慢性胰腺炎的个体化外科干预

慢性胰腺炎发病机制复杂,病情进展多变,导致外科干预时机及手术方式的选择存在一定困难。慢性胰腺炎的治疗应依据个体化原则去除病灶,尽量保存正常胰腺实质,延缓胰腺内、外分泌功能损害的进程,改善患者生命质量,降低胰腺癌发生的风险。慢性胰腺炎患者早期可考虑保守和内镜治疗,胰管梗阻、狭窄合并结石、胰腺实质广泛钙化等慢性胰腺炎患者则需手术治疗。Frey术适合以胰管扩张和胰管结石为主的慢性胰腺炎患者,Beger术适合以胰头部炎性肿块或胰头部钙化为主的慢性胰腺炎患者。     

慢性胰腺炎伴胰管结石外科治疗体会

目的 探讨慢性胰腺炎伴胰管结石外科治疗的术式选择.方法 对1991年6月至2006年6月收治的17例慢性胰腺炎伴胰管结石手术治疗的患者进行回顾性分析,总结不同类型的胰管结石的手术方式及结果.结果 本组17例中胰头部胰管结石13例,胰体尾部胰管结石4例,合并胆石症6例,其中6例行胰管切开取石胰管空肠吻合术(Partington法);4例行胰管胃吻合术(Warren法);3例行保留十二指肠胰头次全切除术(Beger法);3例行胰尾切除胰腺空肠吻合术(Duval法);1例行胰尾、脾切除胰腺空肠吻合术.17例临床治愈,其中上腹部顽固性疼痛完全缓解15例,血糖控制2例,胰漏2例,1例术后11个月死于胰腺癌.结论 针对慢性胰腺炎合并胰管结石患者的不同状况采取的手术方式应高度个体化,有主胰管扩张者采取引流术,无胰管扩张及局部胰腺病变者采取胰腺部分切除联合内引流术,同时注意尽量保存胰腺组织功能,可明显改善患者生活质量.     

慢性胰腺炎的外科治疗

慢性胰腺炎是各种病因引起胰腺组织和功能不可逆改变的慢性炎症性疾病。主要表现为反复发作的上腹部疼痛和胰腺内、外分泌功能不全。治疗原则是去除病因,控制症状,改善胰腺内、外分泌功能不全及防治并发症发生。常用治疗方法包括药物、内镜及手术等,其中外科治疗可去除病灶、改善症状、延缓胰腺功能损伤,在慢性胰腺炎治疗中起着重要作用。由于病因及发病机制不同,临床进展程度轻、重不一,对于外科干预时机     

胰头切除胰管引流术治疗胰管无扩张的慢性胰腺炎

慢性胰腺炎出现并发症或顽固性腹痛的患者常需要手术干预，胰管空肠吻合术通过解除胰管阻塞、引流胰液，从而达到缓解疼痛和部分恢复胰腺功能的目的。然而以前认为这种引流术只适用于胰管扩张的患者，对于胰管无扩张或狭窄的慢性胰腺炎患者，引流效果欠佳，常用的术式为胰腺部分或全部切除术，但造成胰腺功能的下降或缺失，降低了病人     

胰头肿块型慢性胰腺炎的治疗

胰头肿块型慢性胰腺炎已被视为胰腺癌的癌前病变,并且可以导致胰管、胆管及十二指肠梗阻,其与胰头癌的鉴别诊断困难,然而二者的预后截然不同。因此,胰头肿块型慢性胰腺炎一旦诊断明确即应积极手术治疗,以切除病变,缓解疼痛症状,改善病人的生活质量。胰头部肿块型慢性胰腺炎的手术方式是直接针对胰头的,不同的手术方法包括胰十二指肠切除术（保留或不保留幽门的Whipple 手术）和保留十二指肠的胰头切除术（Beger手术及其改良术式）。手术方式尽可能采用胰十二指肠切除术,不仅切除了胰头部肿块、解除了胆道、胰管及十二指肠的梗阻,而且也去除了胰头癌的潜在病因;如胰头肿块巨大,行胰十二指肠切除术有极大风险,可考虑行保留十二指肠的胰头切除术。     

慢性胰腺炎合并胰管结石的外科治疗

目的 探讨慢性胰腺炎合并胰管结石的外科治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析66例慢性胰腺炎合并胰管结石患者的临床资料,将其分为4型:Ⅰ型28例分布在胰头部;Ⅱ型30例在胰体部;Ⅲ型1例在胰尾部;Ⅳ型7例在胰头、胰体、胰尾部主胰管.10例(Ⅰ型4例,Ⅱ型5例,Ⅳ型1例)经镇痛、抑酸、应用生长抑素、抗感染等治疗.10例(Ⅰ型)行内镜取石术.Ⅰ型14例行胰头十二指肠切除术和保留十二指肠胰头部分切除术;Ⅱ型25例行胰管切开取石+胰管空肠吻合术;Ⅲ型1例行胰尾部+脾切除术;Ⅳ型6例行Puestow-Gillesby和胰颈部离断+胰管探查取石+胰管两断端空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术.结果 62例随访2个月至15年,Ⅰ型术后结石复发4例,Ⅱ型2例,Ⅲ型0例,Ⅳ型3例.结论 慢性胰腺炎合并胰管结石确诊后应争取早日手术治疗,根据结石分布范围选择相应的治疗方式.正确的术前及术中诊断、分型及个体化处理在预防慢性胰腺炎合并胰管结石外科治疗后结石复发中有重要意义.     

慢性胰腺炎的外科治疗及术式评价

慢性胰腺炎的典型临床特征为持续性不可逆的炎症过程、反复发作的疼痛症状和进行性丧失的胰腺内分泌与外分泌功能。其病理学改变包括胰腺实质的纤维化、胰腺导管的解剖性狭窄与扩张、可并发胰腺实质的钙化或胰管结石等。酗酒是慢性胰腺炎最常见的病因。评价慢性胰腺炎外科治疗效果的标准是临床症状的缓解程度,术式包括引流手术（Peustow手术,Partington and Rochelle手术等）、不同范围的胰腺切除手术以及上述两种术式的联合（Beger手术,Frey手术等）。由于慢性胰腺炎的临床症状、病理学改变及影像学表现的复杂性,治疗上不可一概而论,更不可随意而为,在选择内科、内镜或外科特别是外科何种术式做为病人治疗的途径时,应对上述方式有非常清楚的理解,个体化应用,使病人最大获益。     

机器人辅助、荧光腹腔镜导航保留十二指肠全胰切除术1例临床报告

背景与目的 机器人技术与导航技术相结合为外科手术的精准性以及减少术后并发症提供了有力的保障和支持,但目前仍未见机器人辅助、荧光腹腔镜导航保留十二指肠全胰切除的报道。本文总结1例终末期慢性胰腺炎伴胰管结石行达芬奇机器人辅助、荧光腹腔镜导航保留十二指肠全胰切除术治疗的临床经验。方法 回顾性分析昆明医科大学第二附属医院肝胆胰外科二病区2022年11月1例终末期慢性胰腺炎伴胰管结石患者行达芬奇机器人辅助、荧光腹腔镜导航保留十二指肠全胰切除术的临床资料。结果 患者,男性,61岁。术前诊断：慢性胰腺炎,胰管结石,胰腺钙化,胰腺萎缩,2型糖尿病。手术顺利,手术时间300 min,出血量200 mL。术后病理提示慢性胰腺炎、胰管结石。术后未出现出血、胰瘘、胆汁漏、十二指肠缺血坏死等并发症,仅出现血糖升高,给予胰岛素皮下注射血糖控制良好,于术后10 d康复出院。结论 在熟练掌握机器人辅助腹腔镜下胰体尾切除术和保留十二指肠的胰头切除术的前提下,严格把握适应证,开展达芬奇机器人辅助、荧光腹腔镜导航保留十二指肠全胰切除术是安全可行的,但该术式的远期疗效有待进一步的观察。     

Chronic pancreatitis—diagnosis and treatment：Ulm Experience

慢性胰腺炎以累及胰腺内外分泌组织的渐进性改变为主要特点,在西方国家多由酗酒所致.10%～30%的病人表现为胰头炎性包块并致胰头部增大,上腹部阵发或持续性疼痛为主要临床表现,还可因炎性肿物压迫胰管、胆总管、十二指肠、门静脉而致相应症状,亦为外科治疗的主要适应证.保留十二指肠的胰头切除(次全切除胰腺头部),保留了胃十二指肠、胆囊及胆总管,并最大限度地保留胰腺.手术主要包括显露胰头、胰头次全切除及消化道重建三个方面.如胆管下端炎性狭窄明显可打开胆管并与空肠袢吻合,如胰管狭窄扩张明显可同时纵行切开胰管至体尾部并行胰肠侧侧吻合.Partmgton-Rochelle手术(胰肠侧侧吻合引流)常因减压效果不佳、合并胆管狭窄、最终形成胰头炎性包块或胰腺癌而失败,故胰腺空肠侧侧吻合仅适于胰头无炎性占位且胰管显著扩张者;Frey手术胰头部切除范围过小,实际为改良的引流术式;Kausch-Whipple手术或保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除对慢性胰腺炎病人而言术式过大.与Whipple术及保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术比较,保留十二指肠的胰头切除病人在术后疼痛缓解、体重增加、内外分泌功能等方面均显著优于前者.在为期14年的随访中,行保留十二指肠的胰头切除病人90%疼痛完全缓解;急性发作率由术前的69%降为12.5%;内分泌功能亦有5%～15%的改善;63%～88%的病人恢复至原有工作.依Karnofsky指数,72%的病人术后生活质量良好.保留十二指肠的胰头切除在一定程度上可改变慢性胰腺炎的自然病程.     

胰外瘘的诊治

胰瘘（pancreatic fistula,PF）是胰腺外科的严重并发症之一。引起胰瘘的病因主要有急、慢性胰腺炎、胰腺外伤、胰腺手术（如胰腺切除术、引流及活检术等）及胰周脏器的手术,这些原因均可使胰管破裂,致胰液渗出,从而导致出现一系列的症候群。     

Surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis without pancreatic duct dilation

In 11 patients with chronic pancreatitis without dilation of the main pancreatic duct, 4 had segmental lesions of the pancreas and 7 had diffuse lesions of the pancreas. Patients with the segmental lesion had a relatively good pancreatic function and were relieved from pain by surgical treatment for the segmental lesion. On the other hand, patients with the diffuse lesion had far advanced dysfunction of the pancreas and were not improved by drainage operation of the pancreatic duct. For such cases, total or near total pancreatectomy has been indicated to relieve pain at the price of creating insulin dependent diabetes. To control pain and to reserve pancreatic function as long as possible in these cases, we performed the resection of all the pancreatic nervous plexus for such 3 patients and have obtained good results, although follow-up periods are still short. This new approach may offer a means of relieving pain with preservation of endocrine function in selected patients with chronic pancreatitis, especially in patients who have not dilated pancreatic duct.     

Surgery for Chronic Pancreatitis

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is progressive inflammatory process of the pancreas. Abdominal pain remains the most debilitating symptom affecting quality of life, apart from diabetes mellitus, steatorrhoea and weight loss. The treatment options have evolved over the past decades and are aimed to provide durable relief in pain with possible attempt to support or improve the failing endocrine and exocrine functions. Surgical treatment options have shown the potentials to provide superior long term results compared to the pharmacological and endoscopic modalities and are broadly divided in to drainage, resection and combination hybrid procedures. The choice is based on the morphology of the main pancreatic duct, presence of head mass and associated complication of CP. Knowing the basic nature of the disease, total pancreatectomy seems a curative option but not without significant morbidities. There is recent paradigm shift towards organ sparing surgical procedures with reasonable success. Despite recent advancement in the treatment modalities for CP the overall quality of life remains moderate which need further addressal.     

胰头部肿块型慢性胰腺炎诊断与治疗

胰头部肿块型慢性胰腺炎从临床表现上很难与胰头癌相鉴别,目前已将发生于胰头部的肿块型慢性胰腺炎视为胰腺癌发生的癌前病变。影像学检查在肿块型慢性胰腺炎诊断中起着重要作用,对于手术指征的掌握、胰头部肿块的可切除性、手术方式的选择以及手术困难程度的估计很有帮助。胰头部肿块型慢性胰腺炎的手术方式是直接针对胰头的,不同的手术方法包括胰十二指肠切除术（保留或不保留幽门的Whipple手术）和胰头部分切除加胰管引流术（Frey 手术,Beger 手术）。胰头肿块型慢性胰腺炎一旦诊断明确即应积极手术治疗,手术方式尽可能采用胰十二指肠切除术,因为它不仅切除了胰头部肿块、解除了胆道和胰管及十二指肠的梗阻,而且也去除了胰头癌的潜在病因;如胰头肿块巨大,行胰十二指肠切除有极大风险,可考虑行保留十二指肠的胰头切除术。     

胰头部肿块鉴别诊断和临床对策

胰头部肿块的鉴别诊断中最为困难的是胰头肿块型胰腺炎与胰腺癌的鉴别。近年来,血清肿瘤标记物检查、多排螺旋CT和内镜超声引导穿刺活检等技术的发展为临床鉴别诊断提供了很多帮助,但仍有部分病人不能通过非手术方法获得确诊。对于这些病人,在与病人及家属进行充分沟通后,可以考虑行剖腹探查,建议术中对胰头部肿块行细针多点穿刺细胞学检查,并由专业人员及时处理标本。慢性胰腺炎是胰腺癌的癌前病变,并且可以导致胰管、胆管及十二指肠梗阻,行胰十二指肠切除术或保留十二指肠的胰头切除术能切除病变,缓解疼痛症状,改善病人的生活质量。但由于该手术创伤大,术后并发症发生率较高,应严格掌握手术适应证,加强围手术期处理,由经验丰富的医师实施手术,将并发症的发生率降到最低。     

Intraoperative ultrasonography of the pancreas in children

In children, lesions of the pancreas often are small, and precise localization is required for optimal surgical management. We have used newer-generation real-time ultrasonography of the pancreas intraoperatively in seven children. Five of these children had hypoglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulinomas; one had a persistent small pancreatic pseudocyst with a disrupted secondary duct, and one had familial pancreatitis with a remarkably enlarged duct and a stone. Two of the five with adenomas had multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome I (MEN I syndrome); in them, ultrasonography localized several adenomas preoperatively and several additional adenomas intraoperatively. This allowed a 90% pancreatectomy with enucleation of small adenomas in the remaining head. One child had a nonpalpable insulinoma deep in the head of the pancreas; intraoperative ultrasonography localized the lesion and permitted successful enucleation. Another child with a small pseudocyst and a disrupted secondary pancreatic duct ultimately required surgical drainage; intraoperative ultrasonography of the inflammatory mass immediately localized the small pseudocyst and thus decreased the operative time. The child with familial pancreatitis appeared to require a surgical drainage procedure; however, intraoperative ultrasonography demonstrated that the stone had passed spontaneously just prior to operation and the duct size had returned to normal, eliminating the need for the drainage procedure at that time.     

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??Diagnosis and treatment of chronic pancreatitis with mass in the head of the pancreas ZHANG Zhong-tao, YIN Jie.Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China Corresponding author: ZHANG Zhong-tao, E-mail: zhangzht@medmail. com.cn Abstract Chronic pancreatitis (CP) with mass and pancreatic cancer are difficult to identify from the Clinical performance. At present, we have the CP with mass as a precancerous lesion of pancreatic cancer. Imaging methods in the diagnosis of the CP with mass plays an important role, which is very helpful for the Indications for surgery of the hands, of resectable pancreatic head tumor, and surgical options, as well as estimates of the difficulty of the surgery. Surgical strategy in CP with mass has been directed at the pancreatic head with a variety of tactics including pancreatoduodenectomy(Whipple procedure with or without pylorus preservation) and partial resection of the pancreatic duct drainage(Frey operation, Beger operation ). Once the diagnosis of the CP with mass should be clear that the surgical treatment, pancreatoduodenectomy is preformed in the treatment of CP with mass, not only resection of the pancreatic head mass, the lifting of the bile duct and pancreatic duct and obstruction of the duodenum, but also in addition to the potential causes of pancreatic cancer. Pancreatoduodenectomy is great risk When the great mass of pancreatic head, but the partial head resection can be accomplished with relative safety.     

Uncinatectomy: a novel surgical option for the management of intraductal papillary mucinous tumors of the pancreas

An intraductal papillary mucinous tumor (IPMT) is a rare cystic lesion of the pancreas, comprising only 1% of all pancreatic exocrine neoplasms. The prognosis for these lesions is typically favorable as compared with invasive ductal carcinomas. Nevertheless, the management of IPMTs involves surgical resection due to their malignant potential. When located in the pancreatic head, the conventional treatment for IPMT is pancreatoduodenectomy. Some authors have advocated limited pancreatectomy for low-grade IPMTs of the pancreas, thereby decreasing the morbidity of more extensive resection. In this report, we describe our technique of minimal pancreatectomy, whereby the uncinate process and associated branch duct were completely extirpated while preserving remainder of the pancreatic head, duodenum, and pancreatic ducts. The case presented underscores the feasibility and advantages of minimal pancreatic resection in the management of such tumors.     

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??Differential diagnosis and surgical strategies for pancreatic head mass ZHAO Yu-pei. Peking Union Medial College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College , Chinese Academy of Mecial Science, Beijing 100730, China Abstract The indications of surgical intervention for pancreatic head mass have not reached consensus among the surgeons. The most difficult is the differential diagnosis of inflammatory mass and carcinoma in pancreatic head. In recent years, the development of serum tumor marker examination, multi-slice spiral CT and endoscopic ultrasound-guided biopsy techniques provide more practical means for clinical decisions, but there are still some diagnosis can not be confirmed with non-surgical method. For these cases, exploratory laparotomy can be considered after full communication with patients and their families. And fine needle aspiration cytology for the pancreatic head mass is proposed during the procedure accompanying by pathologists for the timely processing of specimens. Chronic pancreatitis with an inflammatory mass of pancreatic head is a precancerous lesion of pancreatic cancer, and can lead to obstruction of pancreatic duct, bile duct and duodenum. The pancreaticoduodenectomy or duodenal reserved resection of pancreatic head can be performed to relieve the pain symptoms and improve quality of life of patients. However, due to the surgical trauma, and a relatively high incidence of postoperative complications, surgical indications should be strictly limited to selected cases and operations should be performed by experienced surgeon.     

Late complications of pancreatic trauma

Pancreatic trauma is rare and experience concerning its management is consequently limited. Lessons learnt in the investigation and treatment of a group of 11 patients (median age 28.0 years, range 14-44 years), who presented with the sequelae of trauma, are described. These patients were referred to a centre with an interest in pancreatic disease at a median time of 6.0 months (range 1.5-34 months) after blunt (n = 9) or penetrating (n = 2) injury to the pancreas. Ten of the 11 patients had undergone either single (n = 4) or multiple (n = 6) previous operations. Ten of the 11 patients had either strictures or disruptions of the main pancreatic duct demonstrated by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and ultrasonography (n = 8) or by exploration of the pancreas (n = 2). Satisfactory results were achieved by non-operative treatment in one patient and by distal pancreatectomy in eight. One further patient, who underwent distal pancreatectomy, later required completion resection because of unsuspected ductal injury in the head of the gland. The final patient continued with symptoms of pancreatitis after pancreaticoduodenectomy. It is concluded that the non-resolving sequelae of pancreatic trauma are associated with injury to the main pancreatic duct and that specialist investigation should be performed before surgical intervention is contemplated.