The association of infection and clinical severity in sickle cell anaemia patients

Sickle cell anaemia (SCA) patients have a high risk of infection. We retrospectively investigated the prevalence of infection among SCA patients from Bahia, Brazil. A total of 1415 SCA patients were studied between 1995 and 2009: 190 (13.4%) had hepatitis C virus (HCV), 67 (4.7%) had human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I), 44 (3.1%) had hepatitis B virus (HBV), 40 (2.8%) had Chagas' disease, 11 (0.8%) had human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and 5 (0.4%) had syphilis. Patients with HCV infection had a higher risk of hospitalisation (OR=1.52, 95% Cl: 1.07-2.17, P=0.020), bone disorders (OR=1.94, 95% Cl: 1.15-3.27, P=0.011), stroke (OR=2.17, 95% Cl: 1.12-4.14, P=0.017), painful crisis (OR=1.61, 95% Cl: 1.17-2.22, P=0.004) and leg ulcers (OR=1.61, 95% Cl: 1.04-3.03, P=0.031). Patients with HBV infection had a higher risk for bone disorders (OR=4.90, 95% Cl: 2.08-11.54, P<.010), stroke (OR=3.01, 95% Cl: 1.29-6.04, P=0.007), painful crisis (OR=3.51, 95% Cl: 1.62-7.63, P<0.001), acute chest syndrome (ACS) (OR=2.66, 95% Cl: 1.34-5.28, P=0.004), leg ulcers (OR=6.60, 95% Cl: 3.37-12.91, P<.001) and vaso-occlusive crisis (OR=6.34, 95% Cl: 1.96-20.66, P<0.001). Patients with HTLV-I infection had a high risk for bone disorders (OR=2.94, 95% Cl: 1.28-6.74, P=0.011), respiratory failure (OR=2.66, 95% Cl: 1.26-5.51, P=0.012), leg ulcers (OR=3.27, 95% Cl: 1.69-6.11, P<.001), painful crisis (OR=1.82, 95% Cl: 1.07-3.13, P=0.025) and ACS (OR=1.85, 95% Cl: 1.10-3.41, P<.047). SCA patients with HCV infection had increased triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P=0.036; P=0.027), iron serum (P=0.016) and ferritin (P=0.007). These results reveal important roles for these infections in SCA patients' clinical outcomes, and studies are warranted to determine the mechanisms utilised by these agents and their involvement in disease severity.     

Risk factors for encephalitis and death from West Nile virus infection

We conducted a nested case-control study to determine potential risk factors for developing encephalitis from West Nile virus (WNV) infection. Retrospective medical chart reviews were completed for 172 confirmed WNV cases hospitalized in Houston between 2002 and 2004. Of these cases, 113 had encephalitis, including 17 deaths, 47 had meningitis, and 12 were fever cases; 67% were male. Homeless patients were more likely to be hospitalized from WNV compared to the general population. A multiple logistic regression model identified age [odds ratio (OR) 1.1, P<0.001], history of hypertension, including those cases taking hypertension-inducing drugs (OR 2.9, P=0.012), and history of cardiovascular disease (OR 3.5, P=0.061) as independent risk factors for developing encephalitis from WNV infection. After adjusting for age, race/ethnicity (being black) (OR 12.0, P<0.001), chronic renal disease (OR 10.6, P<0.001), hepatitis C virus (OR 23.1, P=0.0013), and immunosuppression (OR 3.9, P=0.033) were identified as risk factors for death from WNV infection.     

Seroprevalence and risk factors for human herpesvirus 8 infection, rural Egypt

To determine whether human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is associated with schistosomal and hepatitis C virus infections in Egypt, we surveyed 965 rural household participants who had been tested for HHV-8 and schistosomal infection (seroprevalence 14.2% and 68.6%, respectively, among those <15 years of age, and 24.2% and 72.8%, respectively, among those > or =15 years of age). Among adults, HHV-8 seropositivity was associated with higher age, lower education, dental treatment, tattoos, > or =10 lifetime injections, and hepatitis C virus seropositivity. In adjusted analyses, HHV-8 seropositivity was associated with dental treatment among men (odds ratio [OR] 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-5.2) and hepatitis C virus seropositivity among women (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.4-7.9). HHV-8 association with antischistosomal antibodies was not significant for men (OR 2.1, 95% CI 0.3-16.4), but marginal for women (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.5). Our findings suggest salivary and possible nosocomial HHV-8 transmission in rural Egypt.     

Risk factors associated with hepatitis C virus infection in Taiwanese government employees

This study evaluated the roles of multiple factors in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, with emphasis on the modification of various individual characteristics on the risk associated with percutaneous exposure to blood. Serum samples taken from 4869 men in Taiwan within a cohort study were tested for HCV antibody. The overall positive rate of anti-HCV was 1.6%. In a logistic regression, factors positively associated with anti-HCV positivity were previous blood transfusion (odds ratio [OR] = 7.28: 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.26-12.45), a history of surgery (OR = 2.06: 95% CI = 1 23-3.46), and lower educational levels (OR = 1.94; 95% CI = 1.14-3.32). The anti-HCV positive rate was significantly lower in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers than in non-carriers (OR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.37-0.95). Ageing, lower educational levels, O blood group, and Taiwanese ethnicity enhanced the likelihood of HCV infection through blood transfusion/surgery, whereasHBsAg status, cigarette smoking, and habitual alcohol drinking reduced it.     

Medical procedures and the risk of iatrogenic hepatitis C infection: case-controlled study in north-eastern Poland

Many hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected individuals do not have any obvious risk factors and one of the putative sources of infection may be inadvertent exposure to infected blood or body fluids in the clinical setting. The aim of this study was to assess the role of medical procedures in transmission of hepatitis C in north-eastern Poland. In total, 194 patients with chronic hepatitis C were eligible for the study. The control group consisted of 275 age- and sex-matched individuals. Patients with a history of intravenous drug use were excluded. On multivariate analysis, transfusions [odds ratio (OR) = 3.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.2-6.3], minor surgery (OR = 3.2, 95% CI 1.5-6.7) and dental care (OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.4-4.0) were independently associated with HCV infection. We conclude that apart from transfusion, minor medical procedures and dental care may carry a significant risk of hepatitis C infection. Improvements in basic hygiene routines and strict adherence to universal precautions may be essential to prevent iatrogenic transmission of the infection.     

Dengue outbreak in Karachi, Pakistan, 2006: experience at a tertiary care center

This is the first report of the largest epidemic of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) virus infection (2006) with IgM-confirmed cases from Karachi, Pakistan. Medical records of 172 IgM-positive patients were reviewed retrospectively for demographic, clinical and laboratory data. Patients were categorized into dengue fever (DF) and DHF according to the WHO severity grading scale. The mean+/-SD age of the patients was 25.9+/-12.8 years, 55.8% were males and the hemoconcentration was recorded in a small number of patients [10 (7.0%)]. Male gender [odds ratio (OR)=14.7, P=0.003), positive history of vomiting (OR=4.3, P=0.047), thrombocytopenia at presentation (OR=225.2, P<0.001) and monocytosis (OR=5.8, P=0.030) were independently associated with DHF, but not with DF. Five cases (2.9%) had a fatal outcome, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:4. Three were from a pediatric group (<15 years). Pulmonary hemorrhages, disseminated intravascular coagulation and cerebral edema preceded death in these patients. The results have highlighted significant findings, such as adult susceptibility to DHF, pronounced abdominal symptoms and lack of hemoconcentration at time of presentation in the study population. These findings may play an important role in the case definitions of future studies from this part of the world.     

病毒性肝炎对帕金森病发病风险影响的Meta分析

目的探讨肝炎病毒感染(包括甲、乙、丙、丁、戊型肝炎病毒感染)对帕金森病(PD)发病风险的影响。方法在中、英文数据库中检索1965年1月-2019年10月报道的病毒性肝炎与PD发病风险间关系的文献。筛选文献后进行文献质量评价并提取比值比(OR)和95%可信区间(95%CI)等数据,采用STATA 12.0软件进行Meta分析。采用敏感性分析和Meta回归分析寻找异质性的来源。采用剪补法评估发表偏倚。结果总共纳入7篇文献。丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染为PD的危险因素(OR=1.19,95%CI=1.01~1.41,P=0.035)。抗HCV治疗后可降低PD发病风险(OR=0.67,95%CI=0.57~0.79,P<0.001)。乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染与PD发病风险无关(OR=0.96,95%CI=0.72~1.28,P=0.781)。结论HCV感染可能会增加PD发病风险,同时抗HCV治疗可降低PD发病风险。因此,临床上应重视对HCV感染患者的筛查及治疗,以降低PD发病率,减轻家庭、社会经济负担。     

武汉市HIV/AIDS病人合并乙肝、丙肝感染情况分析

目的 了解武汉市HIV/AIDS病人合并乙肝、丙肝感染情况及其相关因素。方法 在2010 - 2018年武汉市报告的确证HIV/AIDS病人中,选取其一般人口学特征、感染途径、HBsAg、AntiHCV检测结果等信息进行整理分析,采用多元logistic回归分析合并感染相关因素。结果 2010 - 2018年武汉市共报告HIV/AIDS病人5 128人,男4 630人（90.3%）,女498人（9.7%）。年龄范围14～89岁,年龄中位数33（25～48）岁。其中,HBsAg阳性率为9.4%（443人）,AntiHCV阳性率为3.3%（152人）,合并HIV、HBV、HCV三重感染率为0.3%（12人）。在HIV/AIDS病人中,本省人群感染乙肝的可能性是本市人群的1.317倍,已婚/同居以及离异/分居/丧偶者感染乙肝的可能性分别是未婚者的2.044、1.892倍（P＜0.05）。与2018年相比,2011 - 2013以及2015年报告的HIV/AIDS病人感染丙肝的可能性更高,经输血和静脉吸毒途径感染的HIV/AIDS病人感染丙肝的可能性分别是经性行为传播者的18.942倍、63.537倍（P＜0.05）。结论 武汉市HIV/AIDS病人合并乙肝、丙肝感染情况不容忽视,其感染乙肝、丙肝的相关因素并不相同,需积极进行评估。     

GBV-C/HGV, a new virus as one possible cause of hepatitis of unknown etiology

For etiologically obscure (some 4%) viral hepatitis agents are sought and tested to make elucidation of their cause possible. One of the candidates is since 1995 the newly discovered virus GBV-C/HGV. Despite intense research its relationship to viral hepatitis of obscure origin (VHN) has not been elucidated so far. In the submitted paper the authors attempted to contribute to the elucidation of etiological associations of GBV-C/HGV infection and VHN by comparing the dynamics of markers of the infection in a group of 59 patients with VHN, two control groups exposed to a high risk of parenteral operations and a third comparative group. The first control group comprised 64 patients in a long-term haemodialyzation programme (HD), the second group was formed by 82 patients with haematooncological disease (BD). The third comparative group comprised 22 patients coinfected (CI) with virus of hepatitis C (VHC), or possibly hepatitis B (VHB). The patients with VHN were HBsAg, anti HCV and anti HEV negative. In the majority in the first blood sample transaminases were elevated which was one of the main reasons for examination of GBV-C/HGV RNA. Prevalence of GBV-C/HGV infection, proved by the presence of at least one of the two markers of current or past infection (GBV-C/HGV RNA, antiGBV-C/HGV) was in the compared VHN, HD and BD groups as follows: 88.1%, 59.4% and 43.9%. The frequency of GBV-C/HGV positivity was highest in VHN-76.3%. In control groups HD and BD GBV-C/HGV RNA positivity was substantially lower, 18.8% and 25.6% resp. Long-term continuous viraemia was recorded in patients with VHN in 18.6%. In groups HD and BD it was half that value: 9.3% and 9.18%. In patients with VHN surprisingly after 6.5 months a marked rise of negative findings occurred (5.6x) without the expected increase of antibodies. A similar finding was recorded also in the other groups (HD and BD), incl. CI patients. Disappearance of viraemia was observed most frequently in VHN (55.9%). In groups HD and BD GBV-C/HGV RNA disappeared only in 7.8% and 12.1% resp. In treated patients of the CI group viral RNA was present in 45.5% and it disappeared in 36.4%. On the other hand, seroconversion to antibodies was comparable in VHN, HD and BD (11.9%, 9.4%, 8.5%), only in group CI it was higher (18.2%), obviously in conjunction with treatment of concurrent HCV or HBV infection. Disappearance of viraemia without subsequent seroconversion occurs in GBV-C/HGV infection frequently, the highest rate was observed by the authors in patients with VHN. Disappearance of viraemia does not necessarily imply clearance of GBV-C/HGV but may be due to a change of GBV-C(HGV into a state of persistence without positive laboratory markers of the infection. Persistence of the virus could also be the reason of the assumed conditioned pathogenicity of the virus, and the effect of frequent disappearance of both markers could explain some controversial epidemiological observations when in studies only static data without dynamic associations were used.     

乙肝病毒前S基因变异与乙肝肝硬化的相关性研究

目的 探讨乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)前S基因(preS)变异与HBV感染后肝硬化发生的相关性。方法 采用病例对照研究设计,对50例慢性乙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis B,CHB)患者和67例乙肝肝硬化(liver cirrhosis,LC)患者的血清HBVPreS基因进行扩增和测序,应用MEGA7软件进行序列比对,使用SPSS 16.0统计软件对PreS基因热点变异与LC的相关性进行单因素和多因素分析。结果 单因素分析结果表明,HBV基因组PreS区T3116m(χ²=8.470,P=0.004)、A49m(χ²=4.939,P=0.026)、T53m(χ²=6.683,P=0.010)、A109m(χ²=5.868,P=0.015)及PreS缺失变异(χ²=12.154,P=0.000)与LC发生显著相关。PreS缺失变异在失代偿期LC患者中的频率(63.16%)显著高于代偿期LC患者(31.03%)(P=0.007)。多因素分析结果表明,年龄越大(OR=1.07,95%CI:1.02~1.11)、T3116m(OR=4.18,95%CI:1.39~12.61)、PreS缺失变异(OR=7.20,95%CI:2.09~24.80)是LC的独立危险因素。结论 HBV PreS缺失变异与T3116m是乙型肝炎患者进展至LC的危险变异,还需要大样本人群进行验证。     

癫痫患儿医院感染危险因素病例对照研究

目的　探讨癫痫患儿医院感染发生率及其危险因素。方法　选择福州市某医院 1996～2 0 0 0年 2 92例癫痫患儿为研究对象 ,以其中医院感染者为病例组 ,非医院感染者为对照组进行病例对照研究。结果　癫痫患儿医院感染率为 39.0 %。单因素 χ2 分析发现 ,年龄 <3岁、住院时间 >14天、智力低下、不合理使用抗生素、鼻饲、其他介入性诊疗、活动受限或瘫痪、尿素氮超过正常值等是癫痫患儿医院感染的关联因素 ;非条件logistic多元回归分析筛选出住院时间 >14天、不合理使用抗生素、鼻饲、智力低下是癫痫患儿医院感染的主要危险因素 ;趋势 χ2 分析显示 ,住院时间越长、抗生素使用种类越多、鼻饲时间越长者发生医院感染的风险就越大。结论　癫痫是儿科病房医院感染的好发疾病 ,癫痫患儿应作为医院感染管理监测的主要对象。合理使用抗生素、缩短住院时间、缩短鼻饲置管时间将有利于预防和控制癫痫患儿发生医院感染。     

血浆中微量元素水平与HCV感染及肝功能情况关系的研究

目的 分析丙型肝炎患者血浆中微量元素（铜、铁和锌）含量及其与丙型肝炎病毒（hepatitis C virus, HCV）感染及相关肝功能指标的关系。方法 运用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS） 检测HCV持续感染者（90例）、自限清除者（92例）和对照（99例）血浆中的铜、铁和锌含量,偏相关和多因素Logistic回归分析HCV持续感染者血浆中微量元素水平与HCV病毒载量的关系。结果 HCV持续感染组血浆中锌含量低于对照组,铁含量高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（均有P<0.05）;以年龄、性别、体质指数（body mass index, BMI）为协变量的偏相关分析结果发现,铁与HCV RNA水平呈负相关（r=-0.263,P=0.016）。以年龄、性别、BMI、各微量元素含量为自变量进行多因素Logistic回归分析,结果显示铁含量升高是HCV持续感染者血浆丙氨酸氨基转移酶（alanine aminotransferase,ALT）水平升高的危险因素（OR=1.001,95% CI:1.000～1.002,P=0.030）。结论 微量元素铜、铁、锌可能和HCV感染转归相关,其中铁水平升高是HCV感染慢性化的独立危险因素。     

Serovar specific risk factors and clinical features of Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar Enteritidis: a study in South-West Germany

Human salmonellosis in Germany has been an increasing problem since the 1980s, with a peak of 195,000 reported cases in 1992. During the peak years, isolates of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) predominated by far over other salmonella serovars (NSE) (80 vs. 20%). In a comparison of the clinical characteristics of 790 persons infected with SE to 175 persons infected with NSE, watery diarrhoea (OR 1.7) and high grade (> 39 degrees C) fever (OR 1.8) were independently associated with SE infection. When comparing possible risk factors for acquiring salmonella infection among patients with SE compared to those with NSE, consumption of raw eggs (OR 4.4; P = 0.0006) was the most significant alimentary risk factor for SE infection, while travel outside Europe was negatively associated with SE infection (OR 0.08; P = 0.0001). When comparing all patients with salmonella infection, regardless of serovar, with healthy controls, consumption of raw eggs (OR 30.3; P = 0.001), of raw or undercooked eggs (OR 1.9; P = 0.003), or having puppies, kittens or turtles (OR 6.8; P = 0.002), were risk factors for salmonellosis.     

Hepatitis C prevalence and risk factors in the northern Alberta dialysis population.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an emerging global public health issue with particular relevance in multiply transfused renal dialysis patients. This cross-sectional study evaluated the prevalence and risk factors for HCV infection among renal dialysis patients in northern Alberta, Canada. Ninety-two percent of eligible patients (n = 336) provided informed consent to participate. Participants were interviewed to gather risk factor information and, using multiple logistic regression analysis with exact inference, a predictive model for HCV infection in this population was developed. The prevalence of HCV infection in the population was 6.5%, and all positive patients had at least one identifiable risk factor. The multivariate analysis showed that the risk of HCV infection was greater for those in the 18-55 years age category (odds ratio (OR) = 4.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-27.9), patients who had been on dialysis > 5 years (OR = 3.7, 95% CI 1.2-12.0), and patients who had > or = 2 high risk life-style behaviors (OR = 5.0, 95% CI 1.5-16.7). Transfusion prior to 1990 was marginally associated with HCV status (OR = 4.0, 95% CI 0.96-16.3). This study documented previously unreported life-style risk factors for HCV infection in patients with renal failure, confirmed the expected decline in transfusion-acquired HCV infection in this population, and provided evidence against nosocomial transmission of HCV.     

Prevalence and associated factors to hepatitis C in hemodialysis patients in Brazil

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is higher in patients on hemodialysis than in the general population, probably due to greater exposure to risk situations. The purposes of the study were to determine anti-HCV antibodies prevalence among hemodialysis patients and dialysis clinics and patients factors associated with HCV transmission. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 752 hemodialysis patients in all 12 dialysis clinics of Fortaleza, Brazil, and were screened using third generation ELISA. Sociodemographic, clinical, and epidemiological data of 663 patients were collected through interviews. Nosocomial factors were assessed using a specific questionnaire tool. Statistical analysis was conducted using Student's t test, odds ratio and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of anti-HCV was 52% (390/746; ranged from 6% to 72%). The anti-HCV positivity was higher in patients who had previous peritoneal dialysis (OR=1.76; 95% CI 1.12-2.76) and blood transfusion (OR=2.75; 95% CI 1.25-6.03). Dialysis age has been associated with anti-HCV positivity (OR=1.47; 95% CI 1.35-1.61). Clinics practices associated with anti-HCV positivity were: previous preparing of heparin (OR=2.92; 95% CI 1.23-6.92), failure in gloves use or change (OR=5.73; 95% CI 1.75-18.72), unsatisfactory dialysis machine disinfection (OR=2.79; 95% CI 1.57-4.96), and patient isolation in dialysis room (OR=0.18; 95% CI 0.05-0.61). CONCLUSIONS: The results show high anti-HCV prevalence among hemodialysis patients and the association of nosocomial factors with new HCV infection cases.     

安徽省滁州市发热伴血小板减少综合征危险因素的病例对照研究

目的 探讨安徽省滁州市发热伴血小板减少综合征的发病危险因素,为该病的防治工作提供科学依据。方法 采用性别、年龄、住址匹配的1:4配对病例对照研究,对安徽省滁州市的发热伴血小板减少综合征病例和选取的对照人群进行问卷调查,采用单因素和多因素的配对条件Logistic回归分析筛选危险因素。结果 单因素分析中有统计学意义的变量为:发病前1月与病例接触、接触身上有蜱虫的狗、被蜱虫叮咬、生活区周围有蜱虫和工作间歇坐卧草地（均有P<0.05）。进一步的多因素分析结果显示:发病前1月与病例接触（OR=5.44,95%CI:1.56~19.04,P=0.004）、接触身上有蜱虫的狗（OR=12.81,95%CI:3.20~51.25,P<0.001）和被蜱虫叮咬（OR=47.25,95%CI:6.94~321.53,P<0.001）是发热伴血小板减少综合征发病的主要危险因素。结论 与病例接触史、接触身上有蜱虫的狗和被蜱虫叮咬是发热伴血小板减少综合征的主要发病危险因素,需加强对高发人群健康宣教和个人防护指导。     

血液透析及丙肝病毒感染者F蛋白抗体分析

目的探讨丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus,HCV)F蛋白抗体在血液透析人群HCV感染者中的分布特点及其影响因素。方法利用pEGX-4T-2/HCV-F融合载体表达蛋白HCV-F/GST作为抗原,包被酶联反应板,间接ELISA法检测128例血液透析HCV感染者血清中的HCV-F抗体;Logistic回归分析患者特征与HCV-F抗体是否阳性的关系。结果 128例HCV感染者中F抗体阳性率为45.3%;单因素分析显示,血透时间、HBcAb、HCV RNA与F抗体是否阳性的差异有统计学意义(分别P=0.038、P=0.012和P=0.002);多因素分析显示,血透时间>10年(OR=4.153,95%CI=1.435～12.023)、HCV RNA阳性(OR=3.6979,5%CI=1.498～9.123)是HCV-F抗体阳性的影响因素。结论血液透析人群HCV感染者中可检出F抗体;F蛋白的表达可能与HCV复制有关。     

广州市男男性行为者 HIV感染状况及影响因素

  目的  了解广州市男男性行为者（men who have sex with men,MSM）的人类免疫缺陷病毒（human immunodeficiency virus,HIV）感染现况,并分析影响因素。  方法  2014-2017年连续四年对广州市MSM进行面对面问卷调查,采集静脉血检测HIV抗体和采用SPSS 19.0软件分析资料。  结果  本次研究共调查2 419例MSM,HIV确证阳性200例,感染率为8.27%。多因素Logistic逐步回归分析结果显示,以广州市和月经济收入>0.5万元为参照,非广州市（OR=1.712,95% CI:1.176~2.492,P=0.005）和月经济收入≤ 0.5万元（OR=1.998,95% CI:1.409~2.833,P < 0.001）与MSM感染HIV存在关联。MSM被诊断为梅毒（OR=2.461,95% CI:1.375~4.405,P=0.002）和没检测梅毒（OR=2.333,95% CI:1.635~3.331,P < 0.001）、肛交角色为被动（OR=2.015,95% CI:1.244~3.267,P=0.004）和主动被动均有（OR=2.115,95% CI:1.374~3.251,P=0.001）、肛交时非每次使用安全套（OR=1.955,95% CI:1.374~2.781,P < 0.001）、肛交对象非固定（OR=2.150,95% CI:1.463~3.160,P < 0.001）是MSM感染HIV的主要危险因素。  结论  广州市MSM人群HIV感染率和高危性行为发生率高,亟需在MSM人群中扩大HIV检测范围和倡导安全性行为。     

HCV and GBV-c/HGV infection in HIV positive patients in southern Italy

Flaviviridae–hepatitis C virus (HCV) and GB virus C/hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) – and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) frequently show similar modes of transmission. HCV and GBV-C/HGV infection was assessed in 134 consecutive patients with evidence of HIV infection, living in Campania, Italy. Data obtained from this cohort were compared with those obtained from 252 age- and sex-matched HCV infected patients without evidence of HIV infection (HCV control group). Following enzymatic immunoassays, samples were tested for the presence of HCV-RNA by RT-PCR. The HCV-RNA positive sera were genotyped by LiPA procedure. The prevalence of HCV infection in HIV patients was 19.40% and the largest group of HIV–HCV co-infected patients (84.62%) was represented by intravenous drug users (IVDU). The distribution of HCV genotypes in HIV–HCV patients was different, compared to that observed in HCV control group. HCV genotypes 1a (50%) and 3a (23.08%) were more frequently detected in HIV–HCV patients, compared to HCV control group (5.16 and 5.56% for 1a and 3a, respectively). Conversely, HCV genotypes 1b (55.70%) and 2a/2c (30.26%) were more represented in HCV control group, compared to HIV–HCV patients (15.38 and 0% for 1b and 2a/2c, respectively). GBV-C/HGV seroprevalence was 41.04% in HIV patients and 6.54% in healthy control individuals. Differently from HCV, GBV-C/HGV infection did not correlate to a preferential risk behaviour in the HIV cohort. Comparative analysis of HCV and GBV-C/HGV infection indicates that the use of injecting drugs might play a key role in the epidemiology of HCV and, in particular, of 1a and 3a HCV genotypes, in HIV patients.