保守疗法与手术探查治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折后桡神经麻痹的疗效比较

1 资料与方法 1．1 一般资料 儿童肱骨髁上骨折后桡神经麻痹22例．男16例．女6例；年龄6—11岁。平均8,5岁；按受伤机制分类。均为伸直型闭合性损伤；按骨折移位McIntyre分类：Ⅱb型8例．Ⅲa型9例。Ⅲb型5例。桡神经麻痹的临床表现包括：不能伸腕、伸拇指和伸掌指关节、手背虎口区域感觉障碍。由于桡神经感觉障碍对功能影响小．按照英国医学研究会“周围神经损伤后肌肉功能评定标准”，22例患者均为M0。     

显微外科技术治疗桡神经损伤的疗效

目的 观察桡神经损伤后行神经松懈、缝合和移植术的疗效。方法 46例桡神经损伤根据损伤类型，采用神经内、外松解术、直接缝合、神经移植治疗。结果 术后随访1年至10年，21例桡神经松解术中，17例的伸腕、伸拇、伸指肌力为M3-M5，虎口区感觉为S4。19例神经直接缝合者14例，伸腕、伸拇、伸指肌力为M3-M5，16例虎口区感觉为S4。6例神经移植者5例伸腕、伸拇、伸指肌力为M3-N5，虎口区感觉达S4。结论 桡神经损伤早期根据其损伤类型进行合适的手术治疗均能取得满意的疗效。现将结果报告如下。     

新生儿脑室B超测量

为便于临床诊断疾病时做为参考依据,我们对202例新生儿进行了B超脑室测量,现报告于下。 使用RT-3600相控阵超声诊断仪,探头频率3.5MHz和ADR4000s/L超声诊断仪,机械扇形扫描探头,频率3.0MHz,按张武,谷野介绍的     

超声在胆道系统结石诊断中的应用36例分析

目的 探讨超声在胆道系统结石诊断中的临床价值.方法 对36例经手术证实的胆管结石患者,应用Medison-8000及Medison-9900超声诊断仪,探头频率3.0～7.0 MHz,肥胖者用2～2.5 MHz,瘦人和儿童用5.0MHz的探头.结果 显示肝内胆管结石15例,合并胆管结石8例,胆管癌2例,10例显示超声强回声等直接征象,5例显示肝内胆管间接征象,肝外胆管结石21例,均位于胆总管下端,胆管癌胰头癌各2例,10例肝内胆管扩张,胆总管扩张等间接征象,11例合并胆结石.结论 超声在诊断胆道结石时,依据直接征象,参考间接征象可提高诊断准确性,证明超声在胆道系统结石诊断中有肯定的临床价值.     

超声诊断副胎盘1例

患者女,38岁,孕39周.使用西门子G60S超声诊断仪,探头频率3.5 MHz凸阵探头,行常规产科超声检查.     

胎儿肠外翻2例的B超图像分析

我院超声诊断2例肠外翻胎儿,在本院行引产后证实,用Tushiha-SSA325超声诊断仪,探头频率为3.7MHz。现报告如下。     

肝内血肿的超声诊断价值

1 资料与方法 我院自1998年1月～2003年5月超声诊断肝内血肿20例,其中男16例,女4例,平均年龄32岁,受伤时间最短40分钟,最长48小时.使用仪器:东软NAS-2000彩色超声诊断仪、汕头CTS-310B超声诊断仪,探头频率3.5 MHz.     

彩色多普勒血流显像在甲状腺疾病诊断中的应用

由于各种类型超声诊断仪器的不断发展 ,其应用范围也越来越广泛 ,本文对我院近来应用彩色多普勒血流显像 (CDFI)诊断并经手术及病理证实的甲状腺肿块 6 0例进行了分析讨论。资料与方法本组 6 0例甲状腺肿块。其中男性 14例 ,女性 4 6例。年龄 2 2～ 6 8岁。所有病例均经超声检查后行手术病理检查对照。甲状腺腺瘤 31例、甲状腺腺癌 14例、结节性甲状腺肿 16例。使用仪器为 Au4彩色多普勒超声诊断仪 ,探头频率为 7.5 MHz线阵式探头 ,Aloka SSD2 5 6超声诊断仪 ,探头频率为 7.5 MHz。按照常规体位及顺序检查 ,全面观察正常甲状腺组织及…     

尺侧腕伸肌及拇长伸肌移位重建拇指对掌功能

目的 评价尺侧腕伸肌及拇长伸肌移位重建拇指对掌功能的治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析1990年以来，我院接受尺侧腕伸肌及拇长伸肌移位术重建拇指对掌功能的29例腕部正中神经不可逆损伤患者、20例正中神经合并尺神经损伤患者的随访结果(随访6—12个月)。结果 29例正中神经不可逆损伤患者中，优21例、良8例，优良率100％；20例正中神经合并尺神经损伤患者中，优9例、良7例、可4例，优良率80％。结论 对腕部正中神经不可逆损伤，特别是合并尺神经损伤患者，尺侧腕伸肌及拇长伸肌移位术是一种理想的重建拇指对掌功能的手术方法，且操作简单，效果好。     

超声检查方法学在急性阑尾炎诊断中的作用

超声检查急性阑尾炎已广泛应用于临床。本文旨在探讨超声不同检查方法对急性阑尾炎显示效果的评价。报告如下。资料与方法采用LOGIGvivid7超声诊断仪,探头频率为3.5~5.0MHz相控阵探头和5.0~8.0MHz变频探头,部分患者加用了谐波技术。其探头频率和超声技术的选择是根据图像质量和     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.