杭州市生活垃圾分类节点的选择

对源头分类、收集过程二次分类、转运站分类和处置前分类的4个环节的生活垃圾分类实施方式进行比选.选择了源头分类作为杭州市开展生活垃圾分类处理的最优途径.     

日本生活垃圾分类模式和实施效果分析

对日本目前的主流生活垃圾分类模式和分类效果进行分析,阐述了收运、焚烧、填埋和资源化处理等全流程收运处工艺对前端垃圾分类的具体要求,以及分类后各类垃圾的处置工艺和流向;根据2016年统计数据,分析了日本生活垃圾处理、处置和资源化的占比以及经费支出等,为我国城市生活垃圾分类的推进实施提供借鉴。     

典型国家生活垃圾分类的立法与启示

垃圾分类是对垃圾收集处置传统方式的改革,是生活垃圾资源化利用和处理处置的重要前置条件.20世纪70年代以来,国外许多国家已经逐步建立了一套完整的从国家到省市层面的立法、实施细则和技术指南体系,成为生活垃圾分类投放、收集和处理的有力保障.以欧盟、德国、新加坡和日本等典型国家(地区)为例,剖析了垃圾分类管理的法律法规及其实施的成功经验,提出对我国建立垃圾分类相关法律法规体系、推动生活垃圾资源化利用的建议.     

天津市出台生活垃圾分类管理实施意见

正天津政务网2017年12月26日消息为加快推动生活垃圾分类,建立健全生活垃圾处理体系,不断促进人居环境改善和资源回收利用,切实提升生态文明建设水平,天津市日前出台了生活垃圾分类管理实施意见,推进生活垃圾强制分类。2018年,全市启动实施生活垃圾分类,推进生活垃圾分类投放、分类收集、分类运输、分类处置。     

上海市生活垃圾源头分类实效评估及配套机制初探

通过对上海市生活垃圾收运处置实际情况、生活垃圾分类工作开展情况的研究,深入分析了生活垃圾源头分类评估的重要作用和目前存在困难和问题,并结合实际提出了上海市下一步开展生活垃圾分类实效评估的方法和配套机制设计设想。     

大连市实施生活垃圾分类的可行性调查研究

采用问卷调查与面访相结合的方法收集数据,了解大连市居民实施生活垃圾分类的现状,分析居民对垃圾分类的了解程度和态度,剖析制约生活垃圾分类水平难以提高的原因,总结大连市实施垃圾分类的可行性,并提出实施垃圾分类的建议。     

城市生活垃圾分类收集思考

阐述了城市生活垃圾分类收集的必要性,分析了我国城市生活垃圾分类现状,提出应从学校和居住区入手。向居民和学生讲解垃圾分类的方法和技巧;完善垃圾的收集设备及体系,以方便居民进行垃圾分类。     

上海市生活垃圾分类实行“有害垃圾、可回收物、湿垃圾、干垃圾”四分类标准

<正>Q:上海生活垃圾为什么分为四类?A:四分类是当下最能匹配末端生活垃圾实际处理情况的标准,也是在向社会广泛征求意见后确定下来的。分出有害垃圾是为了杜绝环境污染;分出可回收物是为了最大程度地回收资源循环利用;干湿分类既是为了湿垃圾的有效利用,也是为了干垃圾更有效地焚烧。随着末端处置技术的不断提高,分类标准会逐步细化,在"四分类"的基础上出现更多的专项细分品种。     

生活垃圾分类对垃圾主要参数的影响分析

随着垃圾分类的推行,进入焚烧厂的生活垃圾厨果类比例下降、纸类及橡塑类比例升高.由此焚烧厂垃圾发生了密度降低、热值升高、渗滤液产率降低、总氮降低、有机氮占比升高的变化,引起了生活垃圾焚烧厂与渗滤液处理设施运行工况的改变.未来生活垃圾焚烧厂及渗滤液处理设施的设计建设项目,将根据分类后的实施情况调整工艺参数.通过对垃圾分类效...     

上海市生活垃圾分类收集试点研究和效益分析

实施生活垃圾分类收集，是城市生活垃圾管理的一个发展方向，通过对上海市生活垃圾产量和组成成分进行预测，结合分类收集试点状况，分析了上海市生活垃圾分类收集的发展前景，并估算出生活垃圾分类收集的经济效益，为推广城市生活垃分类收集提供了理论基础。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.