高,主观幸福感较强,是一组心理健康水平良好的老年人群.中等学历老年人群婚姻满意度主观幸福感较低.低学历老年人群婚姻满意度主观幸福感一般.     

研究生学业成败归因特点及其与主观幸福感的关系研究

目的考察研究生内隐、外显幸福感及学业成败归因特点,进而探讨研究生学业成败归因与内隐、外显幸福感间的关系。方法采用《多维多向归因量袁》（MMCS）、《幸福感指数量表）（Index of well-being）以及内隐联想测验（IAT）对64名研究生进行测验。结果①外显、内隐幸福感是相对独立的结构;②研究生外显、内隐幸福感均无显著性别差异;③在进行学业成败归因时具有显著性别差异,男生较女生更容易进行内归因;④当学业失败时,外显幸福感高的人更倾向归因于情境因素（r=0．25）;内隐幸福感中情感体验消极的人更倾向归因于自身能力不足（r=-0．31）。结论研究生学业成败归因与其外显、内隐幸福感存在联系。     

心理资本、社会支持对老年人主观幸福感的影响

目的探讨心理资本、社会支持对老年人主观幸福感的影响。方法采用纽芬兰纪念大学幸福度量表(MUNSH)、积极心理资本问卷(PPQ)和社会支持评定量表(SSRS)对177名城市老年人进行研究。结果①老年人的心理资本与其主观幸福感之间呈显著正相关(r=0.570,P0.001),心理资本越雄厚的老年人,其主观幸福感得分越高;②老年人的社会支持与其主观幸福感之间呈显著正相关(r=0.338,P0.001),获得社会支持越多的老年人,其主观幸福感得分越高;特别是社会支持程度偏低的老年人,其主观幸福感提高更加显著;③老年人的社会支持与其心理资本之间呈显著正相关(r=0.402,P0.001),获得社会支持越多的老年人,其心理资本得分越高。④社会支持既可以作为老年人心理资本与主观幸福感之间的中介变量,也可以作为其调节变量。结论开发和提升老年人的心理资本(自信、乐观、希望、坚韧性)、从各方面(物质和精神)给予老年人以更多的社会支持,可有效提高老年人的主观幸福感。     

基础教育教师主观幸福感及其影响因素

目的 探讨基础教育阶段教师主观幸福感及其影响因素,为提升教师幸福感指数,提高教师生活质量提供参考.方法 采用Campbell1976年编制的主观幸福感指数量表,在太原市现辖的6个区内发放问卷,随机调查年龄为22～59岁的教师1327人,对结果进行统计分析.结果 小学教师的幸福感指教略高于初中教师(t=3.88,P＜0.01),性别因素在对幸福感指数的影响中差异不明显,专科及以下学历的教师在主观幸福感上显著高于本科和研究生学历的教师(F=1.68,P＜0.05),在职称方面,高级职称教师幸福感明显高于其他职称水平的教师,中级职称次之(F=2.79,P＜0.01).结论 在基础教育阶段教师的教学阶段、学历、职称是影响其主观幸福感的部分因素.     

大学生学习倦怠、自尊与主观幸福感的关系研究

目的探讨大学生学习倦怠(包括情绪低落、行为不当、成就感低3个因子)、自尊以及主观幸福感的关系。方法采用学习倦怠量表、自尊量表以及主观幸福感量表对446名大学生进行测试。结果①学习倦怠存在性别差异,大学男生在学习倦怠的成就感低因子上显著高于大学女生;②大三学生在行为不当因子上显著低于大四学生,在成就感低因子上显著低于大一学生;③自尊在情绪低落与主观幸福感之间起到部分中介作用;而在成就感低与主观幸福感之间起到了完全中介作用。结论大学生学习倦怠与自尊及主观幸福感的之间关系达到显著水平,自尊在学习倦怠与主观幸福感之间起中介变量作用。     

大学生学习过程中的自我监控和学习成绩的关系

人的心理活动包含着一个非常重要的组成部分 ,就是对自己心理活动的认知和监控。从这个角度来看 ,学习不仅仅是一个知识的积累和加工的纯粹的认知过程 ,还是一个不断地自我规划和调节的监控过程。董齐、周勇等认为 ,学习的自我监控是学生为了提高学习的效果 ,保证学习成功 ,运用各种方法和策略对所从事的学习活动的各个方面进行自我调节和控制的过程[1] 。以往的研究表明 ,自我监控和学习成绩有密切的联系[2 ,3,4 ] 。本研究通过比较学习优秀和学习不良两组大学生学习过程中的自我监控 ,探讨自我监控和大学生学习之间的关系。1　对象与方法1…     

Rat strain influences the use of egocentric learning strategies mediated by neostriatum

Rats use place (allocentric) or stimulus–response (egocentric) learning strategies for foraging under ethological and/or experimental conditions, proposed to be conveyed by hippocampus or neostriatum, respectively. We investigated here the effect of a reversible blockade of neostriatum on learning strategies assessed by a cross maze paradigm, comparing A × C (phenotypically similar to wild rats) versus Long–Evans rat strains. The rats were trained to reach a consistently baited-arm (west arm), starting from the same arm (south arm). The learning strategy was evaluated at days 11 and 19, when test trials were performed placing the rat in a start-box at the arm (north arm) opposite to that when starting the training, following a saline or lidocaine injection into the neostriatum. Rats entering to the baited-west arm were considered to be place learners and those entering to the unbaited-east arm were response learners. It was found that Long–Evans rats injected with saline were place learners on day 11 and response learners on day 19, but were place learners on both days when injected with lidocaine. A × C rats injected with saline were response learners on days 11 and 19, and place learners on both days when injected with lidocaine. Thus, rat strain influences the memory strategy for solving a cross maze paradigm. Long–Evans, but not A × C rats, shift from place (allocentric) to response (egocentric) learning along the training. When neostriatum was blocked by lidocaine, both rat strains elicited a place learning strategy only.     

Does Music Matter? A Look at the Issues and the Evidence

Does music matter? Judging from the ever-diminishing support for music education in public funding, the message is that it is just a frill to be cast aside for more pressing needs. The pleasure of listening to music is worthy in itself and reason enough for support, but what happens when people are more deeply engaged, such as when they learn to read music and play an instrument? Can more material rewards follow for cognition, language, and emotion, and for social and physical well-being? This essay presents an overview of issues and evidence from a broad range of disciplines and age groups.     

基于集成学习的骨质疏松性骨折预测研究

骨质疏松性骨折是老年人发病和死亡的重要原因之一,建立高效的预测模型为老年人尽早提供诊断和治疗建议十分必要。实验利用Stacking构建了一种异构分类器EtDtb-S,将16个相关性较高的特征作为特征向量,选用极端随机树(ET)、基于决策树的装袋集成模型(DTB)作为初级学习器,逻辑回归作为次级学习器进行集成。实验验证将EtDtb-S与单模型、同构分类器进行骨质疏松性骨折预测对比,结果表明异构分类器相对于最优单模型预测精度提高2.8%,相对于最优同构分类器预测精度提高1.5%,具有更高的预测性能。     

Normalization of hypertensive responses during ambulatory surgical stress by perioperative music

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether cognitive appraisals of stress level and hypertensive responses to ambulatory ophthalmic surgery can be ameliorated by patient-selected music. METHODS: We studied 40 elderly individuals requiring ophthalmic surgery, 20 in an experimental group (mean age, 74 years) and 20 in a control group (mean age, 77 years). All patients had an established resting blood pressure <140/90 mm Hg. In the experimental group self-selected music was provided by headphones throughout the preoperative, surgical, and postoperative periods. In the control group patients had neither headphones nor music. All patients received similar (weight-determined) doses of alfentanil and midazolam during surgery. Heart rate, blood pressure, and patient-reported stress and coping levels were the dependent variables. RESULTS: In both groups, blood pressure values were normal (approximately 129/82 mm Hg) during screening examinations 1 week before surgery. On the day of surgery both groups displayed increased preoperative blood pressures (approximately 159/92 mm Hg) associated with increases in heart rate (by approximately 17 beats/min). Intraoperative blood pressures in the experimental group returned quickly to screening baseline values, whereas the control group experienced persistent elevations in intraoperative blood pressure similar to preoperative levels. Over the course of the surgical experience, patients with music reported significant reductions in perceived stress and increases in coping abilities (p < .001), whereas those without music did not. CONCLUSIONS: The perceived stress of ambulatory surgery in geriatric patients is associated with a clinical hypertensive response that is ameliorated by self-selected perioperative music, which also decreases perceived stress and increases patients' sense of personal control and well-being.     

Electrophysiological correlates of speech perception mechanisms and individual differences in second language attainment

In an increasingly globalized world mastering a second language (L2) provides a clear advantage. However, after early childhood, not everyone can easily learn a foreign language. The present study explored whether the large variability found in L2 attainment in the normal population, not diagnosed as learning disabled, is related to preattentive speech perception abilities. Using event‐related potentials (ERPs) we examined the mismatch negativity, P3a, and the late discriminative negativity (MMN‐P3a‐LDN) complex, which served as an index for preattentive foreign phonological contrast discrimination abilities. Our results show that, compared to unsuccessful L2 learners, successful L2 learners had shorter latencies of the MMN and P3a components and higher amplitudes of the LDN component. These results suggest that unsuccessful L2 learners have a deficient speech perception mechanism.     

独居与非独居老年人抑郁和总体幸福感现状调查

目的调查分析独居与非独居老年人抑郁和总体幸福感现状。方法采用老年抑郁量表和总体幸福感量表,对西安市113名老年人进行问卷调查。结果①独居老年人抑郁程度显著高于非独居老年人(F=0.000,P0.05),独居老年人总体幸福感显著低于非独居老年人(F=0.014,P0.05);②在总体幸福感的6个维度中,独居与非独居老年人在忧郁或愉快的心境维度方面差异显著有统计学意义(F=0.014,P0.05);③独居与非独居老年人抑郁和总体幸福感呈显著负相关(r=-0.674,P0.01);抑郁与精力、忧郁或愉快的心境、对情感和行为的控制、松弛和紧张4个维度方面均呈显著负相关(r=-0.573,-0.661,-0.280,-0.480,P0.01)。结论居住背景是影响抑郁水平和总体幸福感的重要因素,独居老年人抑郁水平高,总体幸福感水平低。     

An ERP study on initial second language vocabulary learning

This study examined the very initial phases of orthographic and semantic acquisition in monolingual native English speakers learning Chinese words under controlled laboratory conditions. Participants engaged in 10 sessions of vocabulary learning, four of which were used to obtain ERPs. Performance in behavioral tests improved over sessions, and these data were used to define fast and slow learners. Most important is that ERPs in the two groups of learners revealed qualitatively distinct learning patterns. Only fast learners showed a left‐lateralized increase in N170 amplitude with training. Furthermore, only fast learners showed an increased N400 amplitude with training, with a distinct anterior distribution. Slow learners, on the other hand, showed a posterior positive effect, with increasingly positive‐going waveforms in occipital sites as training progressed. Possible mechanisms underlying these qualitative differences are discussed.     

学习困难学生父母教养方式与主观幸福感的相关研究

目的 了解学习困难学生的父母教养方式与主观幸福感的状况,并探讨父母教养方式对学习困难学生主观幸福感的影响。方法 采用父母教养方式评价量袁、总体幸福感量袁对121名学习困难学生进行评定。结果 学习困难学生在主观幸福感和父母教养方式上存在显著性别差异;回归分析表明,父母亲的情感温暖、理解和母亲的偏爱被试对学习困难生的主观幸福感有重要积极影响,而父亲的严厉惩罚、拒绝否认对学习困难学生的主观幸福感有消极的影响。结论 学习困难学生父母教养方式与主观幸福感在性别上具有显著差异,学习困难学生的父母教养方式对其主观幸福感有显著的影响。