肌松药与高频通气用于支气管镜下小儿气道异物取出术

在硬质支气管镜下行异物取出术 ,由于对喉头、气管的刺激很大 ,且手术中麻醉医师与手术医师需共用气道 ,术中憋气、气道痉挛时有发生 ,甚至可导致严重缺氧 ,重者危及生命。为寻求能保障手术安全且利于手术医师操作的麻醉方法 ,我们对应用中效肌松药维库溴铵、短效肌松药琥珀胆碱及不用肌松药的三种麻醉方法进行了临床对比观察。资料与方法一般资料　 1997年 7月至 2 0 0 2年 2月期间拟急诊行硬质支气管镜下气管或支气管异物取出术患儿 30例 ,男 17例 ,女 13例 ,年龄 0 6～ 8岁 ,体重 6～ 2 4ｋｇ(异物存留时间较长而并发肺部感染或肺脓肿的…     

腹腔镜手术患儿压力控制通气和容量控制通气效果的比较

目的 比较腹腔镜手术患儿压力控制通气和容量控制通气的效果.方法 择期行腹腔镜手术患儿30例,性别不限,年龄12～36月,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,体重9～15 kg,采用随机数字表法,将其随机分为2组(n=15):压力控制通气组(P组)和容量控制通气组(V组).麻醉诱导后气管插管行机械通气,P组调节麻醉机最大吸气压力使潮气量达到12 ml/kg,V组设置潮气量12 ml/kg,维持PETCO235～45mmHg.于气管插管后即刻(T0)、切皮前即刻(T1)、气腹30 min(T2)和气腹结束后15 min (T3)时,记录MAP、HR、PETCO2、分钟通气量和气道峰压,并采集动脉血样,进行血气分析,计算肺动态顺应性和生理死腔量/潮气量.结果 与V组比较,P组T1,2时PaCO2和PETCO2降低,肺动态顺应性升高,T0～3时分钟通气量和气道峰压降低(P<0.01),MAP、HR和生理死腔量/潮气量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 与容量控制通气相比,压力控制通气可更好地改善腹腔镜手术患儿肺通气效果,有利于气体交换,减少气腹对呼吸功能的影响.

Abstract：

Objective To compare the efficacy of pressure-controlled ventilation and volume-controlled ventilation in children undergoing laparoscopic surgery. Methods Thirty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ children of both sexes,aged 12-36 months, weighing 9-15 kg, scheduled for laparoscopic surgery, were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 15 each): pressure-controlled ventilation group (group P) and volume-controlled ventilation group (group V) . Anesthesia was induced with propofol 2-4 mg/kg, vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg and fentanyl 2 μg/kg. The children were tracheal intubated and mechanically ventilated. The maximum inspiratory pressure was adjusted to make the tidal volume (VT ) achieve 12 ml/kg in group P and the VT was set at 12 ml/kg in group V. PETCO2 was maintained at 35-45 mm Hg. MAP, HR, PETCO2 , minute ventilation and peak airway pressure were recorded immediately after intubation (T0 ) , immediately before skin incision (T1 ) , 30 min of pneumoperitoneum (T2 ) and 15 min after the end of pneumoperitoneum (T3 ) . Arterial blood samples were taken at the same time points mentioned above for blood gas analysis. Dynamic lung compliance and physiological dead space to tidal volume ratio were calculated.Results Compared with group V, PaCO2 and PETCO2 were significantly decreased and dynamic lung compliance was significantly increased at T1,2 , and minute ventilation and peak airway pressure were significantly decreased at T0-3 in group P ( P < 0.01) . There was no significant difference in MAP, HR and physiological dead space to tidal volume ratio between the two groups ( P > 0.05) . Conclusion Compared with volume-controlled ventilation, pressure-controlled ventilation can better improve the ventilatory efficacy, is more beneficial to gas exchange and reduces the influence of pneumoperitoneum on respiratory function in children undergoing laparoscopic surgery.     

腹腔镜手术患儿压力控制通气和容量控制通气效果的比较

Objective To compare the efficacy of pressure-controlled ventilation and volume-controlled ventilation in children undergoing laparoscopic surgery. Methods Thirty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ children of both sexes,aged 12-36 months, weighing 9-15 kg, scheduled for laparoscopic surgery, were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 15 each): pressure-controlled ventilation group (group P) and volume-controlled ventilation group (group V) . Anesthesia was induced with propofol 2-4 mg/kg, vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg and fentanyl 2 μg/kg. The children were tracheal intubated and mechanically ventilated. The maximum inspiratory pressure was adjusted to make the tidal volume (VT ) achieve 12 ml/kg in group P and the VT was set at 12 ml/kg in group V. PETCO2 was maintained at 35-45 mm Hg. MAP, HR, PETCO2 , minute ventilation and peak airway pressure were recorded immediately after intubation (T0 ) , immediately before skin incision (T1 ) , 30 min of pneumoperitoneum (T2 ) and 15 min after the end of pneumoperitoneum (T3 ) . Arterial blood samples were taken at the same time points mentioned above for blood gas analysis. Dynamic lung compliance and physiological dead space to tidal volume ratio were calculated.Results Compared with group V, PaCO2 and PETCO2 were significantly decreased and dynamic lung compliance was significantly increased at T1,2 , and minute ventilation and peak airway pressure were significantly decreased at T0-3 in group P ( P < 0.01) . There was no significant difference in MAP, HR and physiological dead space to tidal volume ratio between the two groups ( P > 0.05) . Conclusion Compared with volume-controlled ventilation, pressure-controlled ventilation can better improve the ventilatory efficacy, is more beneficial to gas exchange and reduces the influence of pneumoperitoneum on respiratory function in children undergoing laparoscopic surgery.     

腹腔镜手术患儿压力控制通气和容量控制通气效果的比较

Objective To compare the efficacy of pressure-controlled ventilation and volume-controlled ventilation in children undergoing laparoscopic surgery. Methods Thirty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ children of both sexes,aged 12-36 months, weighing 9-15 kg, scheduled for laparoscopic surgery, were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 15 each): pressure-controlled ventilation group (group P) and volume-controlled ventilation group (group V) . Anesthesia was induced with propofol 2-4 mg/kg, vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg and fentanyl 2 μg/kg. The children were tracheal intubated and mechanically ventilated. The maximum inspiratory pressure was adjusted to make the tidal volume (VT ) achieve 12 ml/kg in group P and the VT was set at 12 ml/kg in group V. PETCO2 was maintained at 35-45 mm Hg. MAP, HR, PETCO2 , minute ventilation and peak airway pressure were recorded immediately after intubation (T0 ) , immediately before skin incision (T1 ) , 30 min of pneumoperitoneum (T2 ) and 15 min after the end of pneumoperitoneum (T3 ) . Arterial blood samples were taken at the same time points mentioned above for blood gas analysis. Dynamic lung compliance and physiological dead space to tidal volume ratio were calculated.Results Compared with group V, PaCO2 and PETCO2 were significantly decreased and dynamic lung compliance was significantly increased at T1,2 , and minute ventilation and peak airway pressure were significantly decreased at T0-3 in group P ( P < 0.01) . There was no significant difference in MAP, HR and physiological dead space to tidal volume ratio between the two groups ( P > 0.05) . Conclusion Compared with volume-controlled ventilation, pressure-controlled ventilation can better improve the ventilatory efficacy, is more beneficial to gas exchange and reduces the influence of pneumoperitoneum on respiratory function in children undergoing laparoscopic surgery.     

喉罩联合气道狭窄远端细管通氧用于严重气道狭窄患者气管镜诊疗术中通气的效果

目的:评价喉罩联合气道狭窄远端细管通氧用于严重气道狭窄患者气管镜诊疗术中通气的效果。方法:选择因气道狭窄行气管镜下综合介入治疗术的患者40例,性别不限,年龄18~70岁。采用随机数字表法分为2组( n＝20)：试验组和对照组。常规麻醉诱导,置入喉罩,连接四通接头和麻醉机行间歇正压通气。试验组置入喉罩后经四通...     

控制通气下经纤维支气管镜小儿气道异物取出术

目的介绍控制通气下实施经纤维支气管镜小儿气道异物取出术的作用。方法年龄9个月～12岁的小儿患者32例,在全身麻醉三通喉罩（TLMA）气道控制通气下经纤维支气管镜气管、支气管异物取出术。术中连续监测收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR）、脉搏氧饱和度（SpO2）、潮气量（VT）、气道峰压（P础）和呼气末二氧化碳分压（PETCO2）。微泵连续输注丙泊酚、维库溴铵、瑞芬太尼维持麻醉。记录麻醉前5min（To）、插入TLMA通气即时（T1）、通气3rain（T2）、通气5min（T3）、通气10min（L）、通气15min（75）和手术即将结束时（T6）的收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR）、脉搏氧饱和度（SpO2）;记录T1,T2,T3,T4,T5,T6时间点的潮气量（VT）、气道峰压（Ppnck）和呼气末二氧化碳分压（PETCO2）;于T0,T2,T4,T5,T6时间点采集桡动脉血液进行血气分析。记录麻醉、手术效果和过程。结果全部32例手术顺利完成,手术时间3～26min,平均7．5min：通气时间22．43min,平均27min。术后恢复良好,无明显并发症。结论控制通气下实施经纤维支气管镜小儿气道异物取出术安全可靠,效果良好,并发症少。     

ProSeal喉罩用于体外循环心内直视术患儿气道管理的效果

目的 评价ProSeal喉罩用于体外循环心内直视术患儿气道管理的效果.方法 择期拟行心内直视术患儿76例,年龄3月～8岁,体重3.3～34.5 kg,性别不限,ASA分级Ⅱ级,心功能分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为2组(n=38):气管导管组(T组)和ProSeal喉罩组(P组).麻醉诱导后,T组置入气管导管,P组置入ProSeal喉罩,行机械通气.记录气管导管和喉罩的置入情况、置入时间、最高气道压、术中低氧血症、心动过速、心动过缓、低血压和高血压的发生情况、术后喉头水肿、吞咽困难、呛咳、呼吸困难、声音嘶哑的发生情况.结果 气管导管和ProSeal喉罩全部置入成功.两组术中均未见低氧血症、心动过速、心动过缓、低血压和高血压的发生.与T组比较,P组置入时间缩短,喉头水肿和吞咽困难的发生率降低(P＜0.05),最高气道压、呛咳、呼吸困难和声音嘶哑的发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论ProSeal喉罩置入简单易行,可有效保证通气,对咽喉部刺激较小,用于体外循环心内直视术患儿的气道管理安全可靠.     

三通喉罩用于气管异物取出术患者气道管理的效果

急诊或择期拟行气管异物取出术患者31例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄4～68岁.体重10～79 kg.快速诱导全身麻醉下插入三通喉罩,三通喉罩的标准端口连接麻醉机或呼吸机,行机械通气.静脉输注异丙酚、维库溴铵及瑞芬太尼维持麻醉.于麻醉前5 min(T0)、插入三通喉罩通气即刻、3、5、10、15 min(T1-5)和术毕(T6)时记录SP、DP、HR和spO2,T1～6时记录VT、气道峰压(Ppeak)和PET CO2,T0,2～6时采集桡动脉血样行血气分析.从三通喉罩另一带有密封帽端口置入纤维支气管镜或带取物钳的窥镜,经声门进入气管行异物取出术.手术时间6～34 min,通气时间19～45 min;T1～6时SP、DP、HR、VT、Ppeak和PETCO2与T0时无差异,T2～6时SpO2明显升高;血气分析结果显示:三通喉罩通气后PCO2、PO2和O2sat明显改善;均于术后30 min内清醒并拔除喉罩;无误吸,无明显胃肠充气,无咽喉部水肿及损伤,1例患者苏醒期出现短时轻度躁动;术后均未见明显并发症.     

三通喉罩用于气管异物取出术患者气道管理的效果

Three-way laryngeal mask airway (tLMA) was used in 31 patients aged 4-68 yr, weighing 10- 79 kg undergoing tracheal foreign body removal under general anesthesia. Anesthesia was induced with propofol 3 mg/kg, vecuronium 0.12 mg/kg and remifentanil 0.4 μg/kg. tLMA was inserted. The patients were mechanically ventilated. Anesthesia was maintained with iv infusion of propofol 2 mg . Kg-1 ? H-1, vecuronium 0.08 mg·kg-1·h-1 and remifentanil 0.15 μg·kg-1 ·min-1 . Radial artery was cannulated for BP monitoring and blood sampling. The operation time was 6-34 min and mechanical ventilation time 19-45 min. There was no significant change in SP, DP, HR, VT, Ppeak and Ppeak CO, during operation as compared with the baseline values before anesthesia. SpO2 was significantly increased at T2-6. PCO2, PO2 and O2sat were obviously improved after tLMA was used. All the patients emerged bom anesthesia within 30 min after operation. No aspiration, obvious gastrointestinal inflation, and pharyngeal and laryngeal edema and injury occurred. Mild agitation occurred in a short time during the recovery period in one patient. No complication occurred.     

三通喉罩用于气管异物取出术患者气道管理的效果

Three-way laryngeal mask airway (tLMA) was used in 31 patients aged 4-68 yr, weighing 10- 79 kg undergoing tracheal foreign body removal under general anesthesia. Anesthesia was induced with propofol 3 mg/kg, vecuronium 0.12 mg/kg and remifentanil 0.4 μg/kg. tLMA was inserted. The patients were mechanically ventilated. Anesthesia was maintained with iv infusion of propofol 2 mg . Kg-1 ? H-1, vecuronium 0.08 mg·kg-1·h-1 and remifentanil 0.15 μg·kg-1 ·min-1 . Radial artery was cannulated for BP monitoring and blood sampling. The operation time was 6-34 min and mechanical ventilation time 19-45 min. There was no significant change in SP, DP, HR, VT, Ppeak and Ppeak CO, during operation as compared with the baseline values before anesthesia. SpO2 was significantly increased at T2-6. PCO2, PO2 and O2sat were obviously improved after tLMA was used. All the patients emerged bom anesthesia within 30 min after operation. No aspiration, obvious gastrointestinal inflation, and pharyngeal and laryngeal edema and injury occurred. Mild agitation occurred in a short time during the recovery period in one patient. No complication occurred.     

小儿气管异物取出术死亡的教训

小儿气管异物取出术死亡的教训蒋静敏，江春秀，汤伟我院自１９６５年至１９９３年２８年间共收治小儿气管异物４７０例，在气管异物取出术围麻醉手术期死亡１１例，死亡率２．３４％。年龄７０ｄ～７岁。未用麻醉５例，用ｒ－羟基丁酸钠或ｒ－ＯＨ伍用氯胺酮全身麻醉６例...     

小儿气道异物取出术中及术后发生去氧饱和的危险因素

目的 筛选小儿气道异物取出术中及术后发生去氧饱和的危险因素.方法 选择2007年2月至2008年10月就诊于本院的气道异物患儿301例,年龄5月～12岁,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,记录患儿术前合并症情况、异物留存时间、异物种类、异物位置、通气方式、置入硬支气管镜时体动反应的发生情况、术后喉痉挛的发生情况、手术时间、拔管时麻醉深度、苏醒时间及术中、术后去氧饱和的发生情况.脉搏血氧饱和度<90%并超过5 S定义为发生去氧饱和.采用logistic回归分析筛选术中及术后发生去氧饱和的危险因素.结果 术中去氧饱和的发生率为20.4%,术后去氧饱和的发生率为12.2%.logistic回归分析结果显示术前合并肺炎、异物种类为植物种子类、手术时间>20 min、保留自主呼吸的通气方式是患儿术中发生去氧饱和的危险因素;异物种类为植物种子类及苏醒时间延长是患儿术后发生去氧饱和的危险因素.结论 术前合并肺炎、异物种类为植物种子类、手术时间>20 min、保留自主呼吸的通气方式是患儿术中发生去氧饱和的危险因素;异物种类为植物种子类及苏醒时间延长是患儿术后发生去氧饱和的危险因素.     

延颈髓及腹部多发金属异物取出术患儿的护理

对1例延髓、颈6～7椎管内外、腹部多发金属异物患儿,在气管插管全麻下行多发异物取出术,结果手术顺利,无任何并发症发生,住院16 d康复出院.提出术前进行主动心理干预,建立良好的护患关系,术后密切监测生命体征,加强并发症的观察及护理是确保患儿康复的重要环节.     

魏氏喷射气管导管用于患者气管插管术的效果

目的 评价魏氏喷射气管导管用于患者气管插管术的效果.方法 择期全麻气管插管术患者102例,性别不限,年龄15～50岁,体重40～99 kg,ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,Cormack&Lehane分级Ⅰ～Ⅳ级(Ⅰ或Ⅱ级为非困难气道,Ⅲ或Ⅳ级为困难气道).采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为2组(n=51):常规导管组(C组)和魏氏喷射气管导管组(WJ组).2组根据Cormack&Lehane分级分为2个亚组:困难气道组(n=16)和非困难气道亚组(n=35).C组使用普通Kendall气管导管进行插管;WJ组使用相同内径的魏氏喷射气管导管,在喷射通气同时行气管插管.记录机械通气即刻PETCO2;记录首次气管插管成功情况及气管插管时间;记录气管导管拔除后24h内的并发症发生情况.结果 与C组比较,WJ组气管插管时间延长,困难气道患者气管插管首次成功率升高(P＜0.01).与非困难气道患者比较,WJ组困难气道患者机械通气即刻PETCO2、气管插管时间和首次成功率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),C组困难气道患者机械通气即刻PETCO2升高,气管插管首次成功率降低(P＜0.01).WJ组未出现气胸、纵隔气肿及皮下气肿等严重气压伤;2组喉痉挛、咽喉痛和胃胀气发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 魏氏喷射气管导管不仅能安全有效地为气管插管全麻患者提供通气,还可提高困难气道气管插管成功几率.     

静吸复合麻醉用于小儿气管异物取出术

小儿支气管异物是小儿耳鼻喉科最常见的急症,需行支气管镜检查下取出异物.小儿气管异物可导致不同程度的呼吸困难及缺氧,直达喉镜检查对咽喉及气道的刺激可引起剧烈的应激,因而气管异物取出术麻醉比较特殊,危险性高,麻醉的效果及安全性对手术的顺利完成及患儿安全具有重要意义.现将静吸复合麻醉用于30例小儿气管异物取出术的麻醉体会总结报道如下.     

气道异物长时间留存患儿异物取出术的麻醉处理

气管、支气管异物是儿童常见的急重症 ~([1]).患儿气道狭窄,异物取出术对气道刺激性强,且术者与麻醉科医生需共用气道,因而气道管理至关重要.患儿气道异物取出术麻醉方式的选择尚存争议~([2-4]).本院对9例气道异物长时间留存患儿成功实施纤维支气管镜(FOB)气道异物取出术,现将麻醉处理的体会和经验总结如下.     

i-gel喉罩用于神经介入术患者气道管理的效果

目的 评价i-gel喉罩用于神经介入术患者气道管理的效果.方法 择期行神经介入术患者40例,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄20～60岁,体重指数＜30 kg/m2,随机分为2组(n=20):i-gel喉罩组(Ⅰ组)和ProSeal喉罩组(P组).TCI异丙酚和瑞芬太尼麻醉诱导后置入喉罩,行机械通气,维持PETCO2 35～40 mm Hg,SpO2 99%～100%.于麻醉诱导前、诱导后即刻、置入喉罩后1、3、5 min和拔除喉罩即刻,记录BP和HR;记录喉罩置入成功情况、置入时间、漏气压和气道峰压;记录喉罩置入与拔除过程中呛咳、喉痉挛、血迹残留、误吸的发生情况;术后24 h内随访患者咽痛、声音嘶哑、腹胀腹痛的发生.结果 两组患者BP和HR均在正常范围内.两组喉罩置入成功率、喉罩置入时间和气道峰压比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与P组比较,Ⅰ组漏气压、血迹残留和咽痛的发生率降低(P＜0.05).结论 i-gel喉罩置入简单易行,气道密封效果好,可有效保证通气,不良反应少,可安全地用于神经介入术患者的气道管理.     

学龄前儿童食管异物取出术的麻醉探讨

学龄前儿童食管异物多需在内窥镜直视下将其取出 ,由于在食管内操作 ,且病人一般情况较好 ,手术者与麻醉者往往对危险性重视不够。我院对 2 7例学龄前儿童实施食管异物取出术时 ,围术期有 8例出现不同程度气道梗阻 ,现就麻醉处理总结如下。资料与方法一般资料　 2 7例中 ,男 1 6例 ,女 1 1例。年龄 7个月～ 6岁 ,其中 3岁以内 1 2例 ,骨头 7例 ,金属物 6例 ,植物果核 5例。患儿术前一般情况好 ,无气道梗阻表现。均为急诊手术 ,在进食后 4h内入院 ,有 7例术前作钡餐透视检查 ,手术历时 7～ 90min。麻醉处理　术前常规肌注阿托品 0 0 1～ 0 …     

支气管异物存留10个月后取出术的麻醉两例

气管内异物对麻醉医师一直是一个非常棘手的问题,因为全身麻醉的关键在于对气道的控制,而气管内异物严重影响了这一操作。外科手术更使气道处于几乎失控的状态。因此,支气管内异物的麻醉管理非常重要,如处理不当可能危及患者生命。2010年我院收住2例支气管异物存留时间达10个月的患者,现将麻醉处理报道如下。例1女,21岁,48 kg,因咳嗽、咳痰3个月,低烧伴胸闷1个月入院。胸部X线片示左下叶支气管异物,左下叶肺炎、肺不张。支气管镜检查见左下叶支气管内硬物,硬物嵌顿紧,并有脓液溢出。追问病史,10个月前的一个晚上入睡后,误吸一带双金属钩的义齿,当时出现剧烈咳嗽,10 min后缓解,后偶有咳嗽,未就诊。其它检查无异常。患者要求不