细胞老化与椎间盘退变

近期研究发现椎间盘细胞老化与椎间盘退变的特征性改变,如细胞数量减少,基质降解,炎性因子、基质金属蛋白酶等合成和分泌增加相关,在椎间盘退变发生发展过程中起着重要作用。椎间盘退变过程中细胞老化发生机制不同,复制老化为细胞老化的固有机制,而应激诱导早衰则加速了细胞老化,在两种机制的共同作用下最终导致椎间盘细胞染色体和基因表达变化、细胞功能障碍、增殖能力丧失及基质合成改变,椎间盘发生不可逆性变化。因此,干预椎间盘细胞老化途径,延缓椎间盘细胞老化就有可能成为椎间盘治疗的新思路。该文就椎间盘退变过程中细胞老化研究进展及潜在的治疗策略作一综述。     

细胞老化与椎间盘退变

近期研究发现椎间盘细胞老化与椎间盘退变的特征性改变,如细胞数量减少,基质降解,炎性因子、基质金属蛋白酶等合成和分泌增加相关,在椎间盘退变发生发展过程中起着重要作用.椎间盘退变过程中细胞老化发生机制不同,复制老化为细胞老化的固有机制,而应激诱导早衰则加速了细胞老化,在两种机制的共同作用下最终导致椎间盘细胞染色体和基因表达变化、细胞功能障碍、增殖能力丧失及基质合成改变,椎间盘发生不可逆性变化.因此,干预椎间盘细胞老化途径,延缓椎间盘细胞老化就有可能成为椎间盘治疗的新思路.该文就椎间盘退变过程中细胞老化研究进展及潜在的治疗策略作一综述.     

细胞老化及老化表型改变在椎间盘退行性变中的研究进展

目的综述细胞老化及老化表型改变在椎间盘退行性变中的研究进展。方法查阅椎间盘退行性变领域细胞老化相关的国内外文献并回顾分析,综述椎间盘细胞的老化现象、老化表型改变、老化信号激活与椎间盘退行性变的相互关系,评价抗老化治疗对椎间盘退行性变的修复作用。结果随着机体衰老与椎间盘退行性变,椎间盘细胞通过选择性地激活p53-p21-视网膜母细胞瘤(retinoblastoma,RB)或p16INK4A-RB信号通路而老化。老化细胞的聚集不仅弱化了椎间盘的自我修复能力,同时上调表达炎性因子、基质降解酶等老化分泌表型,从而进一步恶化邻近细胞赖以生存的微环境。寻找老化细胞特异性的生化标记物是进一步探明椎间盘细胞老化分泌表型的关键,安全且高效的抗老化治疗依赖于对椎间盘细胞老化机制的深入认识。结论从细胞老化及老化表型改变角度认识椎间盘细胞活性丢失与功能改变的病理机制,为理解椎间盘退变性变的细胞学病因提供了新思路。     

干细胞治疗椎间盘退变性疾病的研究进展

椎间盘退变性疾病(disc degeneration disease,DDD)是引起腰腿疼痛的主要病因之一.目前其治疗主要分非手术治疗和手术治疗两大类,这些治疗虽取得了一定疗效,但并不能从根本上延缓甚至逆转椎间盘的退变.随着对椎间盘退变研究的不断深入,发现椎间盘退变与髓核内代谢失衡、髓核细胞凋亡增加、细胞外基质(如蛋白多糖和Ⅱ型胶原)分泌减少有关.因此,如何增加椎间盘内的髓核细胞,促进细胞外基质的分泌,增加液体含量,改善髓核内微环境是治疗DDD的关键所在.近年来,研究人员利用干细胞治疗DDD发现干细胞有望从根本上延缓甚至逆转椎间盘的退变,目前已成为治疗DDD的研究热点之一.现就干细胞治疗DDD的相关研究进展综述如下.     

脊索细胞在椎间盘退变中的研究进展

椎间盘退行性改变是临床上引起颈腰痛、颈椎及腰椎神经根病变及颈椎脊髓病变最常见的原因。目前治疗主要以手术治疗为主,医疗支出巨大,同时也不能从根本延缓椎间盘退变的发生。如何早期抑制椎间盘退变是近年来的研究热点。脊索细胞是新发现的一类髓核组成细胞,其可以促进髓核细胞外基质成分的合成。成人髓核组织中脊索细胞的减少和消失可能与椎间盘退变的发生有关。本文将就当前脊索细胞的特征以及其在椎间盘退变方面的相关进展作简要综述。     

番茄红素对D-半乳糖诱导衰老大鼠椎间盘的影响

目的 观察D-半乳糖诱导衰老大鼠模型椎间盘等的变化及番茄红素对其影响.方法 将30只SD大鼠随机分成对照组、模型组和干预组.模型组和干预组每天颈部皮下注射D-半乳糖,对照组用等量生理盐水替代,干预组每天用番茄红素灌胃.各组每周称体重,12周后处死并取椎间盘及血清观测.结果 与对照组相比,模型组椎间盘明显退变,干预组椎间盘轻微退变;模型组体重减轻(P<0.05)、抗氧化水平下降明显(P<0.05.P<0.01).而干预组较模型组体重及抗氧化水平有所升高(P<0.05·P<0.01).结论 D-半乳糖在诱导大鼠衰老的过程中可诱发椎间盘退变.而番茄红素可延缓椎间盘退变的进展.     

椎间盘退变干预与修复的研究进展

椎间盘退变疾病目前的治疗方法有类固醇注射、理疗和外科手术治疗等，但这些措施会损伤椎间盘结构，引起其进一步退变导致运动节段不稳。为了避免这些弊端，有学者建议通过基因治疗、组织工程、细胞移植、髓核移植以及药物治疗等方法实现对椎间盘退变的早期干预与修复。     

白藜芦醇与椎间盘退变性疾病

椎间盘退变性疾病发生机制主要包括机械应力、高糖、炎症反应、氧化应激和细胞衰老导致的髓核细胞退变.目前研究发现,白藜芦醇可通过影响椎间盘髓核细胞自噬、凋亡、衰老及细胞外基质表达,达到保护及修复髓核细胞的目的,因此白藜芦醇在椎间盘退变性疾病中的作用值得研究.该文就白藜芦醇对椎间盘退变性疾病中髓核细胞的保护作用及其作用机制进...     

炎性细胞因子在椎间盘退变中的研究进展

近年来,随着分子生物学及其相关学科的迅速发展以及对细胞因子研究的深入,炎性细胞因子在椎间盘退变中作用越来越受到重视.大量的研究表明,退变的椎间盘组织能产生炎症介质,这就提示椎间盘的退变与其局部的炎症反应及炎性细胞因子有关.在椎间盘退变中,炎性细胞因子的存在是疾病的原因还是结果,目前还不清楚.最有可能的解释是炎性细胞因子可能是通过自分泌或旁分泌的方式作用于椎间盘细胞,通过改变其生物学行为和(或)产生病理效应,从而参与椎间盘的退变.而退变的椎间盘细胞生物学行为改变后,可产生各种炎性细胞因子诱导并引起椎间盘突出.椎间盘突出后,又反过来刺激各种炎性因子的产生.     

椎间盘退变病因学研究概况

椎间盘退变是腰背痛的主要原因之一,目前的治疗方法仍不理想,原因在于其病因机制尚未完全阐明.近年研究发现椎间盘退变由多种因素影响所致,椎间盘细胞能合成和分泌一些细胞因子,加重炎症反应并影响椎间盘的物质代谢,促进椎间盘退变;某些具有遗传特性的特异性基因与椎间盘退变相关;椎间盘渗透功能降低会引起椎间盘营养障碍,导致椎间盘退变.     

椎间盘退变生物学治疗的研究进展

椎间盘退变所致的颈肩腰腿痛严重影响许多患者的生活及工作,目前的治疗方法主要侧重于缓解疼痛症状或神经受压症状,而无法阻止椎间盘退变的进程,导致疾病具有高复发率。近年来学者们开始广泛研究椎间盘退变的生物学治疗方法,即通过生物分子治疗、基因治疗、细胞治疗和组织工程等方法来修复和重塑椎间盘,以期从根本上解决椎间盘退变的问题,而上述方法大多处于动物实验或体外实验阶段,临床应用尚存在诸多挑战。     

生长因子与椎间盘再生

目的：追溯近阶段国内外有关生长因子与椎间盘修复研究的进展。方法：广泛渣阅近期有关生长因子与椎间盘修复的文献，综述生长因子在椎间盘突的表达，生长因子对椎间盘细胞的作用等特点，结果：多种生长因子在椎间盘生长发育和退变过程中表达，外源性生长因子能促进培养的椎间盘细胞分化增殖，合成蛋白多糖和胶原，运用腺病毒可将生长因子基因转染至椎间盘细胞。结论：生长因子在椎间盘的生长发育和退变过程中起调节作用，可望运用生长因子进行椎间盘退变治疗和修复重建。重庆     

间充质干细胞移植治疗椎间盘退变疾病的研究进展

目的综述间充质干细胞（mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs）移植治疗椎间盘退变疾病的研究现状。方法查阅近年来有关MSCs移植治疗椎间盘退变疾病的国内外相关文献,进行回顾及综合分析。结果椎间盘移植MSCs在一定的条件下能表达类软骨细胞表型,增加基质合成,缓解椎间盘退变。结论MSCs移植治疗椎间盘退变疾病是一种很有前途的方法。     

Regeneration potential and mechanism of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for treating intervertebral disc degeneration

Intervertebral disc degeneration is a primary cause of low back pain and has a high societal cost. The pathological mechanism by which the intervertebral disc degenerates is largely unknown. Cell-based therapy especially using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells as seeds for transplantation, although still in its infancy, is proving to be a promising, realistic approach to intervertebral disc regeneration. This article reviews current advances regarding regeneration potential in both the in vivo and vitro studies of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy and discusses the up-to-date regeneration mechanisms of stem cell transplantation for treating intervertebral disc degeneration.     

Human intervertebral disc cells are genetically modifiable by adenovirus-mediated gene transfer: implications for the clinical management of intervertebral disc disorders

STUDY DESIGN: Human intervertebral disc cells were cultured in monolayer and treated with adenovirus-containing marker genes to determine the susceptibility of the cells to adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. OBJECTIVES: To test the efficacy of the adenovirus-mediated gene transfer technique for transferring exogenous genes to human intervertebral disc cells in vitro. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Upregulated proteoglycan synthesis after direct in vivo adenovirus-mediated transfer of growth factor genes to the rabbit intervertebral disc has previously been reported. Before contemplating extending this approach to the treatment of human disc disease, it is necessary to demonstrate that human intervertebral disc cells are indeed susceptible to adenovirus-mediated gene transduction. METHODS: Human intervertebral disc cells were isolated from disc tissue obtained from 15 patients during surgical disc procedures. The cells were cultured in monolayer and treated with saline containing five different doses of adenovirus carrying the lacZ gene (Ad/CMV-lacZ), saline containing adenovirus carrying the luciferase gene (Ad/CMV-luciferase), or saline alone. Transgene expression was analyzed by 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-galactosidase (X-Gal) staining and luciferase assay. RESULTS: Adenovirus efficiently transferred lacZ and luciferase marker genes to cells from degenerated discs as well as to cells from nondegenerated discs. A minimum dose of 150 MOI Ad/CMV-lacZ was found to be sufficient to achieve transduction of approximately 100% of disc cells-regardless of patient age, sex, surgical indication, disc level, and degeneration grade. No statistically significant difference in the luciferase activities could be detected in disc cell cultures from degenerated and nondegenerated discs treated with Ad/CMV-luciferase. CONCLUSIONS: In vitro transducibility of human intervertebral disc cells by adenovirus is relatively insensitive to disc degeneration grade. Because the rate-limiting step for successful gene therapy is the ability to transfer genes efficiently to the target tissue, the achievement of efficient gene transfer to human intervertebral disc cells(using a direct, adenovirus-mediated approach) is an important and necessary step in the development of gene therapy strategies for the management of human intervertebral disc disorders.     

Histological Study of Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation in Adolescents

Herniated intervertebral discs are rare in children and adolescents constituting approximately 1-5% of all patients undergoing surgery for lumbar and lumbosacral intervertebral disc herniation. Preceding traumata and congenital anomalities have been reported as important factors for the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc prolapses in young patients. The present histological study is based upon 15 patients with lumbar disc herniation within an age range from 14 to 19 years. Only in one case, was adequate trauma reported. All patients exhibited degenerative changes of the disc, similiar to those observed in adults. These changes were marked in 11 patients (73%). Thus, as known from adults, also in isolated traumatic disc herniation of adolescence, pre-existing degeneration of the disc has to be considered. If such changes are present, trauma has the significance of only transitory deterioration of the previous disc degeneration.     

Basic science of spinal degeneration

This article summarizes recent advances in our understanding of spinal pathology and pain. Degeneration appears to start in the intervertebral discs, often before age 20 years, and can be distinguished from ‘normal’ ageing by the presence of physical disruption, typically in the form of annulus fissures, prolapse or endplate fracture. Disruption is ultimately mechanical, but frustrated attempts by a small population of disc cells to heal a large avascular matrix give rise to the typical biological features of disc degeneration. Genetic inheritance and ageing are important risk factors for disc degeneration because they can weaken the disc matrix, and hinder repair processes. Discogenic pain appears to arise from the disc periphery as a result of in-growing nerves being sensitized by soluble factors from activated disc and blood cells. A degenerated disc loses pressure in the nucleus and bulges radially outwards, like a flat tyre. This often leads to a transient segmental instability, which can be reversed by the growth of osteophytes around the margins of the vertebral body. Annulus collapse in severe disc degeneration transfers compressive load-bearing to the neural arch, leading to facet joint osteoarthritis, and possibly to degenerative scoliosis. The anterior vertebral body then becomes relatively unloaded, and consequent focal bone loss (exacerbated by systemic osteoporosis) increases the risk of anterior wedge deformities, and senile kyphosis. Future interventions may include physical therapy to aid disc healing, disc prostheses with no moving parts, and injection therapies to block pain pathways.     

MRI evaluation of spontaneous intervertebral disc degeneration in the alpaca cervical spine

Animal models have historically provided an appropriate benchmark for understanding human pathology, treatment, and healing, but few animals are known to naturally develop intervertebral disc degeneration. The study of degenerative disc disease and its treatment would greatly benefit from a more comprehensive, and comparable animal model. Alpacas have recently been presented as a potential large animal model of intervertebral disc degeneration due to similarities in spinal posture, disc size, biomechanical flexibility, and natural disc pathology. This research further investigated alpacas by determining the prevalence of intervertebral disc degeneration among an aging alpaca population. Twenty healthy female alpacas comprised two age subgroups (5 young: 2–6 years; and 15 older: 10+ years) and were rated according to the Pfirrmann‐grade for degeneration of the cervical intervertebral discs. Incidence rates of degeneration showed strong correlations with age and spinal level: younger alpacas were nearly immune to developing disc degeneration, and in older animals, disc degeneration had an increased incidence rate and severity at lower cervical levels. Advanced disc degeneration was present in at least one of the cervical intervertebral discs of 47% of the older alpacas, and it was most common at the two lowest cervical intervertebral discs. The prevalence of intervertebral disc degeneration encourages further investigation and application of the lower cervical spine of alpacas and similar camelids as a large animal model of intervertebral disc degeneration. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1776–1783, 2015.     

Mechanobiology of the intervertebral disc and relevance to disc degeneration

Mechanical loading of the intervertebral disc may contribute to disc degeneration by initiating degeneration or by regulating cell-mediated remodeling events that occur in response to the mechanical stimuli of daily activity. This article is a review of the current knowledge of the role of mechanical stimuli in regulating intervertebral disc cellular responses to loading and the cellular changes that occur with degeneration. Intervertebral disc cells exhibit diverse biologic responses to mechanical stimuli, depending on the loading type, magnitude, duration, and anatomic zone of cell origin. The innermost cells respond to low-to-moderate magnitudes of static compression, osmotic pressure, or hydrostatic pressure with increases in anabolic cell responses. Higher magnitudes of loading may give rise to catabolic responses marked by elevated protease gene or protein expression or activity. The key regulators of these mechanobiologic responses for intervertebral disc cells will be the micromechanical stimuli experienced at the cellular level, which are predicted to differ from that measured for the extracellular matrix. Large hydrostatic pressures, but little volume change, are predicted to occur for cells of the nucleus pulposus during compression, while the highly oriented cells of the anulus fibrosus may experience deformations in tension or compression during matrix deformations. In general, the pattern of biologic response to applied loads suggests that the cells of the nucleus pulposus and inner portion of the anulus fibrosus experience comparable micromechanical stimuli in situ and may respond more similarly than cells of the outer portion of the anulus fibrosus. Changes in these features with degeneration are critically understudied, particularly degeneration-associated changes in cell-level mechanical stimuli and the associated mechanobiology. Little is known of the mechanisms that regulate cellular responses to intervertebral mechanobiology, nor is much known with regard to the precise mechanical stimuli experienced by cells during loading. Mechanical factors appear to regulate responses of the intervertebral disc cells through mechanisms involving intracellular Ca(2+) transients and cytoskeletal remodeling that may regulate downstream effects such as gene expression and posttranslational biosynthesis. Future studies should address the broader biologic responses to mechanical stimuli in intervertebral disc mechanobiology, the involved signaling mechanisms, and the apparently important interactions among mechanical factors, genetic factors, cytokines, and inflammatory mediators that may be critical in the regulation of intervertebral disc degeneration.     

Future perspectives of cell-based therapy for intervertebral disc disease

Intervertebral disc degeneration is a primary cause of low back pain and has a high societal cost. Research on cell-based therapies for intervertebral disc disease is emerging, along with the interest in biological therapy to treat disc disease without reducing the mobility of the spinal motion segment. Results from animal models have shown promising results under limited conditions; however, future studies are needed to optimise efficacy, methodology, and safety. To advance research on cell-based therapy for intervertebral disc disease, a better understanding of the phenotype and differentiation of disc cells and of their microenvironment is essential. This article reviews current concepts in cell-based therapy for intervertebral disc disease, with updates on potential cell sources tested primarily using animal models, and discusses the hurdles to clinical application. Future perspectives for cell-based therapies for intervertebral disc disease are also discussed.