Duodenojejunostomy Leaks After Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Background A duodenojejunostomy (DJ) or gastrojejunostomy (GJ) leak is a potentially fatal complication after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). However, due to its rarity, this complication has not been fully characterized. Methods We reviewed 3029 PDs performed at our institution over a 26-year period and identified patients who suffered a leak at the DJ or GJ anastomosis. Perioperative data from patients with such a leak were examined in detail and were compared to patients who did not experience such a leak after PD. Results A total of 13 patients experienced a DJ or GJ leak after PD, amounting to a 0.4% leak rate. Common clinical signs of a leak included an acute abdomen, enterocutaneous fistula, and a fever. Twelve of thirteen patients also had a leukocytosis, with five patients having a peak white blood cell count exceeding 30,000 cells/mm³. The median time interval between surgery and diagnosis of the DJ or GJ leak was 10 days; three patients were diagnosed after being discharged from the hospital and one patient was diagnosed on the day of their planned discharge. In a multivariate model, perioperative risk factors for a DJ or GJ leak included a preoperative BUN-to-creatinine ratio > 20 (odds ratio = 6, p = 0.01), intraoperative blood loss ≥1 l (odds ratio = 6, p = 0.03), and a total pancreatectomy (odds ratio = 7, p = 0.005). In the DJ or GJ leak group, 12 of 13 patients were managed operatively. The median postoperative length of stay was 35 days after PD, and four patients died within 4 months of surgery as a result of their complicated postoperative course. Conclusion DJ or GJ leaks occur infrequently after PD, but are associated with substantial morbidity. The clinical presentation is usually delayed, and surgical management is the preferred approach. Early diagnosis, attention to preoperative volume status, and continued efforts to control blood loss may minimize the impact of DJ or GJ leaks in some instances. For poster presentation at the 48th annual meeting of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, May 19–23, 2007, Washington, DC.     

Pancreaticojejunostomy Sleeve Reconstruction After Pancreaticoduodenectomy in Laparoscopic and Open Surgery

Introduction:

Laparoscopic procedures for pancreatic surgery have been significantly improved recently; however, only a limited number of successful laparoscopic or laparoscopy-assisted pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) have been reported. The limitations could be attributed to the complexity of the reconstruction procedures under laparoscopic observation and the high incidence of complications. Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) has been regarded traditionally as the most frequent major complication and is a potentially serious and life-threatening event. It remains the single most important cause of morbidity after PD and contributes significantly to prolonged mortality. Several modified methods of pancreas anastomosis were introduced to prevent POPF. However, few methods with a satisfactory leakage rate have yet to be seen. Collating principle of theoretical mechanics, we introduce a new method of reconstruction by performing an asymmetric sleeving-joint pancreaticojejunostomy (SJPJ). The aim of this study is to summarize the results of a new technique that is designed to decrease the POPF.

Methods:

From January 2004 to December 2010, SJPJ was performed on 86 patients undergoing PD by 1 surgeon: a laparoscopic reconstruction was completed in 9 cases, a hand-assisted laparoscopic reconstruction in 2 cases, and an open SJPJ reconstruction in 75 cases.

Discussion:

We used SJPJ, an asymmetric pancreaticojejunostomy (PJ). The time of operation ranged from 300 minutes to 640 minutes. Postoperatively there were no major morbidities and no deaths. Although POPF was observed in the laparoscopic SJPJ group with pancreatic adenocarcinoma, 3 patients developed POPF in the open SJPJ group with ampullary adenocarcinoma (n=1) and pancreatic adenocarcinoma (n=2). The POPF rate was 9.30% in the open SJPJ group and 9.10% in the laparoscopic SJPJ group. The SJPJ procedure facilitates PJ, both laparoscopically and in open surgery. It is safe, effective, and feasible in experience hands.     

胰十二指肠切除术中胰肠吻合方式与术后胰漏及吻合口出血的相关性研究

目的分析胰十二指肠切除术（PD）中胰肠吻合方式与术后胰漏及吻合口出血的关系。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2012年9月期间我院行PD的526例患者的临床资料。526例PD患者行胰肠吻合的方式：胰管空肠端侧黏膜对黏膜吻合（简称黏膜对黏膜吻合）359例,其中149例硅胶引流管内置（简称引流管内置）,130例硅胶引流管引流至体外（简称引流至体外）,80例硅胶引流管未放置（简称引流管未置）;胰腺空肠端侧套入式吻合165例（简称套入式吻合）,均未放置硅胶引流管;胰肠侧侧吻合2例（简称侧侧吻合）,均未放置硅胶引流管。结果526例PD患者术后共发生胰漏34例（6.46%）,胰肠吻合口出血8例（1.52%）,死亡32例（6.08%）。①黏膜对黏膜吻合的胰漏发生率明显低于套入式吻合〔4.18%（15/359）比11.52%（19/165）,χ2=10.029,P=0.002〕;黏膜对黏膜吻合与套入式吻合的吻合口出血发生率比较差异无统计学意义〔1.67%（6/359）比1.21%（2/165）,χ2=0.159,P=0.691〕。②黏膜对黏膜吻合术式中,引流管内置者和引流至体外者的胰漏发生率均分别明显低于引流管未置者〔2.68%（4/149）比11.25%（9/80）,χ2=7.132,P=0.008;1.54%（2/130）比11.25%（9/80）,χ2=9.410,P=0.002〕;引流管内置者与引流至体外者的胰漏发生率比较差异无统计学意义〔2.68%（4/149）比1.54%（2/130）,χ2=0.433,P=0.510〕。引流管内置者与引流至体外者的吻合口出血发生率比较差异无统计学意义〔2.68%（4/149）比1.54%（2/130）,χ2=0.433,P=0.510〕。结论黏膜对黏膜吻合方式胰漏的发生率明显低于套入式吻合方式,但吻合口出血的发生率无明显差异。胰管内硅胶引流管内置或引流至体外均能降低术后胰漏的发生率,但是对于吻合口出血的发生率无明显影响。     

Total Laparoscopic Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Introduction:

Total laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy (TLPD) remains one of the most advanced laparoscopic procedures. Owing to the evolution in laparoscopic technology and instrumentation within the past decade, laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy is beginning to gain wider acceptance.

Methods:

Data were collected for all patients who underwent a TLPD at our institution. Preoperative evaluation consisted of computed tomography scan with pancreatic protocol and selective use of magnetic resonance imaging and/or endoscopic ultrasonography. The TLPD was done with 6 ports on 3 patients and 5 ports in 2 patients and included a celiac, periportal, peripancreatic, and periduodenal lymphadenectomy. Pancreatic stents were used in all 5 cases, and intestinal continuity was re-established by intracorporeal anastomoses.

Results:

Five patients underwent a TLPD for suspicion of a periampullary tumor. There were 3 women and 2 men with a mean age of 60 years and a mean body mass index of 32.8. Intraoperatively, the mean operative time was 9 hours 48 minutes, with a mean blood loss of 136 mL. Postoperatively, there were no complications and a mean length of stay of 6.6 days. There was no lymph node involvement in 4 out of 5 specimens. The pathological results included intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm in 2 patients, pancreatic adenocarcinoma in 1 patient (R0 resection), benign 4-cm periampullary adenoma in 1 patient, and a somatostatin neuroendocrine carcinoma in 1 patient (R0, N1).

Conclusion:

TLPD is a viable alternative to the standard Whipple procedure. Our early experience suggests decreased length of stay, quicker recovery, and improved quality of life. Complication rates appear to be improved or equivalent.     

去除空肠浆膜层的胰肠黏膜-黏膜3层吻合法在胰十二指肠切除术胰肠重建中的运用

目的 评价去除空肠浆膜层的胰肠黏膜-黏膜3层（modified triple-layer,MTL）吻合法运用于胰十二指肠切除术（pancreaticoduodenectomy PD）胰肠吻合后胰瘘等并发症的发生情况,分析胰瘘的危险因素,并与胰肠黏膜-黏膜的2层（two-layer,TL）吻合法进行比较。方法 回顾性分析笔者所在医院科室2010年1月1日至2013年1月31日期间运用上述两种胰肠吻合法进行胰肠重建的PD患者的资料,共184例。统计分析胰瘘等并发症,用单因素及多因素分析法分析胰瘘的危险因素。结果 184例接受PD的患者中96例采用MTL法行胰肠重建,88例患者采用TL法行胰肠重建。2组患者术后总体胰瘘发生率为8.2% （15/184）,其中MTL组有4例（4.2%）,TL组有11例（12.5%）,前者低于后者（P=0.039）。单因素分析结果表明,体质量指数、胰腺质地、胰管直径及胰肠吻合方式是胰瘘的危险因素。多因素分析结果提示,对于胰管直径≤3 mm时,TL法胰肠重建是胰瘘的主要危险因素。结论 MTL与TL相比能降低PD后胰瘘的发生率,对于胰管直径≤3 mm的病例效果尤其明显。     

Pancreatic Anastomotic Leakage After Pancreaticoduodenectomy in 1,507 Patients: A Report from the Pancreatic Anastomotic Leak Study Group

Several definitions for pancreatic leakage after pancreaticodoudenectomy exist, and the reported range of 2–50% underscores this variation. The goal was to determine if drain data alone was predictive of a leak and validate International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula (ISGPF) leak criteria. Participating surgeons entered de-identified data into a web-based database designed to collect Whipple-related data. Definitions used were the ISGPF definition, ≥3 days, amylase 3× normal; and Sarr’s definition, ≥5 days, amylase 5× normal, >30 ml. We compared how well these two definitions were at detecting a leak and its complications. There were 1,507 cases submitted from 16 international institutions. A pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD) was performed in 76.2%. Drain placement occurred in 98.0%. Using the ISGPF definition, the pancreatic leak rate was 26.7 and 14.3% with the Sarr definition. There were more grades A and B leaks detected by the ISGPF definition. Both determined grade C leaks equally. Both definitions correlated with an increased length of stay (LOS), need for percutaneous drains, reoperation, and delayed gastric emptying (DGE). Neither was associated with an increased risk of intensive care unit (ICU) stay or 30-day mortality. The ISGPF was able to capture more patients with clinically relevant leaks than Sarr’s criteria; however, the ability to detect a leak by drain data alone is imperfect. This paper was presented at the 48th annual meeting of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Washington, DC, May 19–24, 2007. Members of the Pancreatic Anastomotic Leak Study Group: David Adams, M.D., Charleston, South Carolina; Gerard Aranha, M.D., Chicago, IL; Mark Callery, M.D., Boston, MA; Roberto Coppola, M.D., Rome, Italy; Elijah Dixon, M.D., Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Massimo Falconi, M.D., Verona, Italy; John Hoffman, M.D., Philadelphia, PA; Thomas Howard, M.D., Indianapolis, Indiana; Frank Makowiec, M.D., Freiberg, Germany; Franco Mosca, M.D., Pisa, Italy; Thomas Neufang, M.D., Mannheim, Germany; Marco Niedergethmann, Mannheim, Germany; Paolo Pederzoli, Verona, Italy; Sergio Pedrazzoli, Padua, Italy; Stefan Post, M.D., Mannheim, Germany; Roberto Salvia, M.D., Verona, Italy; Hiroyuki Shinchi, M.D., Kagoshima, Japan; Margo Shoup, M.D., Chicago, IL; Charles Vollmer, M.D., Boston, MA; Frank Willeke, M.D., Mannheim, Germany; Hiroki Yamaue, M.D., Wakayama, Japan.     

Pancreaticoduodenectomy in a Latin American Country: The Transition to a High-Volume Center

Objective To analyze data in a single institution series of pancreaticoduodenectomies (PD) performed in a 7-year period after the transition to a high-volume center for pancreatic surgery. Background PD has developed dramatically in the last century. Mortality is minimal yet complications are still frequent (around 40%). There are very few reports of PD in Latin America. Methods Data on all PDs performed by a single surgeon from March 2000 to July 2006 in our institution were collected prospectively. Results During the study’s time frame 122 PDs were performed; 84% were classical resections. Mean age was 57.9 years. Of the patients, 51% were female. Intraoperative mean values included blood loss 881 ml, operative time 5 h and 35 min, and vein resection in 14 cases. Both ampullary and pancreatic cancer accounted for 34% of cases (42 patients each), 5.7% were distal bile duct and 4% duodenal carcinomas. Benign pathology included chronic pancreatitis, neuroendocrine tumors, cystic lesions, and other miscellaneous tumors. Overall operative mortality was 6.5% in the 7-year period, 2.2% in the later 5 years. There was a total of 75 consecutive PDs without mortality. Of the patients, 41.8% had one or more complications. Mean survival for pancreatic cancer was 22.6 months and ampullary adenocarcinoma was 31.4 months. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the largest single surgeon series of PD performed in Latin America. It emphasizes the importance of experience and expertise at high-volume centers in developing countries.     

荷包套入式胰空肠双重吻合术在胰十二指肠切除术中的应用

目的介绍一种胰肠吻合术式在胰十二指肠切除术中的应用。方法总结1985年12月至2007年12月期间我院211例荷包套人式胰空肠双重吻合术的临床应用和研究结果。首先，主胰管内置导管并加以固定，并使其粗细相互匹配，距胰腺断端2～3cm用7号丝线结扎胰腺，迫使胰液不从胰腺断端流出；然后再行一层胰腺断端空肠环行吻合和胰腺空肠荷包套入式吻合，即双重吻合术，使胰腺与空肠更贴紧，便于愈合。结果211例患者无一例并发胰瘘，无围手术期死亡；发生切口裂开2例，胆瘘4例；肠系膜上动脉切断1例。结论采用荷包套人式胰空肠双重吻合术式，手术操作安全可靠，可避免胰瘘发生。     

胰十二指肠切除术围手术期并发症临床分析

目的探讨胰十二指肠切除术围手术期并发症的发生情况及其预防。方法回顾性分析111例胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料,分析并发症发生的可能因素。结果 111例患者中术后出现并发症48例（43.2%）,其中发生1种并发症者25例,2种者15例,3种者及以上者8例;死亡4例（3.6%）。结论胰十二指肠切除术是腹部外科中有较高风险的手术,加强围手术期预防及处理是降低胰十二指肠切除术后并发症发生率和死亡率的重要措施。     

胰胃吻合术的应用及其并发症的研究进展

目的总结胰胃吻合（PG）术在胰十二指肠切除术后的应用及其并发症。方法通过检索近年来国内外关于PG术理论、方法及其在临床应用的相关文献并做一综述。结果鉴于PG术理论及操作优势,其在术后消化道重建方式的选择上又逐渐被关注。PG术在近几年的文献报道也逐渐增多,但对于减少PG术后并发症优越性的探讨尚未统一。结论 PG是胰十二指肠切除术后消化道重建的重要术式之一,其PG术的选择尚需结合术者及患者因素综合考虑。     

Preoperative Predictors for Complications after Pancreaticoduodenectomy: Impact of BMI and Body Fat Distribution

Background The purpose of this study was to examine the preoperative patient and radiographic factors that are associated with operative morbidity after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Material and Methods Patient characteristics and preoperative radiographic findings and their association with postoperative complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy were analyzed for 356 patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma who underwent resection between 2000 and 2005. Results Postoperative complications developed in 135 patients (38%). The most common complications were pancreatic fistula/abscess (15%), wound infection (14%), and delayed gastric emptying (4%). On multivariate analysis, the only preoperative radiographic factors associated with having any postoperative complication were the absence of pancreatic atrophy and the extent of central obesity determined by the thickness of retrorenal visceral fat (VF). Complications occurred in 51% of patients with VF ≥ 2 cm, compared to 31% of patients with VF < 2 cm, p < 0.001. Postoperatively, pancreatic fistula developed in 24% of patients with VF ≥ 2 cm and in only 10% of patients with VF < 2 cm, p = 0.01. Wound infections occurred in 21% of the patients with body mass index greater than or equal to 30 kg/m² compared to 12% of the nonobese patients, p = 0.03. Conclusions Generalized obesity is associated with postoperative wound infections after pancreaticoduodenectomy. The degree of visceral fat on preoperative cross-sectional imaging is associated with significantly higher rates of overall complications and pancreatic fistula. Presented in part at the 48th Annual Meeting of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, May 21, 2007, Washington, DC.     

Risk Factors of Postoperative Anastomotic Stricture After Excision of Choledochal Cysts with Hepaticojejunostomy

The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors of postoperative anastomotic stricture after excision of choledochal cysts and hepaticojejunostomy. Among 65 patients who underwent surgery for choledochal cyst between March 1995 and June 2005, we selected 34 adult patients who were diagnosed as having choledochal cyst. We divided patients into two groups, depending on postoperative anastomotic stricture developed or not. Medical records and radiological findings of each patient were reviewed retrospectively. H&E stain and Masson–Trichrome stain of each specimen of the resected cyst were performed, and thickness of cyst wall, the grade of fibrosis, loss of smooth muscle layer, loss of mucosa, and infiltration of inflammatory cells were measured. Of the 34 patients, excision of choledochal cyst and hepaticojejunostomy were done in 33 patients, and 1 patient with chronic pancreatitis underwent pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy. Anastomotic stricture and intrahepatic duct stones postoperatively developed in eight patients; one patient of 19 type I cyst and seven patients of 15 type IVa, developing significantly more in the type IVa choledochal cyst (P < 0.05). The size of choledochal cyst in the stricture group was 7.0 cm, and that of the non-stricture group, 4.2 cm, showing significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). The stricture group presented shorter duration of symptoms (27.63 ± 61.72 days; ranged, 1 ∼ 180 days) than the non-stricture group (483.33 ± 916.41 days; ranged, 1∼3,560 days), and it was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Pathologically, significant difference was found between anastomotic stricture and infiltration of inflammatory cells (P < 0.05). The results indicate that anastomotic stricture is influenced by the type IVa choledochal cyst, size of cyst, duration of symptoms, and the grade of infiltration of inflammatory cells. Therefore, closed careful follow-up is important in patients who underwent cyst excision with hepaticojejunostomy for type IVa choledochal cyst. If the anastomotic stricture develops, nonoperative management should be recommended, rather than operation, as much as possible. J.H. Kim, and T.Y. Choi equally contributed to this work.     

Pancreaticoduodenectomy and placement of operative enteral access: Better or worse?

Background

It is unclear whether placement of operative enteral access (OEA) during pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) correlates with decreased morbidity.

Reconstruction of the Replaced Right Hepatic Artery at the Time of Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Background  The arterial anatomy supplying the liver is highly variable. One of the most common variants is a completely replaced right hepatic artery which is seen in about 11% of the population. Interruption of arterial flow to the right hepatic artery at the time of pancreaticoduodenectomy has been associated with biliary fistula and the consequent complications, as well as stenosis of the biliary enteric anastomosis. Malignancies of the posterior aspect of the head of the pancreas can encase a replaced right hepatic artery without involvement of other vascular structures. In this situation, it is possible to resect and reconstruct the replaced right hepatic artery to maintain oxygen delivery to the biliary enteric anastomosis. Summary  Herein we describe a technique to reconstruct a replaced right hepatic artery following resection of the vessel en bloc with the tumor during a pancreaticoduodenectomy, using inflow from the gastroduodenal artery.     

Preoperative Liver Function Tests and Hemoglobin will Predict Complications Following Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Introduction  Previous studies identified an association between dilated pancreatic and biliary ducts and lower rates of pancreatic leak after pancreaticoduodenectomy, but it remains unclear whether elevated liver function tests are also associated with lower rates of complications. The purpose of this study was to determine if preoperative liver function tests are associated with postoperative complications. Materials and Methods  We identified 452 patients who received a pancreaticoduodenectomy from 1990–2007. Clinicopathological data was collected for each patient, and regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of postoperative complications. Results  Of the patients studied, 289(64%) experienced no postoperative complications. In univariate analysis, patients with a low or normal preoperative aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.03) or alkaline phosphatase(p = 0.03), had higher rates of complications. Multivariate analysis confirmed an elevated alkaline phosphatase was associated with a lower incidence of complications (OR = 0.56, p = 0.02), while preoperative anemia was found to be a predictor of complications following pancreaticoduodenectomy(OR = 2.01, p = 0.02). Conclusion  Anemic patients and those with normal liver function tests were more likely to experience complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy. This may represent extent of disease and tumors not causing biliary or pancreatic dilatation, respectively. Precautions, such as intraoperative ductal stents, should be considered when operating on this group of patients to minimize complications. Presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, May 17–21, 2008. San Diego Convention Center, San Diego, California.     

Long-Term Assessments After Pancreaticoduodenectomy with Pancreatic Duct Invagination Anastomosis

Purpose The purpose of this cohort was to evaluate the long-term patency of the anastomosis and the remnant pancreatic functions. Methods Fifty-six consecutive patients undergoing a pancreaticoduodenectomy with pancreatic duct invagination anastomosis were enrolled in this study. During the follow-up, changes in the remnant pancreatic duct size, pancreatic exocrine and endocrine functions, and nutritional status were monitored. Results No seriously activated pancreatic fistula, no hemorrhagic complications, no reoperations, and no in-hospital deaths were observed after surgery. A dilatation of remnant pancreatic duct was detected a total of 37 times (51%) during annual computed tomography (CT) evaluations. Pancreatic dysfunctions were observed in a considerable number of patients (exocrine 4/12, 9/14, and 8/16, endocrine 9/35, 8/27, and 4/16 at 1, 2, and 3 postoperative years, respectively). Functional declines in the remnant pancreas, duct dilatation, and a decrease in the body mass index were observed from the first year. However, these data did not progressively deteriorate thereafter, at least during the first 3 postoperative years. This study demonstrated a significant correlation between the duct dilatation and endocrine dysfunction. Conclusion Our pancreatic duct invagination anastomosis resulted in somewhat limited long-term outcomes, although it did prevent serious complications in the short-term.