慢性阻塞性肺疾病病人肺康复运动训练的研究进展

从慢性阻塞性肺疾病病人运动方式、运动时机的选择、强度、频率的控制及效果评价4个方面对慢性阻塞性肺疾病病人康复运动干预现状进行综述,旨在促进我国关于肺康复研究的深入开展,为施加干预、改善慢性阻塞性肺疾病病人的运动能力、提高生活质量提供依据。     

运动训练在慢性阻塞性肺疾病病人康复中的应用研究进展

系统总结了慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）症状对病人身体活动、情绪状态、睡眠质量、认知功能和生活质量的影响及发生机制，并探讨了运动训练改善这些影响的效果及可能机制，以期为运动训练在COPD病人康复中的应用提供参考。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病病人运动恐惧研究进展

通过对国内外慢性阻塞性肺疾病病人运动恐惧的现状、评价工具、影响因素及干预措施进行综述,旨在提高医护人员对病人运动恐惧的重视,以改善慢性阻塞性肺疾病病人的康复效果和远期预后。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者呼吸障碍症状的康复治疗

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronicobstructivepulmonarydis-ease,COPD)是不可逆转的慢性肺疾病,病人的主要症状是呼吸困难,康复治疗是在药物治疗的基础上通过运动训练(包括上肢运动训练、下肢运动训练、呼吸肌的运动训练)进一步改善病人的呼吸困难症状,增加生活活动能力。通过康复评价综合评价病人的心、肺和运动功能,制定适当的康复计划。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者呼吸障碍症状的康复治疗

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)是不可逆转的慢性肺疾病，病人的主要症状是呼吸困难，康复治疗是在药物治疗的基础上通过运动训练（包括上肢运动训练，下肢运动训练，呼吸肌的运动训练）进一步改善病人的呼吸困难症状，增加生活活动能力，通过康复评价综合评价病人的心，肺和运动功能，制定适当的康复计划。     

肺康复运动训练改善慢性阻塞性肺疾病病人运动能力的研究进展

综述慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)病人运动能力的现状及肺康复运动训练的有效性、COPD病人运动能力的评估方法(耐力评估、肌力评估)、肺康复运动训练的实施方案(耐力运动训练、阻力运动训练、呼吸训练、中国传统运动训练等),旨在为医护人员早期、有效地开展肺康复运动训练提供参考。     

综合性肺康复计划改善慢性阻塞性肺疾病的运动能力

目的探讨对综合性肺康复计划改善老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者运动能力的作用。方法将门诊与住院的COPD病人各30例分为两组,给予运动训练、膈肌训练,排痰护理及康复教育。结果实施综合性康复计划训练后,12min步行距离门诊病人增加24%,呼吸功能住院病人增加34%。结论综合性肺康复训练可以增加老年COPD病人对自身疾病的了解和运动能力,使病人的功能状态和生存质量得以明显的提高。     

综合性肺康复计划改善慢性阻塞性肺疾病的运动能力

目的 探讨对综合性肺康复计划改善老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患运动能力的作用。方法 将门诊与住院COPD病人各30例分为两组，给予运动训练、膈肌训练、排痰护理及康复教育。结果 实施综合性康复计划训练后，12min步行距离门诊病人增加24％，呼吸功能住院病人增加34％。结论综合性肺康复训练可以增加老年COPD病人对自身疾病的了解和运动能力，使病人的功能状态和生存质量得以明显的提高。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病病人肺康复运动训练的研究进展

从慢性阻塞性肺疾病病人运动方式、运动时机的选择、强度、频率的控制及效果评价4个方面对慢性阻塞性肺疾病病人康复运动干预现状进行综述,旨在促进我国关于肺康复研究的深入开展,为施加干预、改善慢性阻塞性肺疾病病人的运动能力、提高生活质量提供依据。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病肺康复的护理进展

<正>慢性阻塞性肺疾病是一种以气流受限为特征伴有进行性肺功能下降的疾病,自肺康复被证实能延缓慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺功能下降、改善呼吸困难、提高健康相关生活质量以来,一直被国内外同行专家们所关注。如何更好地为慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者开展肺康复锻炼,临床医务工作者对此进行了大量的探索,现综述如下。1肺康复的主要内容1.1运动锻炼1.1.1运动方式为患者选择多种形式的运动方式,将运动     

Endovascular treatment for chronic pulmonary hypertension: a focus on angioplasty for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension

Introduction: Percutaneous transluminal pulmonary angioplasty (PTPA) was introduced for the treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) in the late 20^th century, and first attempts in collective patients were made in 2001 with beneficial effects but a moderate amount of complications. It was refined around 2010, and has been recently established as an effective and safe treatment.

Areas covered: The indication was originally inoperable CTEPH with peripheral lesions, but has now widened to symptomatic or hypoxic patients. The lesion is typically a meshwork-like structure of organized thrombi and is sometimes not seen as a stenosis angiographically, necessitating other means of investigation such as measurement of distal pressure. The technique to treat lesions is the same as for coronary angioplasty except in several ways.

Expert commentary: The effects of PTPA are comparable to those of surgical endarterectomy, and the complications of reperfusion pulmonary edema and vascular injury are now controlled by several strategies and based on experience.     

肺转移瘤的外科治疗

目的 :探讨肺转移性肿瘤外科治疗的手术指征、手术方式、手术疗效。方法 :对 36例肺转移性肿瘤的相关临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 :对 36例肺转移性肿瘤行肺切除术 39次 ,随访 1年～ 15年 ,术后 1年、3年、5年、10年生存率分别为 77.8%、48.2 %、2 1.7%、7.7%。无手术死亡。结论 :对原发肿瘤已控制、肺转移瘤可以切除、无他处转移及肺功能可承受手术者作为手术指征     

Transthoracic Echocardiographic Evaluation of Pulmonary Valve Anomalies in Pediatric Patients

The pulmonary valve normally consists of 3 leaflets supported in a semilunar fashion within the sinuses of the pulmonary trunk. Pulmonary leaflet malformations, such as congenital single pulmonary cusp absence, bicuspid pulmonary valve, and quadricuspid pulmonary valve anomalies, as well as pulmonary valve commissural fusion, are seldom identified preoperatively on echocardiography. In this study, we report on 5 children with different types of pulmonary valve malformations diagnosed by transthoracic echocardiography.     

成人经皮球囊肺动脉瓣成形术的临床应用

目的：评价成人经皮球囊肺动脉瓣成形术（ＰＢＰＶ）临床应用的疗效。方法：采用 ＰＢＰＶ对 ３７例成人先天性肺动脉瓣狭窄患者进行治疗。结果：ＰＢＰＶ后即刻肺动脉瓣跨瓣压差（△Ｐ）由术前８１±２６ｍｍＨｇ降至３６±１７ｍｍＨｇ（Ｐ＜０．０１）,３２例随访１～９年,平均４．３±２．１年,△Ｐ进一步降为２５±７ｍｍＨｇ。术中及术后无严重并发症。结论：ＰＢＰＶ治疗成人肺动脉瓣狭窄安全、有效,即刻与中远期效果均良好。     

About mechanisms of prostaglandin E1 induced deterioration of pulmonary gas exchange in COPD patients

Summary. Prostaglandin E₁ (PGE₁) has been reported to attenuate COPD-related pulmonary hypertension and to slightly lower the arterial oxygen tension (PaO₂). In order to infer the involved mechanisms, the effects of intravenous infusion of PGE₁ on pulmonary haemodynamics, diffusing lung capacity for CO (DLCO), membrane diffusing capacity (Dm), pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc), physiological shunt (Q_ps/Q_t), arterial blood gases and other lung functional indices were evaluated in 20 COPD patients with pulmonary hypertension and, excluding right catheterization, in 14 control subjects. The examines were studied at baseline and during infusion of 20–30 ng kg^-1min PGE₁ or placebo. In control subjects PGE₁ only caused systemic arterial pressure decrease (-17.8%). In COPD patients, as expected, PGE₁ increased cardiac index (16-2%), but decreased systemic arterial pressure (-21.2%), pulmonary arterial pressure (-27.9%), pulmonary vascular resistance (-45.4%) and PaO₂ (-10.4%), worsening their hypoxaemia. However, the effect of PGE₁ on DLCO was an increase (11.9%), due to an increase in Vc (15.2%) and less markedly in Dm (4.9%). Physiological and anatomical shunts were increased with PGE₁ (20.2% and 14.8%) and the overall ventilation/perfusion ratio decreased from 0.89 to 0.79. Decrements in PaO₂ correlated with increments in Q_ps/Q_t (r= 0.86). In conclusion, in COPD patients studied, PGE₁ increased DLCO, which compensated for the deleterious effect of increased cardiac output on alveolar-capillary gas equilibration. Therefore, worsening of hypoxaemia during PGE₁ infusion was related with increased right-to-left shunt and deterioration of ventilation-perfusion relationship.,     

Flash Pulmonary Edema in Multiple Sclerosis

Background

Neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) occurs in the setting of an acute neurological insult and in the absence of a primary cardiopulmonary cause. No unifying theory on NPE pathogenesis exists. NPE triggered by a discrete neurological lesion is rare, but such cases offer valuable insight into NPE pathogenesis.

Objective

To describe an unusual and instructive case of NPE in multiple sclerosis.

Case Report

A young woman with multiple sclerosis presented to the Emergency Department in acute respiratory failure. She was cyanotic centrally, hypertensive, and tachycardic. The chest X-ray study suggested pulmonary edema. She required non-invasive mechanical ventilation for 12 h. Echocardiography revealed left ventricular hypokinesis. The asymmetrical pulmonary infiltrate raised the suspicion of pneumonia; she was given intravenous antibiotics. By 36 h, she had persistent dyspnea, paroxysmal tachycardia, nausea, and facial flushing; carcinoid syndrome was excluded. By 48 h, she had facial numbness and ataxia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a demyelinating lesion at the rostromedial medulla. Her symptoms promptly resolved with intravenous steroids, as did the perilesional edema on follow-up MRI.

Conclusion

Life-threatening pulmonary edema can complicate medullary demyelination. Lack of awareness of this diagnostic possibility and an asymmetrical pulmonary infiltrate culminated in diagnostic delay in this case. The case provides clinico-radiological evidence of the pathogenic link between medullary lesions and NPE. The pathogenesis is likely to rely on lesion involvement of the nucleus tractus solitarius or its immediate pathways. Non-uniform vasoconstriction of the pulmonary arterial bed might account for the other peculiarity of this case: the asymmetrical pulmonary infiltrate. Timely diagnosis of NPE is essential because the condition is best managed by nullifying the “neurogenic” trigger.     

Pathogenesis and clinical features of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis – Is it possible to distinguish CNPA and CCPA clinically?

BackgroundThe pathogenesis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) including chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis (CNPA), chronic cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis (CCPA), and simple aspergilloma (SA) has been poorly investigated. We examined all types of CPA cases with histopathological evidence to clarify the differences in pathogenesis and clinical features.MethodWe searched for cases diagnosed as pulmonary aspergillosis by histopathological examination in Nagasaki University Hospital between 1964 and September 2010. All available clinical information including radiological findings were collected and analyzed.ResultWe found 7, 5, 8, and 7 cases of proven CNPA, probable CNPA, CCPA, and SA, respectively. The radiograph of proven and probable CNPA was initially infiltrates or nodules that progress to form cavities with or without aspergilloma, whereas the radiograph of CCPA showed pre-existed cavities and peri-cavitary infiltrates with or without aspergilloma. The patients with proven and probable CNPA exhibited not only respiratory symptoms but also systemic symptoms and malnutrition. Aspergillus fumigatus was the most frequently isolated Aspergillus species (n = 14), however, Aspergillus niger was the predominant isolated species in proven CNPA cases (n = 4).ConclusionOur data indicate that the cases with chronic infiltration, progressive cavitation, and subsequent aspergilloma formation should be diagnosed as CNPA, and the cases with pre-existed cavities showing peri-cavitary infiltrates with or without aspergilloma would mean CCPA. However, it may be difficult to distinguish the two subtypes if a series of adequate radiography films are not available. We propose the term “chronic progressive pulmonary aspergillosis (CPPA)” for the clinical syndrome including both CNPA and CCPA.     

大剂量富露施对特发性肺间质纤维化患者肺功能的影响

目的探讨大剂量富露施对特发性肺间质纤维化患者肺功能的影响。方法将特发性肺间质纤维化患者随机分为两组,A组24例,每天口服强的松0·5mg/kg,4周后减半维持,同时口服富露施600mg/次,每天3次;B组24例,每天口服强的松0·5mg/kg,4周后减半维持。疗程均为3个月。观察临床表现、肺CT、血气、肺功能改变及症状缓解时间。结果A组患者的临床表现如气短、干咳、Velcro罗音经治疗后缓解率为66·7%,B组的缓解率为37·5%(P<0·05);A组缓解时间为(16·7±4·69)d,B组为(23·7±4·87)d(P<0·05);肺CT改善率在A组为62·5%,B组为29·2%(P<0·05)。A组患者治疗前后氧分压(PaO2)、百分肺活量(VC%)、一氧化碳弥散量(DLCO%)提高(P<0·05)。B组患者治疗前后PaO2、VC%、DLCO%有所提高,但与治疗前比较无显著性差异(P>0·05)。两组治疗后比较有显著性差异(P<0·05)。结论大剂量富露施能有效改善特发性肺间质纤维化患者的肺功能。     

造血干细胞移植后侵袭性肺曲霉病患者12例的肺功能改变

目的观察12例造血干细胞移植(HSCT)后并发侵袭性肺曲霉病(IPA)对患者肺功能参数及动脉血气的影响。方法 2007年2月~2009年10月本院接受HSCT后并发IPA患者12例,男8例,女4例,中位年龄34岁(26~67岁)。移植前后均行肺功能测试、动脉血气分析以及影像学检查。结果中位随访时间为132 d(97~432 d),无1例发生Ⅲ、Ⅳ度急性移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)。2例在移植1年后发生慢性GVHD。12例均为病理确诊或临床诊断IPA者,移植前肺功能测定仅有弥散功能轻度减退。抗真菌治疗8周后肺功能测试发现所有患者均存在不同程度的阻塞性通气障碍,其中8例患者呈小气道病变[FEF50和FEF75分别为(55.9±3.4)%和(41.9±4.1)%],4例患者则出现混合性通气障碍,总弥散量(DLCO)也显著降低[(47.4±2.9)%预计值],动脉血氧分压(PaO2)仅为(68.7±4.1)mmHg,但弥散常数(DLCO/VA)尚正常,与移植前无显著差异(P0.05)。结论 HSCT后并发IPA可对患者的肺功能造成不同程度的损害,肺内多部位感染或反复发生IPA的患者可出现较严重的混合性通气障碍,弥散也显著减退。