大鼠翼腭神经节和脑动脉神经纤维一氧化氮合酶表达的年龄变化

目的：观察大鼠翼腭神经节及脑底动脉壁神经纤维一氧化氮合酶(NOS)表达的年龄变化规律。方法：用NADPH-d组织化学法及图像观察分析不同年龄组翼腭神经节及脑底动脉壁神经纤维NOS表达。结果：从幼年到成年,翼腭神经节中NOS神经细胞密度呈逐渐下降趋势,而胞体大小逐渐增加,至成年时最大,直至老年无明显改变。脑底动脉神经纤维密度从幼年到成年逐渐增高,从成年起维持较高密度直到老年。结论：出生后翼腭神经节和脑底动脉壁神经纤维NOS表达的年龄变化有其特定的规律。     

大鼠翼腭神经节、耳神经节神经元一氧化氮合酶与神经肽Y的共存

目的：为进一步阐明一氧化氮(NO)与神经肽Y(NPY)在翼腭神经节、耳神经节支配机制中的作用提供形态学资料。方法：用尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸-黄递酶(NADPH-d)组织化学方法与免疫组织化学方法结合技术观察翼腭神经节、耳神经节中一氧化氮合酶(NOS)与NPY阳性神经元分布及共存关系。结果：翼腭神经节、耳神经节中有NOS、NPY单标神经元和NOS-NPY双标神经元，以双标神经元最多，NPY单标神经元最少。3种神经元在神经节中无区域特异性的散在分布。两神经节中，各种神经元分布特点相似。结论：NO可能对翼腭神经节、耳神经节节后神经纤维末梢NPY的释放起重要作用。     

一氧化氮合酶在大鼠主盆神经节及阴茎勃起组织中的分布

用ＮＡＤＰＨ脱氢酶组织化学方法观察了大鼠主盆神经节及阴茎勃起组织内一氧化氮合酶阳性成分的分布，发现主盆神经节内分布有大量ＮＯＳ阳性神经元，其中大部分密集于盆神经进入端，而膀胱端稀少，阴茎深动脉及其分支螺旋动脉周围，阴茎和尿道海绵体的平滑肌小梁内均分布有ＮＯＳ阳性纤维，阴茎勃起组织内未见ＮＯＳ阳性神经元，将光金注入阴茎海绵体后，在主盆神经节内发现有较多的荧光金标记细胞，结构ＮＡＤＰＨ反应，将荧光金注     

吸烟大鼠一氧化氮合酶和一氧化氮的变化

目的:观察吸烟对大鼠肺组织iNOS、eNOSmRNA和蛋白表达以及支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中NO的影响, 探讨不同类型的NOS在吸烟所致慢性气道炎症中的作用。方法:选用Wistar大鼠80只随机分为对照组, 被动吸烟组, iNOS抑制剂L-NIL干预组及NOS抑制剂L-NAME干预组。用免疫组化法检测iNOS及eNOS的蛋白表达, 用RT-PCR检测iNOS及eNOSmRNA的表达, 用Griess法测定BALF中的NO^-₂/NO^-₃含量。结果:吸烟大鼠肺组织中iNOSmRNA及其蛋白表达增加, eNOSmRNA及蛋白表达下降, BALF中细胞总数及NO^-₂/NO^-₃显著增加(P＜0.05)。在体实验发现, L-NIL使BALF中细胞总数及NO^-₂/NO^-₃下降(P＜0.05);L-NAME对BALF中细胞总数及NO^-₂/NO^-₃无显著影响(P＞0.05)。结论:吸烟大鼠肺组织iNOSmRNA和蛋白表达增加, eNOSmRNA和蛋白表达减少。活化的iNOS产生大量NO促进炎症发展。     

神经生长因子受体和一氧化氮合酶在大鼠基底前脑神经元的分布 …

用神经生长因子受体免疫组化，ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ组化及两者的双重反应技术观察了神经生长因子受体和一氧化氮合酶在大鼠基底前脑神经元的表达和共存。神经生长因子受体和一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元在基底前脑内部以一条连续的细胞带的形式存在。神经生长因子受体阳性神经元多为多极形，排列较密，由吻侧向尾侧数量逐渐增多；一氧化氮合酶神经元的形状与神经生长因子受体阳性和神经元相似，但数量较少，且由吻侧向尾数量相对稳定。通过双重     

大鼠额叶损伤后诱导型一氧化氮合酶的表达变化

为了探讨大鼠额叶损伤后不同时间诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的表达变化及意义,本研究采用大鼠额叶锐器损伤模型,经Nissl和H.E.染色观察伤后的病理变化过程,RT-PCR及免疫组织化学染色方法检测伤后iNOSmRNA和iNOS阳性细胞的表达变化。结果显示:伤后12、24h创伤区炎症细胞大量浸润;创伤区及周边iNOSmRNA的表达3h开始上升,24h达到高峰;伤后iNOS阳性细胞数量也增多,伤后3、6h主要由神经细胞表达iNOS,在12、24h主要由巨噬细胞表达iNOS,而72、120h则主要由胶质细胞表达iNOS。上述结果说明大鼠额叶锐器伤后iNOS的表达增加,iNOS阳性细胞的种类和数量变化与伤后时程有关。     

神经生长因子受体和一氧化氮合酶在大鼠基底前脑神经元的分布与共存

用神经生长因子受体免疫组化，NADPH－d组化及两者的双重反应技术观察了神经生长因子受体和一氧化氮合酶在大鼠基底前脑神经元的表达和共存。神经生长因子受体和一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元在基底前脑内都以一条连续的细胞带的形式存在．神经生长因子受体阳性神经元多为多极形．排列较密，由吻侧向尾侧数量逐渐增多；一氧化氮合酶神经元的形状与神经生长因子受体阳性神经元相似，但数量较少，且由吻侧向尾侧数量相对稳定。通过双重反应证明，基底前脑神经元包括着神经生长因子受体阳性和一氧化氮合酶阳性以及两者共存的神经元等三种类型。双重反应阳性神经元在形态上和神经生长因子受体阳性神经元相似，其数量从吻侧向尾侧逐渐减少，在前由＋1．0水平，它占一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的70％，神经生长因子受体阳性神经元的50％；但到前连合水平则仅占一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的20％和神经生长因子受体阳性神经元的40％。本文对神经生长因子受体与一氧化氮合酶双重反应阳性神经元的分布意义以及此二种阳性神经元之间的关系进行了讨论。     

神经系统中的一氧化氮和一氧化氮合酶

<正> 80年代初Funchgott等发现许多血管扩张剂(如ACh)的扩张血管作用是由于血管内皮受到刺激释放血管舒张因子,此因子引起血管平滑肌松弛,从而引起血管扩张;而并非由于激动其受体而直接产生者。后来的研究表明,血管舒张因子就是一氧化氮(NO)。近年来,业已从多种组织中提取了一氧化氮合酶(NOS)。在脑组织,已证实NOS就是依赖还原型辅酶Ⅱ的硫辛酸脱氢酶(NADPH Diaphorase,ND)。本文对NOS和NO的一些基本问题做一综述。     

大鼠三叉神经半月神经节内一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的分布,投射及其与...

用还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶组织化学方法观察了大鼠三叉神经半月神经节内一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的分布。结果发现的５￣８％的节细胞呈一氧化氮合酶阳性，几乎均是中、小细胞，弥散地分布在神经节各处。结合荧光金逆行追踪技术观察，发现荧光金注入三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核浅层后，约９０％的一氧化氮合酶阳性节细胞被逆行标记，提示半月神经节内的一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元主要投射于三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核浅层。用一氧化     

Developmental changes of nitric oxide synthase expression in the rat hypothalamoneurohypophyseal system

The present study investigated the immunohistochemical localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the hypothalamoneurohypophyseal system (HNS) of the developing rats on postnatal day 1 (PN1), 7 (PN7), 14 (PN14), 21 (PN21), and the adult rats. The nNOS-positive neurons were not discernable in the supraoptic nucleus (SON), the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and the median eminence (ME) at PN1 and PN7. A few neurons positive for nNOS were first detected at PN14. At PN21, the nNOS-positive cells in SON and PVN rapidly increased in number. The pattern of nNOS expression at this stage approached that of the adult. Moreover, the increase of nNOS expression in the SON and PVN during the postnatal period was accompanied by the maturation of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) neurons as indicated by the number and size of OT or AVP neurons in the SON and PVN. The patterns of AVP versus OT expression also reached that of the adult by the end of the third postnatal week. The time course of the change in nNOS expression coincided with the maturation of AVP and OT neurons in the HNS and suggested that NO synthesized by conversion of NOS is involved in the modulation of activity of neurons in the SON and PVN of the HNS.     

Cellular control of nitric oxide synthase expression and activity in rat cardiomyocytes

Potential ortho- and pathophysiological roles for nitric oxide synthases (NOS) in cardiac functions have been and are continuing to be described. However, cellular signaling mechanisms controlling nitric oxide (NO) production in the heart remain obscure. The aim of this study was to investigate signaling mechanisms involved in regulation of NOS expression and NO generation in cardiomyocytes. Using immunocytochemical methods in conjunction with western blotting, we have found that cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes express constitutively all three NOS isoforms targeted predominantly to the particulate component of cardiomyocytes - mitochondria and along contractile fibers, as well as along plasma membrane including T-tubules. Biochemical assay of NO generation has shown that exposure of cultured neonatal rat cardiac cells to isoproterenol (beta-adrenergic stimulation), iloprost [stable prostaglandin I(2) (PGI(2)) analogue], as well as inflammatory cytokines and dibutyryl adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate (db-cAMP), resulted in a marked up-regulation of NOS expression by cardiomyocytes. In db-cAMP-stimulated cells, inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) reduced immunolabeling of NOS and concomitantly lowered NO production. Taken together, these data point to an involvement of beta-adrenergic mechanisms, cytokine and PGI(2) receptors, adenylyl cyclase, PKA, and PKC in the control of NO generation and expression of NOS in rat cardiomyocytes.     

Age-related changes in nitric oxide synthase and arginase in the rat prefrontal cortex

Increasing evidence suggests that nitric oxide (NO), generated by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) from l-arginine, plays an important role in the ageing process. The present study, for the first time, investigates age-related changes in NOS and arginase, an enzyme that shares a common substrate with NOS, in the prefrontal cortex of rats assessed with and without prior behavioural testing. A significant increase in total NOS activity was found in the prefrontal cortex in aged (24-month-old) as compared with young (4-month-old) rats. Western blotting revealed that there were no significant differences between young and aged rats in neuronal NOS (nNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) protein expression. Inducible isoform of NOS (iNOS), in terms of activity and protein expression, was not detected in either group. Total arginase activity and arginase I and II protein expression did not differ between the young and aged groups. The present findings support the contribution of NOS/NO to ageing but question the importance of iNOS in the normal ageing process.     

The expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and dystrophin in rat regenerating muscles

We investigated the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and dystrophin in the regenerating skeletal muscles of rats after cardiotoxin-induced myonecrosis by immunohistochemical studies and western blot analysis. In normal muscles, nNOS was moderately immunostained on type 2B fibers, but was faintly immunostained on type 2A or type 1 fibers. In immunohistochemical studies of regenerating muscles, nNOS was first observed at the sarcolemma of type 2B fibers on day 10, when the type discrimination between types 2A and 2B was first detected by ATP reactions. Subsequently, the immunostaining of nNOS grew progressively stronger in type 2B fibers, with faint staining in type 2A and type 1 fibers until day 28. Meanwhile, the immunostaining of dystrophin grew stronger equally in all three fibers until day 21. In western blot analysis of regenerating muscles, nNOS regenerated more slowly than dystrophin. The present data suggest that the expression of nNOS is related to the muscle fiber type differentiation, and that the role of nNOS is related to the function of the type 2B fibers of the muscle. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Nitric oxide synthase expression and nitric oxide toxicity in oligodendrocytes

Oligodendrocytes (OLG) have more complex interactions with nitric oxide (NO) than initially suspected. Historically, OLG were seen only as targets of high NO levels released from other cells. Expression of nitric oxide synthase type II (NOS-2) in primary cultures of OLGs stimulated by cytokines led to controversy due to the presence of small numbers of microglia, cells also inducible for NOS-2 expression. The present review summarizes the findings that immature OLG express NOS-2, but that they do not in their most mature stage in culture as membrane sheet-bearing cells. This raises questions about the regulation of NOS-2 expression in OLG. Additionally, novel data are presented on NOS-3 expression in cultured OLG. If confirmed in vivo, this finding suggests that constitutive NOS-3 expression may play a key role in OLG injury due to its activation by calcium, in interaction with pathways mediating glutamate toxicity. The authors discuss in vivo NO levels to place in vitro findings in context, and compare OLG sensitivity to NO with that of other brain cells. Lastly, the multiple interactions of NO are considered with regard to glutamate cytotoxicity, the antioxidant glutathione, mitochondrial function, and myelin architecture.     

脑动脉内皮细胞缺氧时内皮型一氧化氮合酶基因表达的变化及蛋白激酶C的作用

目的：研究缺氧时脑动脉内皮细胞(CAECs)内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)基因表达的变化，并探讨可能的分子机制。方法： 分别采用RT-PCR和蛋白质免疫印迹技术检测原代培养的猪脑动脉内皮细胞缺氧2、6、12、24、48 h后eNOS mRNA和蛋白质表达的变化，并观察蛋白激酶C(PKC)抑制剂对缺氧24 h引起的eNOS mRNA和蛋白质变化的影响。加入转录抑制剂放线菌素D后观察缺氧24 h对eNOS mRNA稳定性的影响。结果：缺氧2 h后脑动脉内皮细胞eNOS mRNA和蛋白质表达均增加，12 h达到高峰，约分别为常氧组的2.5倍和2.0倍，缺氧48 h仍高于常氧组。缺氧对eNOS mRNA稳定性无明显影响。选择性PKC抑制剂BIM I(1 μmol/L)、G6983(1 μmol/L)均能降低缺氧24 h所引起的eNOS基因表达的上调。结论： 脑动脉内皮细胞缺氧时可通过PKC信号途径上调eNOS基因的表达，并可能由此介导缺氧时脑血管的扩张反应，发挥其神经保护作用。     

脑挫伤后一氧化氮合酶阳性细胞及一氧化氮含量的变化

目的　探讨脑挫伤后一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)阳性细胞和一氧化氮 (NO)的变化和意义。方法　采用自由落体法致Wistar大鼠顶叶皮质挫裂伤动物模型。伤后 2 4h、72h和 7d取脑 ,制作冰冻切片 ,采用NADPH组织化学染色 ,显示脑挫伤区NOS阳性细胞。用硝酸还原酶法测定血液和脑组织中NO含量。结果　脑挫伤后 72h ,NOS阳性细胞数密度 (Nv)和面密度(Sv)明显增高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,而且 7d时仍无明显下降。血液和脑中NO含量也增高 ,并与NOS细胞呈平行关系。结论　脑挫伤后不同时间NOS细胞数目和NO含量有明显改变 ,提示NOS和NO参与了脑挫伤的病理过程