儿童尿路感染的诊断:新鲜尿镜检或培养

尿路感染(UTI)在儿童尤其是婴儿需及时治疗,因为它可很快发展为严重的疾病,并在易感儿中,即使是短暂的感染也可引起永久性肾脏损害。现旨在确定显微镜检查新鲜尿液能否区分无菌尿和感染尿,是否比常规培养能更好地确定儿童 UTI 的诊断。     

NGAL在急性肾损伤与泌尿系统感染患儿血及尿中的改变及临床意义

目的 探讨儿童不同程度急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)患儿和泌尿系统感染患儿和中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin,NGAL)在血及尿中的改变,以明确NGAL在儿童AKI诊断中的意义.方法 根据儿童AKI诊断标准,将入选患儿分别纳入AKI-R、I和F组,将同时期收治的儿童泌尿系统感染(urinary tract infection,UTI)患儿和儿童保健门诊患儿分别纳入UTI组和正常对照组.采用ELISA方法检测血和尿NGAL,尿NGAL与尿肌酐的比值作为尿NGAL的最后结果.结果 2009年6月至2010年12月收入到儿科肾脏病房的儿童AKI入选患儿共85例,AKI-R组42例,AKI-I组26例,AKI-F组17例.同期收治的儿童UTI组患儿51例,对照组儿童保健门诊入选患儿30例.AKI-I和AKI-F组SCr值明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001);AKI-R、I、F组血NGAL值均明显高于和正常对照组,差异有统计学意义(P ＜0.001);AKI-R、I、F组和UTI组患儿尿NGAL值均明显高于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001).AKI-I和F组患儿血和尿NGAL均和SCr值有相关性(P ＜0.001).结论 血和尿NGAL在AKI患儿中明显升高,且敏感性好于SCr.泌尿系统感染患儿尿NGAL升高,但升高的程度低于较重的AKI患儿,而血NGAL未见明显升高.在AKI-I和F组患儿血和尿NGAL均和SCr值有相关性.因此,NGAL对于儿童AKI的早期诊断有一定的临床意义.     

青海地区小儿尿路感染病原菌耐药性分析

目的了解尿路感染(UTI)病原菌的分布及耐药性,为诊断及合理使用抗生素治疗提供可靠依据。方法本院2006年12月-2008年2月门诊及住院经中段尿细菌培养确诊的UTI患儿229例,对分离出的229株细菌应用改良Kirby-bauer法进行鉴定和耐药性及回顾性分析。结果小儿UTI主要表现为腹痛、尿路刺激征,伴腹部压痛及尿道口充血。UTI菌株以大肠埃希菌为主,占30.13%;其次为肠球菌属(19.21%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(15.28%)、屎肠球菌(7.86%)及嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌、白色念珠菌Ⅰ型、表皮葡萄球菌Ⅱ型等。细菌耐药率均呈上升趋势,革兰阳性球菌耐药率普遍较高,仅对亚胺培南及万古霉素仍保持较高敏感性。革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南极为敏感,余抗生素均耐药,其中对头孢唑啉、诺氟沙星全部耐药。结论肠道细菌是儿童尿路感染的主要病原菌,中段尿培养仍是尿路感染诊断的必要方法,临床医师应结合尿培养和药敏试验结果,合理选用抗生素。     

儿童泌尿系感染的诊断、治疗和管理

泌尿系感染(UTI)是儿科常见病,但是由于其临床特征的非特异性,使其诊断具有一定难度.急需完整具体的诊治指南为临床儿科医师服务.目前国内尚未发表儿童UTI的诊治指南.英国国家健康和临床优化研究所(NICE)在总结了大量临床资料的基础上制定了儿童UTI的诊治指南,是目前国际上该领域的最新指南.该指南对于儿童UTI的诊断、治疗和管理均给出了具体建议,较先前的诊治指南更加细化.现以最新的2007年NICE指南为基础,介绍儿童UTI的诊断、治疗和管理,希望能对广大儿科医师今后的临床工作有所帮助.     

不同发育期儿童症状性泌尿道感染

作者于1981年1月～1983年1月研究了112例处于不同发育期的小儿的症状性泌尿道感染(UTI)。其中新生儿20例,婴儿19例,学前儿34例,学龄儿39例。全部病儿均在利比亚班加西市 El—Fateh 儿童医院住院及随诊,均经细菌学证实诊断,即清洁排泄     

儿童常见肾脏疾病诊治循证指南(试行)(七):泌尿系感染诊断治疗指南

一、前言 泌尿系感染(UTI)是儿科常见的感染性疾病之一[1],且婴幼儿UTI常合并膀胱输尿管反流(VUR)等先天性尿路畸形(VUR在婴幼儿发热性UTI中可高达20%～40%).VUR和反复UTI可导致持续性的肾脏损害和瘢痕化,从而可能引起高血压和慢性肾衰竭.早期发现和诊断婴幼儿UTI,并给予合理处置尤为重要.为规范我国儿童UTI的诊断和治疗,中华医学会儿科学分会肾脏病学组起草本指南试行稿,旨在反映当前最佳临床实践证据,为临床儿科医生提供符合我国国情的、可操作性的中国儿童UTI诊断和治疗的参考方案.     

小儿泌尿道感染临床特征及治疗的进展

Royer在1839年首次描述了泌尿道感染(简称UTI),并记载了小儿UTI的病原学、诊断和治疗。小儿UTI发病率仅次于上呼吸道感染。也是在3岁以下不能解释的发热患儿中主要病因之一。Kunin指出在美国大约有150万女孩在18岁之前至少曾经有过一次菌尿。发生率男孩为0.03%,女孩在0.8～2.0%之间。在11岁前发展为症状性UTI,男孩为1.1%,女孩为3.0%。大多数婴儿和儿童急性感染后无继续反复感染,只有小部分患儿反复感染。Abbout报导新生儿发病率为0.1～     

萘啶酸与氨苄青霉素对严重细菌性痢疾的疗效比较

作者对有严重急性腹泻疾病而住院的婴儿和儿童作肛拭标本培养和免疫萤光试验观察。在住院24小时内,有细菌学证据诊断为细菌性痢疾患者,随机分配用萘啶酸(Nalidixic acid)或氨苄青霉素治疗。年龄在1个月以下,已知有药物过敏和并发感染需用特殊抗菌药物治疗者未列入分析。     

儿童泌尿系统感染的抗菌药物的选择与使用策略

泌尿系统感染(UTI)是儿童期常见的感染性疾病之一, 大肠埃希菌是其最常见致病菌。抗菌药物治疗应在留取患儿尿液后尽早开始。治疗UTI的经验性首选药物为二代或三代头孢菌素和阿莫西林克拉维酸。临床上应根据患儿年龄、疾病严重程度以及能否耐受口服药物等情况综合考虑, 选择口服或静脉治疗。预防用抗菌药物则推荐首选呋喃妥因和甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲噁唑。     

小儿尿路感染

1839年 Royer 首次报导小儿尿路感染(UTI)以来,人类认识此病已有140余年历史。近年对此病的研究有不少新进展,兹综述如下。(一)一般资料小儿 UTI 是常见病尿中有一定数量的白细胞并证明有病原菌时就可诊断UTI。我院儿科住院患者中 UTI 占0.71％。Arnolg 等报告占儿科就诊者的0.5—1％。从发病率看,UTI 继在呼吸道感染、耳鼻咽喉感染、皮肤病、胃肠炎、流感之后,居第6位。近年来世界各国重视研究 UTI 的诊断     

Management of urinary tract infections

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common in childhood. It may result in long-term complications due to renal scaring. Younger children are at higher risk of renal scarring. The diagnosis of UTI is based on urine culture. The bacterial count for diagnosis of UTI depends on the method of urine collection. Urinalysis is useful for making a presumptive diagnosis of UTI and allows initiation of empirical treatment in high-risk patients, after urine culture has been obtained. The treatment of UTI is guided by the severity of illness and age of the patient. Following a UTI, investigation should be performed to identify an underlying urinary tract anomaly. Recurrence of UTI occurs in 30–50% children. Important predisposing factors include VUR, urinary tract obstruction, voiding dysfunction and constipation. Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) is seen in 30–50% children with UTI. The cornerstone of management of VUR is long-term antibiotic prophylaxis, which has been found to be as effective as surgical reimplantation.     

Urinary tract infections in infants and children: Diagnosis and management

Recent studies have resulted in major changes in the management of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children. The present statement focuses on the diagnosis and management of infants and children >2 months of age with an acute UTI and no known underlying urinary tract pathology or risk factors for a neurogenic bladder. UTI should be ruled out in preverbal children with unexplained fever and in older children with symptoms suggestive of UTI (dysuria, urinary frequency, hematuria, abdominal pain, back pain or new daytime incontinence). A midstream urine sample should be collected for urinalysis and culture in toilet-trained children; others should have urine collected by catheter or by suprapubic aspirate. UTI is unlikely if the urinalysis is completely normal. A bagged urine sample may be used for urinalysis but should not be used for urine culture. Antibiotic treatment for seven to 10 days is recommended for febrile UTI. Oral antibiotics may be offered as initial treatment when the child is not seriously ill and is likely to receive and tolerate every dose. Children <2 years of age should be investigated after their first febrile UTI with a renal/bladder ultrasound to identify any significant renal abnormalities. A voiding cystourethrogram is not required for children with a first UTI unless the renal/bladder ultrasound reveals findings suggestive of vesicoureteral reflux, selected renal anomalies or obstructive uropathy.     

Pediatric urinary tract infections: the role of fluoroquinolones

Infections of the urinary tract (UTI) occur commonly in the pediatric population. Because of the high association of pediatric UTI with congenital structural anomalies of the urinary tract and with dysfunctional elimination syndromes, it is far more common for children to be categorized as having complicated UTI than their adult counterparts. And for children more intensive therapy is often required. Early and effective treatment of UTIs in the pediatric patient is considered essential to prevent long term morbidity and potential mortality from end stage renal disease. An oral antimicrobial is more convenient than parenteral therapy and is preferable as long as clinical efficacy and safety can be assured. Oral fluoroquinolones are an attractive alternative for the treatment of complicated UTI in children, and safety must always be a factor in considering their use in this population. Although the role of fluoroquinolones in pediatric UTI is still under investigation, the limited data available demonstrate a likelihood of efficacy and safety.     

Recomendaciones sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la infección urinaria

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is defined as the growth of microorganisms in a sterile urine culture in a patient with compatible clinical symptoms. The presence of bacteria without any symptoms is known as asymptomatic bacteriuria, and does not require any treatment. In neonates and infants, fever is the guiding sign to suspecting a UTI. Classic urinary tract symptoms become more important in older children. Urine cultures collected before starting antibiotics is always required for diagnosis. Clean-catch (midstream) specimens should be collected for urine culture. In the case of non-toilet-trained children, specimens must be obtained by urinary catheterisation, or suprapubic puncture in neonates and infants. Specimens collected by urine bag should not be used for urine culture. There are no significant differences in the clinical evolution and prognosis between oral versus short intravenous followed by oral antibiotic. Empirical antibiotic therapy should be guided by local susceptibility patterns. Second-generation cephalosporin (children under 6 years) and fosfomycin trometamol (over 6 years), are the empiric therapy recommended in this consensus. In the case of pyelonephritis, recommended antibiotic treatment are third-generation cephalosporins (outpatient care) or, if admission is required, aminoglycosides. Ampicillin should be added in infants less than 3 months old. Antibiotic de-escalation should be always practiced once the result of the urine culture is known.     

Urinary tract infections: evaluation and treatment

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the second most common bacterial infection in children after those of the respiratory tract. These infections are important in view of their acute morbidity and the long-term risk of renal scarring. Occurrence of UTI below two years of age, delay in starting treatment and presence of vesicoureteric reflux or obstruction are the chief risk factors associated with renal scarring. The classical features of UTI are absent in young children, who often present with few signs or symptoms other than fever. Since the diagnosis of UTI warrants a thorough evaluation subsequently, empiric treatment based on symptoms or urinalysis alone should be avoided. Therapy with appropriate antibiotics is started only after obtaining a urine culture. The distinction between upper and lower urinary tract infections is difficult and the choice of therapy guided by the patient's age and severity of clinical manifestations. All children with UTI should be investigated to identify those with an underlying urinary tract anomaly.     

Should we abandon standard microscopy when screening for urinary tract infections in young children?

Dipstick analysis is a screening test for urinary tract infection (UTI) in office practice. Standard urine microscopy is available offsite. We evaluated the usefulness of these tests on consecutive urine samples obtained by bladder catheterization in young children with a possible UTI. Thirty of 230 children had positive cultures. Dipstick analysis was specific (98%) but not sensitive (70%). Standard microscopy was not specific. Dipstick analysis and urine culture are useful tests for the diagnosis of UTI.     

原发性肾病综合征并尿路感染124例

目的 探讨原发性肾病综合征(PNS)并尿路感染(UTI)患儿的常见病原菌分布特点及耐药现状,并分析相关影响因素,为临床治疗提供依据.方法 回顾性分析2007 - 2011年住院治疗的124例尿培养阳性PNS并UTI患儿的致病菌分布情况,并对常见致病菌进行药敏试验,以观察其对抗生素的敏感性,并分析PNS易并UTI的相关影响因素.结果 无症状UTI的PNS患儿占70.2％.革兰阴性杆菌是PNS并UTI的主要致病菌,占61.6％,其中大肠埃希菌占43.3％;革兰阳性球菌占34.8％,其中粪肠球菌占19.5％;真菌占3.0％.大肠埃希菌对羟苄西林耐药率最高,为88.7％,而对添加了克拉维酸钾的羟氨苄西林耐药率明显降低(34.2％);在头孢菌素类抗生素中,对头孢唑林、头孢曲松、头孢噻吩的耐药率均很高(＞50％),而对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦钠的耐药率明显低于其他头孢类抗生素(P＜0.01);大肠埃希菌对呋喃妥因、亚胺培南的耐药率低(＜10％).粪肠球菌对利福平耐药率高(82.1％),对呋喃妥因、万古霉素、利奈唑胺耐约率低(＜10％).低清蛋白血症、低IgG血症、大量蛋白尿、大剂量糖皮质激素及低密度脂蛋白、脂蛋白(a)升高可能是导致PNS患儿易发生UTI的因素.结论 PNS患儿由于多方面因素易并UTI.无症状UTI的PNS患儿占相当高的比例.大肠埃希菌是其主要致病菌,但肠球菌感染的比例相对增高,这些致病菌耐药性高,且大部分呈多重耐药,故应对此类患儿积极行尿培养检查以指导临床用药.     

The diagnosis of urinary tract infection: comparison of urine culture from suprapubic aspiration and midstream collection in a children's out-patient department in Nigeria

Suprapubic aspiration (SPA) was compared with midstream urine collection (MSU) in the diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) in a busy paediatric out-patient department in Northern Nigeria, where usually only one specimen can be taken before starting antimicrobial therapy. SPA in 287 children was compared with 175 MSU collections. Urine was obtained at the first attempt in 260 (91%) SPA's which were easy to perform and safe. MSU collections were more difficult, particularly in the younger child. In 51 cases MSUs were compared with SPAs taken immediately before, and gave an accurate indication of urine infection with no false negative or positive cultures. It is concluded that when only one urine specimen can be collected before starting antimicrobial therapy, a single MSU specimen gives an adequate result if correctly collected and plated out. When accuracy of diagnosis is essential or if a MSU cannot be obtained, SPA is indicated. A white cell count on unspun urine proved to be the most successful sideroom test for urinary tract. Counts in excess of ten cells per mm3 were found in 62% of patients with positive cultures.     

Short compared with standard duration of antibiotic treatment for urinary tract infection: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials

Aims: To compare the effectiveness of short course (2–4 days) with standard duration oral antibiotic treatment (7–14 days) for urinary tract infection (UTI). Methods: Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials using a random effects model. Ten trials were eligible, involving 652 children with lower tract UTI recruited from outpatient or emergency departments. Main outcome measures were UTI at the end of treatment, UTI during follow up (recurrent UTI), and urinary pathogens resistant to the treating antibiotic. Results: There was no significant difference in the frequency of positive urine cultures between the short (2–4 days) and standard duration therapy (7–14 days) for UTI in children at 0–7 days after treatment (eight studies: RR 1.06; 95% CI 0.64 to 1.76) and at 10 days to 15 months after treatment (10 studies: RR 1.01; 95% CI 0.77 to 1.33). There was no significant difference between short and standard duration therapy in the development of resistant organisms in UTI at the end of treatment (one study: RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.32 to 1.01) or in recurrent UTI (three studies: RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.12 to 1.29). Conclusion: A 2–4 day course of oral antibiotics is as effective as 7–14 days in eradicating lower tract UTI in children.     

Short compared with standard duration of antibiotic treatment for urinary tract infection: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials.

AIMS: To compare the effectiveness of short course (2-4 days) with standard duration oral antibiotic treatment (7-14 days) for urinary tract infection (UTI). METHODS: Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials using a random effects model. Ten trials were eligible, involving 652 children with lower tract UTI recruited from outpatient or emergency departments. Main outcome measures were UTI at the end of treatment, UTI during follow up (recurrent UTI), and urinary pathogens resistant to the treating antibiotic. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the frequency of positive urine cultures between the short (2-4 days) and standard duration therapy (7-14 days) for UTI in children at 0-7 days after treatment (eight studies: RR 1.06; 95% CI 0.64 to 1.76) and at 10 days to 15 months after treatment (10 studies: RR 1.01; 95% CI 0.77 to 1.33). There was no significant difference between short and standard duration therapy in the development of resistant organisms in UTI at the end of treatment (one study: RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.32 to 1.01) or in recurrent UTI (three studies: RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.12 to 1.29). CONCLUSION: A 2-4 day course of oral antibiotics is as effective as 7-14 days in eradicating lower tract UTI in children.